南下

Chinese

		south	under; next; lower under; next; lower; below; underneath; down(wards); to go down; latter
simp. and trad. (南下)		南	下
anagram		下南

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): nánxià

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄢˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): nàm-hâ
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lâm-hā

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: nánxià
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄢˊ ㄒㄧㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nánsià
  - Wade–Giles: nan²-hsia⁴
  - Yale: nán-syà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: nanshiah
  - Palladius: нанься (nanʹsja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /nän³⁵ ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: nàm-hâ
  - Hakka Romanization System: nam^ˇ ha^ˊ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: nam² ha¹
  - Sinological IPA: /nam¹¹ ha²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lâm-hā
  - Tâi-lô: lâm-hā
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lamha
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /lam²⁴⁻²² ha²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /lam²⁴⁻²² ha⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /lam¹³⁻²² ha²²/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /lam²⁴⁻¹¹ ha³³/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /lam²³⁻³³ ha³³/

Middle Chinese: nom haeH

Rime
Character	南	下
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Initial (聲)	泥 (8)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	覃 (159)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	II
Fanqie	那含切	胡駕切
Baxter	nom	haeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/nʌm/	/ɦˠa^H/
Pan Wuyun	/nəm/	/ɦᵚa^H/
Shao Rongfen	/nɒm/	/ɣa^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/nəm/	/ɦaɨ^H/
Li Rong	/nᴀm/	/ɣa^H/
Wang Li	/nɒm/	/ɣa^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/năm/	/ɣa^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	nán	xià
Expected Cantonese Reflex	naam⁴	haa⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*nˤ[ə]m m-ɡˤraʔ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*nuːm ɡraːs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	南	下
Reading #	1/1	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	nán	xià
Middle Chinese	‹ nom ›	‹ hæ^H ›
Old Chinese	/*nˁ[ə]m/	/*m-ɡˁraʔ-s/
English	south	descend
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	南	下
Reading #	1/1	2/2
No.	9355	13446
Phonetic component	南	下
Rime group	侵	魚
Rime subdivision	2	0
Corresponding MC rime	南	暇
Old Chinese	/*nuːm/	/*ɡraːs/

Verb

南下

to go south
1. to travel from Mainland China to Hong Kong or Macau

Synonyms

(Hokkien) 落南

Antonyms

北上 (běishàng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (南下):

→ Japanese: 南(なん)下(か) (nanka)
→ Korean: 남하(南下) (namha)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
南	下
なん Grade: 2	か Grade: 1
on'yomi

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) なんか [nàńká] (Heiban – [0])^[1]
IPA^(key): [nã̠ŋka̠]

Noun

南(なん)下(か) • (nanka)

going south

Verb

南(なん)下(か)する • (nanka suru) suru (stem 南(なん)下(か)し (nanka shi), past 南(なん)下(か)した (nanka shita))

to go south

Conjugation

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Conjugation of "南下する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	南下し	なんかし	nanka shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	南下し	なんかし	nanka shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	南下する	なんかする	nanka suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	南下する	なんかする	nanka suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	南下すれ	なんかすれ	nanka sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	南下せよ¹ 南下しろ²	なんかせよ¹ なんかしろ²	nanka seyo¹ nanka shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	南下される	なんかされる	nanka sareru
Causative	南下させる南下さす	なんかさせるなんかさす	nanka saseru nanka sasu
Potential	南下できる	なんかできる	nanka dekiru
Volitional	南下しよう	なんかしよう	nanka shiyō
Negative	南下しない	なんかしない	nanka shinai
Negative continuative	南下せず	なんかせず	nanka sezu
Formal	南下します	なんかします	nanka shimasu
Perfective	南下した	なんかした	nanka shita
Conjunctive	南下して	なんかして	nanka shite
Hypothetical conditional	南下すれば	なんかすれば	nanka sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN