ἰσχυρός

See also: ισχυρός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From ῐ̓σχ(ῡ́ς) (ĭskh(ū́s), “strength, power”) +‎ -υρός (-urós).^[1]^[2]

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /is.kʰyː.rós/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /is.kʰyˈros/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /is.çyˈros/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /is.çyˈros/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /is.çiˈros/

Adjective

ῐ̓σχῡρός • (ĭskhūrós) m (feminine ἰσχῡρᾱ́, neuter ἰσχῡρόν); first/second declension

strong, mighty
- 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 945
- 480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Fragments 290
- c. 620 BCE – 580 BCE, Alcaeus of Mytilene, Collected Works 15.4
- 460 BCE – 430 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.12
- 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 310
- 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates of Kos, On Joints 50
- 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Historia Plantarum 7.6.1
- c. 370 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 7.1.30
- 431 BCE – 404 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.9
- c. 370 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.6.11
- 460 BCE – 430 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.76
- 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hipparchicus 8.24
- 431 BCE – 404 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.111
- 330 BCE, Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 66
- 431 BCE – 404 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.6
- 342 BCE – 290 BCE, Menander, Men at Arbitration 130
Antonym: ἀσθενής (asthenḗs)
1. mighty, powerful
  - 470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 302
  - 423 BCE, Euripides, The Suppliants 447
  - 388 BCE, Aristophanes, Plutus 946
  - 460 BCE – 430 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.136
  - 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Constitution of the Athenians 1.14
  - 70 CE – 90 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 3:11
2. forcible, obstinate, stiff, stubborn, inveterate, excessive
  - 460 BCE – 430 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.94
  - 460 BCE – 430 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.29
  - 80 CE – 90 CE, The Gospel of Luke 15:14
  - 460 BCE – 430 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.74
  - 460 BCE – 430 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.205
  - 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, On the Murder of Herodes 11
  - 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, On the Choreutes 25
  - 431 BCE – 404 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.49
  - 375 BCE, Plato, The Republic 388E
  - 375 BCE, Plato, The Republic 560B
  - 460 BCE – 430 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.102
  - 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against Alcibiades 2 9
  - 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 233C
  - 460 BCE – 430 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.41
  - 431 BCE – 404 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.23
  - 460 BCE – 430 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.201

Declension

First and second declension of ῐ̓σχῡρός; ῐ̓σχῡρᾱ́; ῐ̓σχῡρόν (Attic)

Number	Singular			Dual			Plural
Case/Gender	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative	ῐ̓σχῡρός ĭskhūrós	ῐ̓σχῡρᾱ́ ĭskhūrā́	ῐ̓σχῡρόν ĭskhūrón	ῐ̓σχῡρώ ĭskhūrṓ	ῐ̓σχῡρᾱ́ ĭskhūrā́	ῐ̓σχῡρώ ĭskhūrṓ	ῐ̓σχῡροί ĭskhūroí	ῐ̓σχῡραί ĭskhūraí	ῐ̓σχῡρᾰ́ ĭskhūrắ
Genitive	ῐ̓σχῡροῦ ĭskhūroû	ῐ̓σχῡρᾶς ĭskhūrâs	ῐ̓σχῡροῦ ĭskhūroû	ῐ̓σχῡροῖν ĭskhūroîn	ῐ̓σχῡραῖν ĭskhūraîn	ῐ̓σχῡροῖν ĭskhūroîn	ῐ̓σχῡρῶν ĭskhūrôn	ῐ̓σχῡρῶν ĭskhūrôn	ῐ̓σχῡρῶν ĭskhūrôn
Dative	ῐ̓σχῡρῷ ĭskhūrōî	ῐ̓σχῡρᾷ ĭskhūrāî	ῐ̓σχῡρῷ ĭskhūrōî	ῐ̓σχῡροῖν ĭskhūroîn	ῐ̓σχῡραῖν ĭskhūraîn	ῐ̓σχῡροῖν ĭskhūroîn	ῐ̓σχῡροῖς ĭskhūroîs	ῐ̓σχῡραῖς ĭskhūraîs	ῐ̓σχῡροῖς ĭskhūroîs
Accusative	ῐ̓σχῡρόν ĭskhūrón	ῐ̓σχῡρᾱ́ν ĭskhūrā́n	ῐ̓σχῡρόν ĭskhūrón	ῐ̓σχῡρώ ĭskhūrṓ	ῐ̓σχῡρᾱ́ ĭskhūrā́	ῐ̓σχῡρώ ĭskhūrṓ	ῐ̓σχῡρούς ĭskhūroús	ῐ̓σχῡρᾱ́ς ĭskhūrā́s	ῐ̓σχῡρᾰ́ ĭskhūrắ
Vocative	ῐ̓σχῡρέ ĭskhūré	ῐ̓σχῡρᾱ́ ĭskhūrā́	ῐ̓σχῡρόν ĭskhūrón	ῐ̓σχῡρώ ĭskhūrṓ	ῐ̓σχῡρᾱ́ ĭskhūrā́	ῐ̓σχῡρώ ĭskhūrṓ	ῐ̓σχῡροί ĭskhūroí	ῐ̓σχῡραί ĭskhūraí	ῐ̓σχῡρᾰ́ ĭskhūrắ
Derived forms	Adverb			Comparative			Superlative
Derived forms	ῐ̓σχῡρῶς ĭskhūrôs			ῐ̓σχῡρότερος ĭskhūróteros			ῐ̓σχῡρότᾰτος ĭskhūrótătos
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Descendants

