孤棲

Chinese

		lone; lonely	to roost; to inhabit; to stay to roost; to inhabit; to stay; habitat
trad. (孤棲)		孤	棲
simp. (孤栖)		孤	栖

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gūqī

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄑㄧ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gu¹ cai¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): ko͘-chhe / ko͘-soe

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gūqī
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄑㄧ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: guci
  - Wade–Giles: ku¹-chʻi¹
  - Yale: gū-chī
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guchi
  - Palladius: гуци (guci)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵⁵ t͡ɕʰi⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gu¹ cai¹
  - Yale: gū chāi
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gu¹ tsai¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: gu¹ cei¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː⁵⁵ t͡sʰɐi̯⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘-chhe
  - Tâi-lô: koo-tshe
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kozhef
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡sʰe⁴⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³ t͡sʰe³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁴⁴⁻²² t͡sʰe⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ko͘-soe
  - Tâi-lô: koo-sue
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kosoef
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /kɔ³³ sue³³/

Note: ko͘-soe — operatic, especially in the title of the Quanzhou Nanyin piece 孤棲悶 (may also be spelled 孤衰悶 or 孤梳悶).

Verb

孤棲

(literary) to live alone; to live without a spouse

Japanese

Kanji in this term
孤	棲
こ Grade: S	せい Jinmeiyō
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) こせー [kòséé] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [ko̞se̞ː]

Noun

孤(こ)棲(せい) • (kosei)

living alone

Verb

孤(こ)棲(せい)する • (kosei suru) suru (stem 孤(こ)棲(せい)し (kosei shi), past 孤(こ)棲(せい)した (kosei shita))

live alone

Conjugation

Conjugation of "孤棲する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	孤棲し	こせいし	kosei shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	孤棲し	こせいし	kosei shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	孤棲する	こせいする	kosei suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	孤棲する	こせいする	kosei suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	孤棲すれ	こせいすれ	kosei sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	孤棲せよ¹ 孤棲しろ²	こせいせよ¹ こせいしろ²	kosei seyo¹ kosei shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	孤棲される	こせいされる	kosei sareru
Causative	孤棲させる孤棲さす	こせいさせるこせいさす	kosei saseru kosei sasu
Potential	孤棲できる	こせいできる	kosei dekiru
Volitional	孤棲しよう	こせいしよう	kosei shiyō
Negative	孤棲しない	こせいしない	kosei shinai
Negative continuative	孤棲せず	こせいせず	kosei sezu
Formal	孤棲します	こせいします	kosei shimasu
Perfective	孤棲した	こせいした	kosei shita
Conjunctive	孤棲して	こせいして	kosei shite
Hypothetical conditional	孤棲すれば	こせいすれば	kosei sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN