凌虐

Chinese

	encroach; soar; thick ice	oppressive; tyrannical
trad. (凌虐)	凌	虐
simp. ^#(凌虐)	凌	虐
alternative forms	陵虐

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): língnüè

(Zhuyin): ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄋㄩㄝˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): ling⁴ joek⁶
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lêng-lio̍k / lêng-gia̍k

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: língnüè
  - Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄥˊ ㄋㄩㄝˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: língnyuè
  - Wade–Giles: ling²-nüeh⁴
  - Yale: líng-nywè
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: lingniueh
  - Palladius: линнюэ (linnjue)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /liŋ³⁵ ny̯ɛ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ling⁴ joek⁶
  - Yale: lìhng yeuhk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ling⁴ joek⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: ling⁴ yêg⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /lɪŋ²¹ jœːk̚²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng-lio̍k
  - Tâi-lô: lîng-lio̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lengliok
  - Sinological IPA (Xiamen): /liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² liɔk̚⁴/
  - Sinological IPA (Quanzhou): /liɪŋ²⁴⁻²² liɔk̚²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lêng-gia̍k
  - Tâi-lô: lîng-gia̍k
  - Phofsit Daibuun: lenggiak
  - Sinological IPA (Zhangzhou): /liɪŋ¹³⁻²² ɡiak̚¹²¹/

Verb

凌虐

(formal) to maltreat; to tyrannize over

Synonyms

edit

凌勒 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
凌逼 (língbī) (literary)
恰 (hap¹) (Cantonese)
欺侮 (qīwǔ)
欺凌 (qīlíng)
欺壓 / 欺压 (qīyā)
欺負 / 欺负
淩暴 / 凌暴 (língbào)
相欺 (xiang¹ qi¹) (Sichuanese)
蝦 / 虾 (Cantonese)
霸凌 (bàlíng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (凌虐):

→ Japanese: 凌(りょう)虐(ぎゃく) (ryōgyaku)
→ Korean: 능학(凌虐) (neunghak), 릉학(凌虐) (reunghak)

Japanese

Kanji in this term
凌	虐
りょう Jinmeiyō	ぎゃく Grade: S
on'yomi

Alternative spelling
陵虐

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) りょーぎゃく [ryòógyákú] (Heiban – [0])^[1]^[2]
IPA^(key): [ɾʲo̞ːɡʲa̠kɯ̟]

Noun

凌(りょう)虐(ぎゃく) • (ryōgyaku) ^{←りようぎやく (ryougyaku)^?}

humiliating and oppressing

Verb

凌(りょう)虐(ぎゃく)する • (ryōgyaku suru) ^{←りようぎやく (ryougyaku)^?}transitive suru (stem 凌(りょう)虐(ぎゃく)し (ryōgyaku shi), past 凌(りょう)虐(ぎゃく)した (ryōgyaku shita))

to humiliate and oppress

Conjugation

Conjugation of "凌虐する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs)
Katsuyōkei ("stem forms")
Mizenkei ("imperfective")	凌虐し	りょうぎゃくし	ryōgyaku shi
Ren’yōkei ("continuative")	凌虐し	りょうぎゃくし	ryōgyaku shi
Shūshikei ("terminal")	凌虐する	りょうぎゃくする	ryōgyaku suru
Rentaikei ("attributive")	凌虐する	りょうぎゃくする	ryōgyaku suru
Kateikei ("hypothetical")	凌虐すれ	りょうぎゃくすれ	ryōgyaku sure
Meireikei ("imperative")	凌虐せよ¹ 凌虐しろ²	りょうぎゃくせよ¹ りょうぎゃくしろ²	ryōgyaku seyo¹ ryōgyaku shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	凌虐される	りょうぎゃくされる	ryōgyaku sareru
Causative	凌虐させる凌虐さす	りょうぎゃくさせるりょうぎゃくさす	ryōgyaku saseru ryōgyaku sasu
Potential	凌虐できる	りょうぎゃくできる	ryōgyaku dekiru
Volitional	凌虐しよう	りょうぎゃくしよう	ryōgyaku shiyō
Negative	凌虐しない	りょうぎゃくしない	ryōgyaku shinai
Negative continuative	凌虐せず	りょうぎゃくせず	ryōgyaku sezu
Formal	凌虐します	りょうぎゃくします	ryōgyaku shimasu
Perfective	凌虐した	りょうぎゃくした	ryōgyaku shita
Conjunctive	凌虐して	りょうぎゃくして	ryōgyaku shite
Hypothetical conditional	凌虐すれば	りょうぎゃくすれば	ryōgyaku sureba

¹ Written imperative
² Spoken imperative

References

^ Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja in this term
凌	虐

Noun

凌虐 • (neunghak) (hangeul 능학)

hanja form^? of 능학

[SMK7-1] Yamada, Tadao et al., editors (2011), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Seventh edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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