शुल्क
Hindi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit शुल्क (śulka).
Pronunciation
- (Standard Hindi) IPA(key): /ʃʊlk/
Noun
शुल्क • (śulk) m
- fee, payment, charge
- Synonym: फ़ीस (fīs)
- customs, tariff, duty
- सीमा-शुल्क ― sīmā-śulk ― border tariff
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | शुल्क śulk |
शुल्क śulk |
| oblique | शुल्क śulk |
शुल्कों śulkõ |
| vocative | शुल्क śulk |
शुल्को śulko |
Derived terms
References
More information
- Bahri, Hardev (1989), “शुल्क”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
- Caturvedi, Mahendra; Bhola Nath Tiwari (1970), “शुल्क”, in A practical Hindi-English dictionary, Delhi: National Publishing House
- “शुल्क”, in Collins Gem Hindi-English Dictionary, Collins, 2011, →ISBN
- Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “शुल्क”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. “Sea of Hindi words”] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “शुल्क”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
Marathi
Etymology
Borrowed from Sanskrit शुल्क (śulka).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ɕul.kə/
- Hyphenation: शुल्‧क
- Rhymes: -ə
Noun
शुल्क • (śulka) m
- fee, payment, charge
- Antonym: निःशुल्क (niḥśulka)
- संग्रहालयात प्रवेश शुल्क दहा रुपये आहे.
- saṅgrahālyāt praveś śulka dahā rupye āhe.
- The admission fee to the museum is ten rupees.
- customs, tariff, duty
- सीमा-शुल्क ― sīmā-śulka ― border tariff
- (archaic) a marriage-settlement; money paid to the parents of the bride
Declension
| Declension of शुल्क (masc cons-stem) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| direct singular |
शुल्क śulka | ||
| direct plural |
शुल्क śulka | ||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन | ||
| nominative प्रथमा |
शुल्क śulka |
शुल्क śulka | |
| oblique सामान्यरूप |
शुल्का śulkā |
शुल्कां- śulkān- | |
| acc. / dative द्वितीया / चतुर्थी |
शुल्काला śulkālā |
शुल्कांना śulkānnā | |
| ergative | शुल्काने, शुल्कानं śulkāne, śulkāna |
शुल्कांनी śulkānnī | |
| instrumental | शुल्काशी śulkāśī |
शुल्कांशी śulkānśī | |
| locative सप्तमी |
शुल्कात śulkāt |
शुल्कांत śulkāt | |
| vocative संबोधन |
शुल्का śulkā |
शुल्कांनो śulkānno | |
| Oblique Note: The oblique case precedes all postpositions. There is no space between the stem and the postposition. Locative Note: -त (-ta) is a postposition. | |||
| Genitive declension of शुल्क (masc cons-stem) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine object पुल्लिंगी कर्म |
feminine object स्त्रीलिंगी कर्म |
neuter object नपुसकलिंगी कर्म |
oblique सामान्यरूप | |||||
| singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
singular* एकवचन |
plural अनेकवचन |
|||
| singular subject एकवचनी कर्ता |
शुल्काचा śulkāċā |
शुल्काचे śulkāċe |
शुल्काची śulkācī |
शुल्काच्या śulkācā |
शुल्काचे, शुल्काचं śulkāċe, śulkāċa |
शुल्काची śulkācī |
शुल्काच्या śulkācā | |
| plural subject अनेकवचनी कर्ता |
शुल्कांचा śulkānċā |
शुल्कांचे śulkānċe |
शुल्कांची śulkāñcī |
शुल्कांच्या śulkāncā |
शुल्कांचे, शुल्कांचं śulkānċe, śulkānċa |
शुल्कांची śulkāñcī |
शुल्कांच्या śulkāñcā | |
| * Note: Word-final ए (e) in neuter words is alternatively written with the anusvara and pronounced as अ (a). Oblique Note: For most postpostions, the oblique genitive can be optionally inserted between the stem and the postposition. | ||||||||
References
- Molesworth, James Thomas (1857), “शुल्क”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
- Berntsen, Maxine (1982–1983), “शुल्क”, in A Basic Marathi-English Dictionary, New Delhi: American Institute of Indian Studies
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- শুল্ক (Assamese script)
- ᬰᬸᬮ᭄ᬓ (Balinese script)
- শুল্ক (Bengali script)
- 𑰫𑰲𑰩𑰿𑰎 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀰𑀼𑀮𑁆𑀓 (Brahmi script)
- ၐုလ္က (Burmese script)
- શુલ્ક (Gujarati script)
- ਸ਼ੁਲ੍ਕ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌶𑍁𑌲𑍍𑌕 (Grantha script)
- ꦯꦸꦭ꧀ꦏ (Javanese script)
- 𑂬𑂳𑂪𑂹𑂍 (Kaithi script)
- ಶುಲ್ಕ (Kannada script)
- ឝុល្ក (Khmer script)
- ຨຸລ຺ກ (Lao script)
- ശുല്ക (Malayalam script)
- ᡧᡠᠯᡬᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘫𑘳𑘩𑘿𑘎 (Modi script)
- ᠱᠤᠯᢉᠠ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧋𑧔𑧉𑧠𑦮 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐱𑐸𑐮𑑂𑐎 (Newa script)
- ଶୁଲ୍କ (Odia script)
- ꢯꢸꢭ꣄ꢒ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆯𑆶𑆬𑇀𑆑 (Sharada script)
- 𑖫𑖲𑖩𑖿𑖎 (Siddham script)
- ශුල්ක (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩿𑩒𑩽 𑪙𑩜 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚧𑚰𑚥𑚶𑚊 (Takri script)
- ஶுல்க (Tamil script)
- శుల్క (Telugu script)
- ศุลฺก (Thai script)
- ཤུ་ལྐ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒬𑒳𑒪𑓂𑒏 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨮𑨃𑨬𑩇𑨋 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
Of unclear origin.[1] Probably borrowed from Dravidian; compare Tamil சுங்கம் (cuṅkam, “customs, toll”). Despite the Sanskrit term's Vedic attestation, comparanda in other Indo-European languages, such as Russian сули́ть (sulítʹ, “to promise”), Latin ōscillum (“swing”), and Lithuanian šolkas (“balance scale”), are less convincing.[2] The Sanskrit root शुल्क् (śulk, “to pay”) is artificially derived from this word.
