化石

Chinese

	to make into; to change into; ‑ization to make into; to change into; ‑ization; to ... ‑ize; to transform	rock; stone; 10 pecks
trad. (化石)	化	石
simp. ^#(化石)	化	石
anagram	石化

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): huàshí

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄕˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): faa³ sek⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): fa-sa̍k
Eastern Min (BUC): huá-siŏh / huá-sĭk
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hòa-chio̍h / hòa-se̍k

(Teochew, Peng'im): huê³ ziêh⁸ / huê³ zioh⁸
Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁵ho-zaq

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: huàshí
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄚˋ ㄕˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: huàshíh
  - Wade–Giles: hua⁴-shih²
  - Yale: hwà-shŕ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huahshyr
  - Palladius: хуаши (xuaši)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xu̯ä⁵¹ ʂʐ̩³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: faa³ sek⁶
  - Yale: fa sehk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: faa³ sek⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: fa³ ség⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /faː³³ sɛːk̚²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fa-sa̍k
  - Hakka Romanization System: fa sag
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fa⁴ sag⁶
  - Sinological IPA: /fa⁵⁵ sak̚⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: huá-siŏh / huá-sĭk
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^(s-)luoʔ⁵/, /hua²¹³⁻⁵⁵ ^(s-)liʔ⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòa-chio̍h
  - Tâi-lô: huà-tsio̍h
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoarcioih
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /hua²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sioʔ⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Kaohsiung): /hua²¹⁻⁴¹ t͡siɤʔ⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Taipei): /hua¹¹⁻⁵³ t͡sioʔ⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /hua⁴¹⁻⁵⁵⁴ t͡sioʔ²⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /hua²¹⁻⁵³ t͡sioʔ¹²¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hòa-se̍k
  - Tâi-lô: huà-si̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoarsek
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /hua²¹⁻⁵³ siɪk̚⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: huê³ ziêh⁸ / huê³ zioh⁸
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huè tsie̍h / huè tsio̍h
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sieʔ⁴/, /hue²¹³⁻⁵⁵ t͡sioʔ⁴/
Wu
- (Northern: Shanghai)
  - Wugniu: ⁵ho-zaq
  - MiniDict: ho^去 zah
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²ho-zaq
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ho³³ zaʔ⁴⁴/

Noun

化石

fossil

Derived terms

化石燃料 (huàshí ránliào)
活化石 (huóhuàshí)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
化	石
か Grade: 3	せき Grade: 1
on'yomi

Etymology

化 (ka, “to change into”) +‎ 石 (seki, “stone”)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) かせき [kàsékí] (Heiban – [0])
IPA^(key): [ka̠se̞kʲi]

Noun

化(か)石(せき) • (kaseki) ^{←くわせき (kwaseki)^?}

a fossil
petrifaction
(figurative, derogatory) a fossil (outdated person, thing)

Derived terms

化(か)石(せき)化(か) (kasekika): fossilize
化(か)石(せき)学(がく) (kasekigaku): paleontology
化(か)石(せき)層(そう) (kasekisō): fossil bed
化(か)石(せき)人(じん)類(るい) (kaseki jinrui): fossil men
化(か)石(せき)燃(ねん)料(りょう) (kaseki nenryō): fossil fuel
化(か)石(せき)類(るい)人(じん)猿(えん) (kaseki ruijin'en): anthropoid fossil
微(び)化(か)石(せき) (bikaseki): microfossil
糞(ふん)化(か)石(せき) (funkaseki): coprolite, guano
示(じ)準化(じゅんか)石(せき) (jijun-kaseki): index fossil, key fossil
生(せい)痕(こん)化(か)石(せき) (seikon kaseki): trace fossil
生(い)きた化(か)石(せき) (ikita kaseki): living fossil, relict

Verb

化(か)石(せき)する • (kaseki suru) suru (stem 化(か)石(せき)し (kaseki shi), past 化(か)石(せき)した (kaseki shita))

to fossilize

Conjugation

Conjugation of "化石する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	化石し	かせきし	kaseki shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	化石し	かせきし	kaseki shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	化石する	かせきする	kaseki suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	化石する	かせきする	kaseki suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	化石すれ	かせきすれ	kaseki sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	化石せよ¹ 化石しろ²	かせきせよ¹ かせきしろ²	kaseki seyo¹ kaseki shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	化石される	かせきされる	kaseki sareru
Causative	化石させる化石さす	かせきさせるかせきさす	kaseki saseru kaseki sasu
Potential	化石できる	かせきできる	kaseki dekiru
Volitional	化石しよう	かせきしよう	kaseki shiyō
Negative	化石しない	かせきしない	kaseki shinai
Negative continuative	化石せず	かせきせず	kaseki sezu
Formal	化石します	かせきします	kaseki shimasu
Perfective	化石した	かせきした	kaseki shita
Conjunctive	化石して	かせきして	kaseki shite
Hypothetical conditional	化石すれば	かせきすれば	kaseki sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

“化石”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026

Korean

Hanja in this term
化	石

Noun

化石 • (hwaseok) (hangeul 화석)

hanja form^? of 화석 (“fossil”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
化	石

Noun

化石

chữ Hán form of hoá thạch (“fossil”)