Byzantine Greek: ἰσχυρός (iskhurós)
- Greek: ισχυρός (ischyrós)

References

^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἰσχῡ́ς, -υός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 603: “DER > line 3 > Adjective ἰσχῦρός”
^
^{The template Template:R:Babiniotis 2010 does not use the parameter(s): head=ισχυρός
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}ἰσχυρός - Babiniotis, Georgios (2010), Ετυμολογικό λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας Etymologikó lexikó tis néas ellinikís glóssas [Etymological Dictionary of Modern Greek language] (in Greek), Athens: Lexicology Centre, page 597

“ἰσχυρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“ἰσχυρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
ἰσχυρός in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
G2478 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- acute idem, page 10.
- authoritative idem, page 53.
- decided idem, page 200.
- desperate idem, page 217.
- determined idem, page 219.
- drastic idem, page 250.
- emphatic idem, page 269.
- forcible idem, page 335.
- grim idem, page 373.
- hard idem, page 385.
- hard-fought idem, page 385.
- hardy idem, page 386.
- hotly idem, page 408.
- imperative idem, page 420.
- incisive idem, page 428.
- intense idem, page 449.
- inveterate idem, page 457.
- lusty idem, page 505.
- mighty idem, page 528.
- nervous idem, page 556.
- obstinate idem, page 567.
- peremptory idem, page 607.
- positive idem, page 628.
- potent idem, page 629.
- powerful idem, page 630.
- resolute idem, page 702.
- rigid idem, page 715.
- rooted idem, page 721.
- severe idem, page 759.
- sound idem, page 796.
- stable idem, page 808.
- stolid idem, page 819.
- stout idem, page 821.
- strenuous idem, page 825.
- stringent idem, page 826.
- strong idem, page 827.
- strong-minded idem, page 827.
- stubborn idem, page 828.
- sturdy idem, page 830.
- trenchant idem, page 893.
- unabated idem, page 905.
- uncompromising idem, page 910.
- vigorous idem, page 952.
- violent idem, page 953.
- virulent idem, page 954.
- warm idem, page 964.
ἰσχυρός, in ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ [Logeion] Dictionaries for Ancient Greek and Latin (in English, French, Spanish, German, Dutch and Chinese), University of Chicago, since 2011

[1] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “ἰσχῡ́ς, -υός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 603: “DER > line 3 > Adjective ἰσχῦρός”

[2] {The template Template:R:Babiniotis 2010 does not use the parameter(s): head=ισχυρός
Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.}ἰσχυρός - Babiniotis, Georgios (2010), Ετυμολογικό λεξικό της νέας ελληνικής γλώσσας Etymologikó lexikó tis néas ellinikís glóssas [Etymological Dictionary of Modern Greek language] (in Greek), Athens: Lexicology Centre, page 597

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