सम्मुख
Hindi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit सम्मुख (sam-mukhá). By surface analysis, सम्- (sam-) + मुख (mukh). Cognate with Marathi सम्मुख (sammukh). Doublet of सामना (sāmnā).
Pronunciation
- (Standard Hindi) IPA(key): /səm.mʊkʰ/, [sɐ̃m.mʊkʰ]
Adjective
सम्मुख • (sammukh) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling سمکھ) (formal)
Adverb
सम्मुख • (sammukh) (Urdu spelling سمکھ)
- in front of
Further reading
- Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “सम्मुख”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. “Sea of Hindi words”] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
- “सम्मुख”, in ریخْتَہ لُغَت (rexta luġat) - Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2026.
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “सम्मुख”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
- Platts, John T. (1884), “सम्मुख”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
Marathi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit सम्मुख (sam-mukhá). Cognate with Hindustani सम्मुख / سمکھ (sammukh). Doublet of सामना (sāmnā).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /səm.mukʰ/, [səm.muːkʰ]
Adjective
सम्मुख • (sammukh)
Further reading
- Molesworth, James Thomas (1857), “सम्मुख”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
- दाते, यशवंत रामकृष्ण [Date, Yashwant Ramkrishna] (1932-1950), “सम्मुख”, in महाराष्ट्र शब्दकोश (mahārāṣṭra śabdakoś) (in Marathi), पुणे [Pune]: महाराष्ट्र कोशमंडळ (mahārāṣṭra kośmaṇḍaḷ)
Sanskrit
Alternative forms
- संमुख (saṃ-mukhá)
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- সম্মুখ (Assamese script)
- ᬲᬫ᭄ᬫᬸᬔ (Balinese script)
- সম্মুখ (Bengali script)
- 𑰭𑰦𑰿𑰦𑰲𑰏 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀲𑀫𑁆𑀫𑀼𑀔 (Brahmi script)
- သမ္မုခ (Burmese script)
- સમ્મુખ (Gujarati script)
- ਸਮ੍ਮੁਖ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌸𑌮𑍍𑌮𑍁𑌖 (Grantha script)
- ꦱꦩ꧀ꦩꦸꦑ (Javanese script)
- 𑂮𑂧𑂹𑂧𑂳𑂎 (Kaithi script)
- ಸಮ್ಮುಖ (Kannada script)
- សម្មុខ (Khmer script)
- ສມ຺ມຸຂ (Lao script)
- സമ്മുഖ (Malayalam script)
- ᠰᠠᠮᠮᡠᡘᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘭𑘦𑘿𑘦𑘳𑘏 (Modi script)
- ᠰᠠᠮᠮᠤᠻᠠ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧍𑧆𑧠𑧆𑧔𑦯 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐸𑐏 (Newa script)
- ସମ୍ମୁଖ (Odia script)
- ꢱꢪ꣄ꢪꢸꢓ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆱𑆩𑇀𑆩𑆶𑆒 (Sharada script)
- 𑖭𑖦𑖿𑖦𑖲𑖏 (Siddham script)
- සම්මුඛ (Sinhalese script)
- 𑪁𑩴 𑪙𑩴𑩒𑩝 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚨𑚢𑚶𑚢𑚰𑚋 (Takri script)
- ஸம்முக² (Tamil script)
- సమ్ముఖ (Telugu script)
- สมฺมุข (Thai script)
- ས་མྨུ་ཁ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒮𑒧𑓂𑒧𑒳𑒐 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨰𑨢𑩇𑨢𑨃𑨌 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
From सम्- (sam-) + मुख (múkha).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /sɐm.mu.kʰɐ́/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /s̪ɐm.mu.kʰɐ/
Adjective
स॒म्-मु॒ख • (sam-mukhá) stem
- facing, fronting, confronting, being face to face or in front of or opposite to
- present before the eyes
- being about to begin or at the beginning of
- directed or turned towards
- inclined or favourable to, propitious
- intent upon
- adapted to circumstances, fit, suitable
- with the mouth or face
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | स॒म्मु॒खः (sammukháḥ) | स॒म्मु॒खौ (sammukháu) स॒म्मु॒खा¹ (sammukhā́¹) |
स॒म्मु॒खाः (sammukhā́ḥ) स॒म्मु॒खासः॑¹ (sammukhā́saḥ¹) |
| accusative | स॒म्मु॒खम् (sammukhám) | स॒म्मु॒खौ (sammukháu) स॒म्मु॒खा¹ (sammukhā́¹) |
स॒म्मु॒खान् (sammukhā́n) |
