ἐγχρίω

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From ἐν- (en-, “in”) +‎ χρῑ́ω (khrī́ō, “to rub, smear; anoint”).

Pronunciation

 

Verb

ἐγχρῑ́ω • (enkhrī́ō)

  1. to anoint or smear into or onto a surface
    • c. 300 BCE, Duris, Fragments 10 J.:
      ἀλείμμασιν ἑαυτόν ἐγχρίειν
      aleímmasin heautón enkhríein
      to anoint oneself with ointments
    • 64 BCE – 24 CE, Strabo, Geography 15.1.29:
      ἐγχρίσηται τοῦ ἰξοῦ
      enkhrísētai toû ixoû
      it smears itself with bird-lime
    • 90 CE – 100 CE, Revelation 3:18b:
      καὶ κολλούριον ἔγχρίσον τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς σου, ἵνα βλέπῃς.
      kaì kolloúrion énkhríson toùs ophthalmoús sou, hína blépēis.
      • Translation by KJV
        and anoint thine eyes with eyesalve, that thou mayest see.
  2. (middle voice) to anoint oneself
    • c. 64 BC – p. AD 4, Nicolaus Damascenus, fr.:
      ἐγχρίει τὸ πρόσωπον
      enkhríei tò prósōpon
      he anoints his face
  3. to sting, prick, or inject (especially poison), as by a bite or sting; also used metaphorically of internal irritation or psychic pain
    • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 251d:
      πηδῶσα οἷον τὰ σφύζοντα, τῇ διεξόδῳ ἐγχρίει ἑκάστη τῇ καθ᾽ αὑτήν
      pēdôsa hoîon tà sphúzonta, tēî diexódōi enkhríei hekástē tēî kath’ hautḗn
      each inner growth, throbbing, presses painfully against its own passage
    • 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 1.54:
      ὁ ἐγχρισθεὶς ἰός
      ho enkhristheìs iós
      poison injected by a sting
    • 175 CE – 235 CE, Claudius Aelianus, On the Nature of Animals 6.20:
      τὸ κέντρον ἐγχρίεται
      tò kéntron enkhríetai
      the sting is driven in
  4. (figurative) to taint, corrupt, or smear metaphorically
    • 300 BCE – 200 BCE, Lycophron, 1455:
      ψευδηγόροις φήμαισιν ἐγχρίσας ἔπη
      pseudēgórois phḗmaisin enkhrísas épē
      smearing words with deceitful rumors

