ἧλος

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

ϝᾰ́λλος (wắllos) — Aeolic
ἇλος (hâlos) — Doric

Etymology

Beekes suggests an equivalence with Latin vallus (“stake; pole”) on the basis of the Aeolic variant ϝᾰ́λλος (wắllos), in which case from Proto-Indo-European *welH- (“to turn”).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /hɛ̂ː.los/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈ(h)e̝.los/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈi.los/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈi.los/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈi.los/

Noun

ἧλος • (hêlos) m (genitive ἥλου); second declension

(Epic) nailhead or stud (as an ornament)
(Attic) nail
(pathology) wart; callus
(botany) callus or knot caused by disease (especially on olive trees)
Synonyms: μῠ́κης (mŭ́kēs), λοπᾰ́ς (lopắs)
- 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Historia Plantarum 4.14.3:
  Ἡ δ' ἐλάα πρὸς τῷ τοὺς σκώληκας ἴσχειν, οἳ δὴ καὶ τὴν συκῆν διαφθείρουσιν ἐντίκτοντες, φύει καὶ ἧλον· οἱ δὲ μύκητα καλοῦσιν, ἔνιοι δὲ λοπάδα· τοῦτο δ' ἐστὶν οἷον ἡλίου καῦσις.
  Hē d’ eláa pròs tōî toùs skṓlēkas ískhein, hoì dḕ kaì tḕn sukên diaphtheírousin entíktontes, phúei kaì hêlon; hoi dè múkēta kaloûsin, énioi dè lopáda; toûto d’ estìn hoîon hēlíou kaûsis.
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Declension

Second declension of ὁ ἧλος; τοῦ ἥλου (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ ἧλος ho hêlos	τὼ ἥλω tṑ hḗlō	οἱ ἧλοι hoi hêloi
Genitive	τοῦ ἥλου toû hḗlou	τοῖν ἥλοιν toîn hḗloin	τῶν ἥλων tôn hḗlōn
Dative	τῷ ἥλῳ tōî hḗlōi	τοῖν ἥλοιν toîn hḗloin	τοῖς ἥλοις toîs hḗlois
Accusative	τὸν ἧλον tòn hêlon	τὼ ἥλω tṑ hḗlō	τοὺς ἥλους toùs hḗlous
Vocative	ἧλε hêle	ἥλω hḗlō	ἧλοι hêloi
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

ἀργυρόηλος (arguróēlos)
ἡλάριον (hēlárion)
ἡλίσκος (hēlískos)
ἡλῖτις (hēlîtis)
ἡλόκεντρον (hēlókentron)
ἡλοκοπέω (hēlokopéō)
ἡλοπαγής (hēlopagḗs)
ἡλόπληκτος (hēlóplēktos)
ἡλοποιός (hēlopoiós)
ἡλόω (hēlóō)

Descendants

→ English: helus (learned)
Greek: ήλος (ílos)