凝固

Chinese

		congeal; concentrate attention	hard; strong; solid hard; strong; solid; sure
trad. (凝固)		凝	固
simp. ^#(凝固)		凝	固

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): nínggù

(Zhuyin): ㄋㄧㄥˊ ㄍㄨˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jing⁴ gu³
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): gêng-kò͘

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: nínggù
  - Zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄥˊ ㄍㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: nínggù
  - Wade–Giles: ning²-ku⁴
  - Yale: níng-gù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ningguh
  - Palladius: нингу (ningu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /niŋ³⁵ ku⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jing⁴ gu³
  - Yale: yìhng gu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jing⁴ gu³
  - Guangdong Romanization: ying⁴ gu³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɪŋ²¹ kuː³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: gêng-kò͘
  - Tâi-lô: gîng-kòo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gengkox
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ²¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiɪŋ²⁴⁻²² kɔ⁴¹/
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɡiɪŋ¹³⁻²² kɔ²¹/

Verb

凝固

(physics) to freeze; (verbal noun) freezing
to solidify; to congeal

Antonyms

(antonym(s) of “freeze”): 熔化 (rónghuà)

Derived terms

凝固劑 / 凝固剂
凝固汽油彈 / 凝固汽油弹
凝固點 / 凝固点 (nínggùdiǎn)

Related terms

凝結／凝结 (níngjié)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
凝	固
ぎょう Grade: S	こ Grade: 4
on'yomi

Etymology

From 凝 (gyō, “to congeal, solidify”) + 固 (ko, “solid, firm”).

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ぎょーこ [gyóꜜòkò] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [ɡʲo̞ːko̞]

Noun

凝(ぎょう)固(こ) • (gyōko)

The act of solidifying or congealing.
(physics) The process of a liquid turning into a solid.

Derived terms

凝固点(ぎょうこてん) (gyōkoten): freezing point
凝固熱(ぎょうこねつ) (gyōkonetsu): enthalpy of fusion
血液凝固(けつえきぎょうこ) (ketsuekigyōko): blood coagulation
熱凝固(ねつぎょうこ) (netsugyōko): thermal coagulation

Verb

凝(ぎょう)固(こ)する • (gyōko suru) transitive or intransitive suru (stem 凝(ぎょう)固(こ)し (gyōko shi), past 凝(ぎょう)固(こ)した (gyōko shita))

(physics) to solidify

Conjugation

Conjugation of "凝固する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	凝固し	ぎょうこし	gyōko shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	凝固し	ぎょうこし	gyōko shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	凝固する	ぎょうこする	gyōko suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	凝固する	ぎょうこする	gyōko suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	凝固すれ	ぎょうこすれ	gyōko sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	凝固せよ¹ 凝固しろ²	ぎょうこせよ¹ ぎょうこしろ²	gyōko seyo¹ gyōko shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	凝固される	ぎょうこされる	gyōko sareru
Causative	凝固させる凝固さす	ぎょうこさせるぎょうこさす	gyōko saseru gyōko sasu
Potential	凝固できる	ぎょうこできる	gyōko dekiru
Volitional	凝固しよう	ぎょうこしよう	gyōko shiyō
Negative	凝固しない	ぎょうこしない	gyōko shinai
Negative continuative	凝固せず	ぎょうこせず	gyōko sezu
Formal	凝固します	ぎょうこします	gyōko shimasu
Perfective	凝固した	ぎょうこした	gyōko shita
Conjunctive	凝固して	ぎょうこして	gyōko shite
Hypothetical conditional	凝固すれば	ぎょうこすれば	gyōko sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

“凝固”, in 漢字ぺディア [Kanjipedia]‎^[1] (in Japanese), The Japan Kanji Aptitude Testing Foundation, 2015–2026