Conjugation

   Present: ἐγχρῑ́ω, ἐγχρῑ́ομαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἐγχρῑ́ω ἐγχρῑ́εις ἐγχρῑ́ει ἐγχρῑ́ετον ἐγχρῑ́ετον ἐγχρῑ́ομεν ἐγχρῑ́ετε ἐγχρῑ́ουσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ἐγχρῑ́ω ἐγχρῑ́ῃς ἐγχρῑ́ῃ ἐγχρῑ́ητον ἐγχρῑ́ητον ἐγχρῑ́ωμεν ἐγχρῑ́ητε ἐγχρῑ́ωσῐ(ν)
optative ἐγχρῑ́οιμῐ ἐγχρῑ́οις ἐγχρῑ́οι ἐγχρῑ́οιτον ἐγχρῑοίτην ἐγχρῑ́οιμεν ἐγχρῑ́οιτε ἐγχρῑ́οιεν
imperative   ἔγχρῑε ἐγχρῑέτω ἐγχρῑ́ετον ἐγχρῑέτων   ἐγχρῑ́ετε ἐγχρῑόντων
middle/passive indicative ἐγχρῑ́ομαι ἐγχρῑ́ῃ,
ἐγχρῑ́ει 		ἐγχρῑ́εται ἐγχρῑ́εσθον ἐγχρῑ́εσθον ἐγχρῑόμεθᾰ ἐγχρῑ́εσθε ἐγχρῑ́ονται
subjunctive ἐγχρῑ́ωμαι ἐγχρῑ́ῃ ἐγχρῑ́ηται ἐγχρῑ́ησθον ἐγχρῑ́ησθον ἐγχρῑώμεθᾰ ἐγχρῑ́ησθε ἐγχρῑ́ωνται
optative ἐγχρῑοίμην ἐγχρῑ́οιο ἐγχρῑ́οιτο ἐγχρῑ́οισθον ἐγχρῑοίσθην ἐγχρῑοίμεθᾰ ἐγχρῑ́οισθε ἐγχρῑ́οιντο
imperative   ἐγχρῑ́ου ἐγχρῑέσθω ἐγχρῑ́εσθον ἐγχρῑέσθων   ἐγχρῑ́εσθε ἐγχρῑέσθων
active middle/passive
infinitive ἐγχρῑ́ειν ἐγχρῑ́εσθαι
participle m ἐγχρῑ́ων ἐγχρῑόμενος
f ἐγχρῑ́ουσᾰ ἐγχρῑομένη
n ἐγχρῖον ἐγχρῑόμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Imperfect: ἐνέχρῑον, ἐνεχρῑόμην
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἐνέχρῑον ἐνέχρῑες ἐνέχρῑε(ν) ἐνεχρῑ́ετον ἐνεχρῑέτην ἐνεχρῑ́ομεν ἐνεχρῑ́ετε ἐνέχρῑον
middle/passive indicative ἐνεχρῑόμην ἐνεχρῑ́ου ἐνεχρῑ́ετο ἐνεχρῑ́εσθον ἐνεχρῑέσθην ἐνεχρῑόμεθᾰ ἐνεχρῑ́εσθε ἐνεχρῑ́οντο
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Imperfect: ἔγχρῑον, ἐγχρῑόμην (Epic)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἔγχρῑον ἔγχρῑες ἔγχρῑε(ν) ἐγχρῑ́ετον ἐγχρῑέτην ἐγχρῑ́ομεν ἐγχρῑ́ετε ἔγχρῑον
middle/passive indicative ἐγχρῑόμην ἐγχρῑ́εο,
ἐγχρῑ́ευ 		ἐγχρῑ́ετο ἐγχρῑ́εσθον ἐγχρῑέσθην ἐγχρῑόμε(σ)θᾰ ἐγχρῑ́εσθε ἐγχρῑ́οντο
Notes:
Dialects other than Attic are not well attested. Some forms are based on conjecture. Use with caution. For more details, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Future: ἐγχρῑ́σω, ἐγχρῑ́σομαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἐγχρῑ́σω ἐγχρῑ́σεις ἐγχρῑ́σει ἐγχρῑ́σετον ἐγχρῑ́σετον ἐγχρῑ́σομεν ἐγχρῑ́σετε ἐγχρῑ́σουσῐ(ν)
optative ἐγχρῑ́σοιμῐ ἐγχρῑ́σοις ἐγχρῑ́σοι ἐγχρῑ́σοιτον ἐγχρῑσοίτην ἐγχρῑ́σοιμεν ἐγχρῑ́σοιτε ἐγχρῑ́σοιεν
middle indicative ἐγχρῑ́σομαι ἐγχρῑ́σῃ,
ἐγχρῑ́σει 		ἐγχρῑ́σεται ἐγχρῑ́σεσθον ἐγχρῑ́σεσθον ἐγχρῑσόμεθᾰ ἐγχρῑ́σεσθε ἐγχρῑ́σονται
optative ἐγχρῑσοίμην ἐγχρῑ́σοιο ἐγχρῑ́σοιτο ἐγχρῑ́σοισθον ἐγχρῑσοίσθην ἐγχρῑσοίμεθᾰ ἐγχρῑ́σοισθε ἐγχρῑ́σοιντο