| instrumental | स॒म्मु॒खेन॑ (sammukhéna) | स॒म्मु॒खाभ्या॑म् (sammukhā́bhyām) | स॒म्मु॒खैः (sammukháiḥ) स॒म्मु॒खेभिः॑¹ (sammukhébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | स॒म्मु॒खाय॑ (sammukhā́ya) | स॒म्मु॒खाभ्या॑म् (sammukhā́bhyām) | स॒म्मु॒खेभ्यः॑ (sammukhébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | स॒म्मु॒खात् (sammukhā́t) | स॒म्मु॒खाभ्या॑म् (sammukhā́bhyām) | स॒म्मु॒खेभ्यः॑ (sammukhébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | स॒म्मु॒खस्य॑ (sammukhásya) | स॒म्मु॒खयोः॑ (sammukháyoḥ) | स॒म्मु॒खाना॑म् (sammukhā́nām) |
| locative | स॒म्मु॒खे (sammukhé) | स॒म्मु॒खयोः॑ (sammukháyoḥ) | स॒म्मु॒खेषु॑ (sammukhéṣu) |
| vocative | सम्मु॑ख (sámmukha) | सम्मु॑खौ (sámmukhau) सम्मु॑खा¹ (sámmukhā¹) |
सम्मु॑खाः (sámmukhāḥ) सम्मु॑खासः¹ (sámmukhāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | स॒म्मु॒खी (sammukhī́) | स॒म्मु॒ख्यौ॑ (sammukhyàu) स॒म्मु॒खी¹ (sammukhī́¹) |
स॒म्मु॒ख्यः॑ (sammukhyàḥ) स॒म्मु॒खीः¹ (sammukhī́ḥ¹) |
| accusative | स॒म्मु॒खीम् (sammukhī́m) | स॒म्मु॒ख्यौ॑ (sammukhyàu) स॒म्मु॒खी¹ (sammukhī́¹) |
स॒म्मु॒खीः (sammukhī́ḥ) |
| instrumental | स॒म्मु॒ख्या (sammukhyā́) | स॒म्मु॒खीभ्या॑म् (sammukhī́bhyām) | स॒म्मु॒खीभिः॑ (sammukhī́bhiḥ) |
| dative | स॒म्मु॒ख्यै (sammukhyái) | स॒म्मु॒खीभ्या॑म् (sammukhī́bhyām) | स॒म्मु॒खीभ्यः॑ (sammukhī́bhyaḥ) |
| ablative | स॒म्मु॒ख्याः (sammukhyā́ḥ) स॒म्मु॒ख्यै² (sammukhyái²) |
स॒म्मु॒खीभ्या॑म् (sammukhī́bhyām) | स॒म्मु॒खीभ्यः॑ (sammukhī́bhyaḥ) |
| genitive | स॒म्मु॒ख्याः (sammukhyā́ḥ) स॒म्मु॒ख्यै² (sammukhyái²) |
स॒म्मु॒ख्योः (sammukhyóḥ) | स॒म्मु॒खीना॑म् (sammukhī́nām) |
| locative | स॒म्मु॒ख्याम् (sammukhyā́m) | स॒म्मु॒ख्योः (sammukhyóḥ) | स॒म्मु॒खीषु॑ (sammukhī́ṣu) |
| vocative | सम्मु॑खि (sámmukhi) | सम्मु॑ख्यौ (sámmukhyau) सम्मु॑खी¹ (sámmukhī¹) |
सम्मु॑ख्यः (sámmukhyaḥ) सम्मु॑खीः¹ (sámmukhīḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | स॒म्मु॒खम् (sammukhám) | स॒म्मु॒खे (sammukhé) | स॒म्मु॒खानि॑ (sammukhā́ni) स॒म्मु॒खा¹ (sammukhā́¹) |
| accusative | स॒म्मु॒खम् (sammukhám) | स॒म्मु॒खे (sammukhé) | स॒म्मु॒खानि॑ (sammukhā́ni) स॒म्मु॒खा¹ (sammukhā́¹) |
| instrumental | स॒म्मु॒खेन॑ (sammukhéna) | स॒म्मु॒खाभ्या॑म् (sammukhā́bhyām) | स॒म्मु॒खैः (sammukháiḥ) स॒म्मु॒खेभिः॑¹ (sammukhébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | स॒म्मु॒खाय॑ (sammukhā́ya) | स॒म्मु॒खाभ्या॑म् (sammukhā́bhyām) | स॒म्मु॒खेभ्यः॑ (sammukhébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | स॒म्मु॒खात् (sammukhā́t) | स॒म्मु॒खाभ्या॑म् (sammukhā́bhyām) | स॒म्मु॒खेभ्यः॑ (sammukhébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | स॒म्मु॒खस्य॑ (sammukhásya) | स॒म्मु॒खयोः॑ (sammukháyoḥ) | स॒म्मु॒खाना॑म् (sammukhā́nām) |
| locative | स॒म्मु॒खे (sammukhé) | स॒म्मु॒खयोः॑ (sammukháyoḥ) | स॒म्मु॒खेषु॑ (sammukhéṣu) |
| vocative | सम्मु॑ख (sámmukha) | सम्मु॑खे (sámmukhe) | सम्मु॑खानि (sámmukhāni) सम्मु॑खा¹ (sámmukhā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Derived terms
- अभिसम्मुख (abhisammukha)
- शत्रुसम्मुखम् (śatrusammukham)
- सम्मुखम् (sammukham)
- सम्मुखविनय (sammukhavinaya)
- स्वसम्मुख (svasammukha)
Descendants
- Pali: sammukha
- Prakrit: 𑀲𑀁𑀫𑀼𑀳 (saṃmuha)
- Magadhi Prakrit:
- Bengali: সামনে (śamne)
- Odia: ସାମନା (sāmanā)
- Maharastri Prakrit:
- Marathi: सामना (sāmnā)
- Paisaci Prakrit:
- Punjabi: ਸਾਹਮਣਾ (sāhmaṇā)
- Sauraseni Prakrit:
- → Marathi: सम्मुख (sammukh) (learned)
- → Hindustani: (learned)
- → Malay: semuka
- Indonesian: semuka
Further reading
- Monier Williams (1899), “सम्मुख”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1180, column 3.
- Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890), “संमुख”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “saṁmukhá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press