堆積

See also: 堆积

Chinese

		a pile; a mass; heap a pile; a mass; heap; stack	to amass; to accumulate; to store to amass; to accumulate; to store; old; long-standing
trad. (堆積)		堆	積
simp. (堆积)		堆	积

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): duījī

(Zhuyin): ㄉㄨㄟㄐㄧ
Cantonese (Jyutping): deoi¹ zik¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): tôi-chit
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): tui-chit / tui-chek

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: duījī
  - Zhuyin: ㄉㄨㄟㄐㄧ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: dueiji
  - Wade–Giles: tui¹-chi¹
  - Yale: dwēi-jī
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: dueiji
  - Palladius: дуйцзи (dujczi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tu̯eɪ̯⁵⁵ t͡ɕi⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: deoi¹ zik¹
  - Yale: dēui jīk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: doey¹ dzik⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: dêu¹ jig¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɵy̯⁵⁵ t͡sɪk̚⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: tôi-chit
  - Hakka Romanization System: doi^ˊ jid^ˋ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: doi¹ jid⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /toi̯²⁴ t͡sit̚²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tui-chit
  - Tâi-lô: tui-tsit
  - Phofsit Daibuun: duicid
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /tui³³ t͡sit̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tui-chek
  - Tâi-lô: tui-tsik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: duizeg
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tui⁴⁴⁻³³ t͡siɪk̚³²/
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tui⁴⁴⁻²² t͡siɪk̚³²/

Middle Chinese: twoj tsjek

Rime
Character	堆	積
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	端 (5)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	灰 (42)	昔 (123)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	I	III
Fanqie	都回切	資昔切
Baxter	twoj	tsjek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/tuʌi/	/t͡siᴇk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/tuoi/	/t͡siɛk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/tuɒi/	/t͡siæk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/twəj/	/t͡siajk̚/
Li Rong	/tuᴀi/	/t͡siɛk̚/
Wang Li	/tuɒi/	/t͡sĭɛk̚/
Bernhard Karlgren	/tuɑ̆i/	/t͡si̯ɛk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	duī	ji
Expected Cantonese Reflex	deoi¹	zik¹

Verb

堆積

to pile up; to heap up

Synonyms

堆集 (duījí)
聚 (jù) (literary, or in compounds)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (堆積):

→ Japanese: 堆積(たいせき) (taiseki)
→ Korean: 퇴적(堆積) (toejeok)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
堆	積
たい Grade: S	せき Grade: 4
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) たいせき [tàísékí] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [ta̠ise̞kʲi]

Noun

堆(たい)積(せき) • (taiseki)

accumulation

Verb

堆(たい)積(せき)する • (taiseki suru) suru (stem 堆(たい)積(せき)し (taiseki shi), past 堆(たい)積(せき)した (taiseki shita))

to pile up

Conjugation

Conjugation of "堆積する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	堆積し	たいせきし	taiseki shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	堆積し	たいせきし	taiseki shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	堆積する	たいせきする	taiseki suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	堆積する	たいせきする	taiseki suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	堆積すれ	たいせきすれ	taiseki sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	堆積せよ¹ 堆積しろ²	たいせきせよ¹ たいせきしろ²	taiseki seyo¹ taiseki shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	堆積される	たいせきされる	taiseki sareru
Causative	堆積させる堆積さす	たいせきさせるたいせきさす	taiseki saseru taiseki sasu
Potential	堆積できる	たいせきできる	taiseki dekiru
Volitional	堆積しよう	たいせきしよう	taiseki shiyō
Negative	堆積しない	たいせきしない	taiseki shinai
Negative continuative	堆積せず	たいせきせず	taiseki sezu
Formal	堆積します	たいせきします	taiseki shimasu
Perfective	堆積した	たいせきした	taiseki shita
Conjunctive	堆積して	たいせきして	taiseki shite
Hypothetical conditional	堆積すれば	たいせきすれば	taiseki sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

“堆積”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026