active middle
infinitive ἐγχρῑ́σειν ἐγχρῑ́σεσθαι
participle m ἐγχρῑ́σων ἐγχρῑσόμενος
f ἐγχρῑ́σουσᾰ ἐγχρῑσομένη
n ἐγχρῖσον ἐγχρῑσόμενον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Aorist: ἐνέχρῑσᾰ, ἐνεχρῑσᾰ́μην, ἐνεχρῑ́σθην
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἐνέχρῑσᾰ ἐνέχρῑσᾰς ἐνέχρῑσε(ν) ἐνεχρῑ́σᾰτον ἐνεχρῑσᾰ́την ἐνεχρῑ́σᾰμεν ἐνεχρῑ́σᾰτε ἐνέχρῑσᾰν
subjunctive ἐγχρῑ́σω ἐγχρῑ́σῃς ἐγχρῑ́σῃ ἐγχρῑ́σητον ἐγχρῑ́σητον ἐγχρῑ́σωμεν ἐγχρῑ́σητε ἐγχρῑ́σωσῐ(ν)
optative ἐγχρῑ́σαιμῐ ἐγχρῑ́σειᾰς,
ἐγχρῑ́σαις 		ἐγχρῑ́σειε(ν),
ἐγχρῑ́σαι 		ἐγχρῑ́σαιτον ἐγχρῑσαίτην ἐγχρῑ́σαιμεν ἐγχρῑ́σαιτε ἐγχρῑ́σειᾰν,
ἐγχρῑ́σαιεν
imperative   ἔγχρῑσον ἐγχρῑσᾰ́τω ἐγχρῑ́σᾰτον ἐγχρῑσᾰ́των   ἐγχρῑ́σᾰτε ἐγχρῑσᾰ́ντων
middle indicative ἐνεχρῑσᾰ́μην ἐνεχρῑ́σω ἐνεχρῑ́σᾰτο ἐνεχρῑ́σᾰσθον ἐνεχρῑσᾰ́σθην ἐνεχρῑσᾰ́μεθᾰ ἐνεχρῑ́σᾰσθε ἐνεχρῑ́σᾰντο
subjunctive ἐγχρῑ́σωμαι ἐγχρῑ́σῃ ἐγχρῑ́σηται ἐγχρῑ́σησθον ἐγχρῑ́σησθον ἐγχρῑσώμεθᾰ ἐγχρῑ́σησθε ἐγχρῑ́σωνται
optative ἐγχρῑσαίμην ἐγχρῑ́σαιο ἐγχρῑ́σαιτο ἐγχρῑ́σαισθον ἐγχρῑσαίσθην ἐγχρῑσαίμεθᾰ ἐγχρῑ́σαισθε ἐγχρῑ́σαιντο
imperative   ἔγχρῑσαι ἐγχρῑσᾰ́σθω ἐγχρῑ́σᾰσθον ἐγχρῑσᾰ́σθων   ἐγχρῑ́σᾰσθε ἐγχρῑσᾰ́σθων
passive indicative ἐνεχρῑ́σθην ἐνεχρῑ́σθης ἐνεχρῑ́σθη ἐνεχρῑ́σθητον ἐνεχρῑσθήτην ἐνεχρῑ́σθημεν ἐνεχρῑ́σθητε ἐνεχρῑ́σθησᾰν
subjunctive ἐγχρῑσθῶ ἐγχρῑσθῇς ἐγχρῑσθῇ ἐγχρῑσθῆτον ἐγχρῑσθῆτον ἐγχρῑσθῶμεν ἐγχρῑσθῆτε ἐγχρῑσθῶσῐ(ν)
optative ἐγχρῑσθείην ἐγχρῑσθείης ἐγχρῑσθείη ἐγχρῑσθεῖτον,
ἐγχρῑσθείητον 		ἐγχρῑσθείτην,
ἐγχρῑσθειήτην 		ἐγχρῑσθεῖμεν,
ἐγχρῑσθείημεν 		ἐγχρῑσθεῖτε,
ἐγχρῑσθείητε 		ἐγχρῑσθεῖεν,
ἐγχρῑσθείησᾰν
imperative   ἐγχρῑ́σθητῐ ἐγχρῑσθήτω ἐγχρῑ́σθητον ἐγχρῑσθήτων   ἐγχρῑ́σθητε ἐγχρῑσθέντων
active middle passive
infinitive ἐγχρῖσαι ἐγχρῑ́σᾰσθαι ἐγχρῑσθῆναι
participle m ἐγχρῑ́σᾱς ἐγχρῑσᾰ́μενος ἐγχρῑσθείς
f ἐγχρῑ́σᾱσᾰ ἐγχρῑσᾰμένη ἐγχρῑσθεῖσᾰ
n ἐγχρῖσᾰν ἐγχρῑσᾰ́μενον ἐγχρῑσθέν
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
   Aorist: ἐνέχρῐσᾰ, ἐνεχρῐσᾰ́μην (Koine)
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἐνέχρῐσᾰ ἐνέχρῐσᾰς ἐνέχρῐσε(ν) ἐνεχρῐ́σᾰτον ἐνεχρῐσᾰ́την ἐνεχρῐ́σᾰμεν ἐνεχρῐ́σᾰτε ἐνέχρῐσᾰν
subjunctive ἐγχρῐ́σω ἐγχρῐ́σῃς ἐγχρῐ́σῃ ἐγχρῐ́σητον ἐγχρῐ́σητον ἐγχρῐ́σωμεν ἐγχρῐ́σητε ἐγχρῐ́σωσῐ(ν)
optative ἐγχρῐ́σαιμῐ ἐγχρῐ́σειᾰς,
ἐγχρῐ́σαις 		ἐγχρῐ́σειε(ν),
ἐγχρῐ́σαι 		ἐγχρῐ́σαιτον ἐγχρῐσαίτην ἐγχρῐ́σαιμεν ἐγχρῐ́σαιτε ἐγχρῐ́σειᾰν,
ἐγχρῐ́σαιεν