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ɕul.kɐ́/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ɕul̪.kɐ/
Noun
शु॒ल्क • (śulká) stem, m or n
- price, value, purchase-money
- the prize of a contest
- duty, fee, toll, tax, customs (esp. money levied at ferries, passes, and roads)
- अद्य एव शुल्कं दातव्यं अस्ति।
- adya eva śulkaṃ dātavyaṃ asti.
- I am due to pay fees exactly today.
- शिक्षण शुल्क ― śikṣaṇa śulka ― tuition fee
- अधिकोष-शुल्क ― adhikoṣa-śulka ― bank fee
- मार्ग-शुल्क ― mārga-śulka ― toll (literally, “road-fee”)
- dowry, nuptial gift (orig. a price given to parents for the purchase of a bride, but in later times bestowed on the wife as her own property together with the profits of household labor, domestic utensils, ornaments etc.), dower, marriage settlement
- wages of prostitution
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | शु॒ल्कः (śulkáḥ) | शु॒ल्कौ (śulkáu) शु॒ल्का¹ (śulkā́¹) |
शु॒ल्काः (śulkā́ḥ) शु॒ल्कासः॑¹ (śulkā́saḥ¹) |
| accusative | शु॒ल्कम् (śulkám) | शु॒ल्कौ (śulkáu) शु॒ल्का¹ (śulkā́¹) |
शु॒ल्कान् (śulkā́n) |
| instrumental | शु॒ल्केन॑ (śulkéna) | शु॒ल्काभ्या॑म् (śulkā́bhyām) | शु॒ल्कैः (śulkáiḥ) शु॒ल्केभिः॑¹ (śulkébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | शु॒ल्काय॑ (śulkā́ya) | शु॒ल्काभ्या॑म् (śulkā́bhyām) | शु॒ल्केभ्यः॑ (śulkébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | शु॒ल्कात् (śulkā́t) | शु॒ल्काभ्या॑म् (śulkā́bhyām) | शु॒ल्केभ्यः॑ (śulkébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | शु॒ल्कस्य॑ (śulkásya) | शु॒ल्कयोः॑ (śulkáyoḥ) | शु॒ल्काना॑म् (śulkā́nām) |
| locative | शु॒ल्के (śulké) | शु॒ल्कयोः॑ (śulkáyoḥ) | शु॒ल्केषु॑ (śulkéṣu) |
| vocative | शुल्क॑ (śúlka) | शुल्कौ॑ (śúlkau) शुल्का॑¹ (śúlkā¹) |
शुल्काः॑ (śúlkāḥ) शुल्का॑सः¹ (śúlkāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | शु॒ल्कम् (śulkám) | शु॒ल्के (śulké) | शु॒ल्कानि॑ (śulkā́ni) शु॒ल्का¹ (śulkā́¹) |
| accusative | शु॒ल्कम् (śulkám) | शु॒ल्के (śulké) | शु॒ल्कानि॑ (śulkā́ni) शु॒ल्का¹ (śulkā́¹) |
| instrumental | शु॒ल्केन॑ (śulkéna) | शु॒ल्काभ्या॑म् (śulkā́bhyām) | शु॒ल्कैः (śulkáiḥ) शु॒ल्केभिः॑¹ (śulkébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | शु॒ल्काय॑ (śulkā́ya) | शु॒ल्काभ्या॑म् (śulkā́bhyām) | शु॒ल्केभ्यः॑ (śulkébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | शु॒ल्कात् (śulkā́t) | शु॒ल्काभ्या॑म् (śulkā́bhyām) | शु॒ल्केभ्यः॑ (śulkébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | शु॒ल्कस्य॑ (śulkásya) | शु॒ल्कयोः॑ (śulkáyoḥ) | शु॒ल्काना॑म् (śulkā́nām) |
| locative | शु॒ल्के (śulké) | शु॒ल्कयोः॑ (śulkáyoḥ) | शु॒ल्केषु॑ (śulkéṣu) |
| vocative | शुल्क॑ (śúlka) | शुल्के॑ (śúlke) | शुल्का॑नि (śúlkāni) शुल्का॑¹ (śúlkā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
References
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “śulká-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 648
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1976), “śulkám”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][2] (in German), volume 3, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 359
Further reading
- Monier Williams (1899), “शुल्क”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 1084, column 2.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “śulká”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 727