imperative   ἔγχρῐσον ἐγχρῐσᾰ́τω ἐγχρῐ́σᾰτον ἐγχρῐσᾰ́των   ἐγχρῐ́σᾰτε ἐγχρῐσᾰ́ντων
middle indicative ἐνεχρῐσᾰ́μην ἐνεχρῐ́σω ἐνεχρῐ́σᾰτο ἐνεχρῐ́σᾰσθον ἐνεχρῐσᾰ́σθην ἐνεχρῐσᾰ́μεθᾰ ἐνεχρῐ́σᾰσθε ἐνεχρῐ́σᾰντο
subjunctive ἐγχρῐ́σωμαι ἐγχρῐ́σῃ ἐγχρῐ́σηται ἐγχρῐ́σησθον ἐγχρῐ́σησθον ἐγχρῐσώμεθᾰ ἐγχρῐ́σησθε ἐγχρῐ́σωνται
optative ἐγχρῐσαίμην ἐγχρῐ́σαιο ἐγχρῐ́σαιτο ἐγχρῐ́σαισθον ἐγχρῐσαίσθην ἐγχρῐσαίμεθᾰ ἐγχρῐ́σαισθε ἐγχρῐ́σαιντο
imperative   ἔγχρῐσαι ἐγχρῐσᾰ́σθω ἐγχρῐ́σᾰσθον ἐγχρῐσᾰ́σθων   ἐγχρῐ́σᾰσθε ἐγχρῐσᾰ́σθων
active middle
infinitive ἐγχρῐ́σαι ἐγχρῐ́σᾰσθαι
participle m ἐγχρῐ́σᾱς ἐγχρῐσᾰ́μενος
f ἐγχρῐ́σᾱσᾰ ἐγχρῐσᾰμένη
n ἐγχρῐ́σᾰν ἐγχρῐσᾰ́μενον
   Perfect: ἐγκέχρῑκᾰ, ἐγκέχρῑμαι
number singular dual plural
first second third second third first second third
active indicative ἐγκέχρῑκᾰ ἐγκέχρῑκᾰς ἐγκέχρῑκε(ν) ἐγκεχρῑ́κᾰτον ἐγκεχρῑ́κᾰτον ἐγκεχρῑ́κᾰμεν ἐγκεχρῑ́κᾰτε ἐγκεχρῑ́κᾱσῐ(ν)
subjunctive ἐγκεχρῑ́κω ἐγκεχρῑ́κῃς ἐγκεχρῑ́κῃ ἐγκεχρῑ́κητον ἐγκεχρῑ́κητον ἐγκεχρῑ́κωμεν ἐγκεχρῑ́κητε ἐγκεχρῑ́κωσῐ(ν)
optative ἐγκεχρῑ́κοιμῐ,
ἐγκεχρῑκοίην 		ἐγκεχρῑ́κοις,
ἐγκεχρῑκοίης 		ἐγκεχρῑ́κοι,
ἐγκεχρῑκοίη 		ἐγκεχρῑ́κοιτον ἐγκεχρῑκοίτην ἐγκεχρῑ́κοιμεν ἐγκεχρῑ́κοιτε ἐγκεχρῑ́κοιεν
imperative   ἐγκέχρῑκε ἐγκεχρῑκέτω ἐγκεχρῑ́κετον ἐγκεχρῑκέτων   ἐγκεχρῑ́κετε ἐγκεχρῑκόντων
middle/passive indicative ἐγκέχρῑμαι ἐγκέχρῑσαι ἐγκέχρῑται ἐγκέχρῑσθον ἐγκέχρῑσθον ἐγκεχρῑ́μεθᾰ ἐγκέχρῑσθε ἐγκέχρῑνται
subjunctive ἐγκεχρῑμένος ὦ ἐγκεχρῑμένος ᾖς ἐγκεχρῑμένος ᾖ ἐγκεχρῑμένω ἦτον ἐγκεχρῑμένω ἦτον ἐγκεχρῑμένοι ὦμεν ἐγκεχρῑμένοι ἦτε ἐγκεχρῑμένοι ὦσῐ(ν)
optative ἐγκεχρῑμένος εἴην ἐγκεχρῑμένος εἴης ἐγκεχρῑμένος εἴη ἐγκεχρῑμένω εἴητον,
εἶτον 		ἐγκεχρῑμένω εἰήτην,
εἴτην 		ἐγκεχρῑμένοι εἴημεν,
εἶμεν 		ἐγκεχρῑμένοι εἴητε,
εἶτε 		ἐγκεχρῑμένοι εἴησᾰν,
εἶεν
imperative   ἐγκέχρῑσο ἐγκεχρῑ́σθω ἐγκέχρῑσθον ἐγκεχρῑ́σθων   ἐγκέχρῑσθε ἐγκεχρῑ́σθων
active middle/passive
infinitive ἐγκεχρῑκέναι ἐγκεχρῖσθαι
participle m ἐγκεχρῑκώς ἐγκεχρῑμένος
f ἐγκεχρῑκυῖᾰ ἐγκεχρῑμένη
n ἐγκεχρῑκός ἐγκεχρῑμένον
Notes:
This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.

Usage notes

The verb ἐγχρῑ́ω (enkhrī́ō) emphasizes application into or onto a surface, often focusing on localized or inward contact (e.g. eyes, skin). In later and figurative usage, this notion of penetration develops into senses of poisoning, irritation, or corruption.

Derived terms

Further reading

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