पर
See also: परा, परि, परि-, परी, परौं, पार, पारा, पारो, पिरो, पीर, पीरू, पुर, पुर्, पुरु, पुरी, पुरे, पुरो, पूर, पूरा, पूरी, पूरे, पेर, पेरी, पेरू, पैर, पैरो, पैरों, and प्री
Hindi
Picture dictionary
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स्थान सूचक सम्बन्धबोधक शब्द |
Pronunciation
- (Standard Hindi) IPA(key): /pəɾ/, [pɐɾ]
Etymology 1
Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀧𑀭𑀺 (pari), 𑀉𑀧𑁆𑀧𑀭𑀺 (uppari), from Sanskrit उपरि (upari, “above”),[1] from Proto-Indo-Aryan *upári, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *upári, from Proto-Indo-European *upér, from *upo.
Cognate with Gujarati પર (par), Marathi वर (var), and distantly Latin super and Old English ofer (whence English over). Doublet of ऊपर (ūpar).
Postposition
पर • (par) (Urdu spelling پر)
- on
- Synonym: पे (pe)
- सड़क पर ― saṛak par ― on the road
- मेज़ पर ― mez par ― on the table
- at
- Synonym: पे (pe)
- घर पर ― ghar par ― at home
Etymology 2
Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀧𑀭𑀁 (paraṃ), from Sanskrit परम् (param, “after, but”), oblique of पर (para, “distant, further”).
Conjunction
पर • (par) (Urdu spelling پر)
- but, however
- Synonyms: see Thesaurus:परन्तु
- मैंने दूध पिया, पर मैंने नाश्ता नहीं किया।
- ma͠ine dūdh piyā, par ma͠ine nāśtā nahī̃ kiyā.
- I drank milk, however I did not have breakfast.
- nevertheless
Synonyms
Etymology 3
Borrowed from Classical Persian پر (par).
Noun
पर • (par) m (Urdu spelling پر)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | पर par |
पर par |
| oblique | पर par |
परों parõ |
| vocative | पर par |
परो paro |
Etymology 4
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit पर (para).
Adjective
पर • (par) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling پر)
References
- ^ Reinöhl, Uta (2016), Grammaticalization and the Rise of Configurationality in Indo-Aryan, Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 56
Nepali
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [pʌɾʌ]
- Phonetic Devanagari: परअ
Verb
पर • (para)
- mid-respectful second-person singular imperative of पर्नु (parnu)
Pali
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
Adjective
पर
- Devanagari script form of para (“other”)
- c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar][2] (overall work in Pali), page 291; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:
- वचवसवहादीनं उकारो वस्स ये ॥६॥
वच, वस, वह इच्चेवमादीनं धातूनं वकारस्स उकारो होति य पच्चये परे । उच्चते, वुच्चति; वुस्सति; वुय्हति ॥- 6. Vacavasavahādīnaṃ ukāro vassa ye
Vaca, vasa, vaha iccevamādīnaṃ dhātūnaṃ vakārassa ukāro hoti ya paccaye pare.Uccate, vuccate; vussati; vuyhati. - Vac, vas, vah etc. which have 'u' for 'va'
Roots vac, vas, vah and so on etc. have 'u' from 'va' next to the ending 'ya'.
Exx: uccate, vuccate; vussati; vuyhati.
- 6. Vacavasavahādīnaṃ ukāro vassa ye
Declension
Declension table of "पर" (masculine)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | परो (paro) | परे (pare) |
| Accusative (second) | परं (paraṃ) | परे (pare) |
| Instrumental (third) | परेन (parena) | परेहि (parehi) or परेभि (parebhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | परस्स (parassa) | परेसं (paresaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | परस्मा (parasmā) or परम्हा (paramhā) or परा (parā) | परेहि (parehi) or परेभि (parebhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | परस्स (parassa) | परेसं (paresaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | परस्मिं (parasmiṃ) or परम्हि (paramhi) or परे (pare) | परेसु (paresu) |
Declension table of "परा" (feminine)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | परा (parā) | परायो (parāyo) or परा (parā) |
| Accusative (second) | परं (paraṃ) | परायो (parāyo) or परा (parā) |
| Instrumental (third) | पराय (parāya) | पराहि (parāhi) or पराभि (parābhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | पराय (parāya) | परासं (parāsaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | पराय (parāya) | पराहि (parāhi) or पराभि (parābhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | पराय (parāya) | परासं (parāsaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | पराय (parāya) or परायं (parāyaṃ) | परासु (parāsu) |
Declension table of "पर" (neuter)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | परं (paraṃ) | परानि (parāni) |
| Accusative (second) | परं (paraṃ) | परानि (parāni) |
| Instrumental (third) | परेन (parena) | परेहि (parehi) or परेभि (parebhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | परस्स (parassa) | परेसं (paresaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | परस्मा (parasmā) or परम्हा (paramhā) or परा (parā) | परेहि (parehi) or परेभि (parebhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | परस्स (parassa) | परेसं (paresaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | परस्मिं (parasmiṃ) or परम्हि (paramhi) or परे (pare) | परेसु (paresu) |
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- পৰ (Assamese script)
- ᬧᬭ (Balinese script)
- পর (Bengali script)
- 𑰢𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀧𑀭 (Brahmi script)
- ပရ (Burmese script)
- પર (Gujarati script)
- ਪਰ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌪𑌰 (Grantha script)
- ꦥꦫ (Javanese script)
- 𑂣𑂩 (Kaithi script)
- ಪರ (Kannada script)
- បរ (Khmer script)
- ປຣ (Lao script)
- പര (Malayalam script)
- ᢒᠠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘢𑘨 (Modi script)
- ᢒᠠᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑧂𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐥𑐬 (Newa script)
- ପର (Odia script)
- ꢦꢬ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆥𑆫 (Sharada script)
- 𑖢𑖨 (Siddham script)
- පර (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩰𑩼 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚞𑚤 (Takri script)
- பர (Tamil script)
- పర (Telugu script)
- ปร (Thai script)
- པ་ར (Tibetan script)
- 𑒣𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨞𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *páras, Proto-Indo-European *pér-o-s. Compare Hittite 𒁉𒂊𒊏𒀭 (pēran), Ancient Greek πέρᾱ (pérā).[1]
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /pɐ́.ɾɐ/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /pɐ.ɾɐ/
Adjective
पर॑ • (pára) stem
- (with ablative) other, different (than)
- far, distant, remote
- unfamiliar, alien
- opposite
- ulterior
- ancient
- following, succeeding, subsequent, next
- final, last, ultimate
- more than, exceeding
- left, remaining
- concerned, anxious, nervous
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | परः॑ (páraḥ) | परौ॑ (párau) परा॑¹ (párā¹) |
परे॑ (páre) पराः॑ (párāḥ) |
| accusative | पर॑म् (páram) | परौ॑ (párau) परा॑¹ (párā¹) |
परा॑न् (párān) |
| instrumental | परे॑ण (páreṇa) | परा॑भ्याम् (párābhyām) | परैः॑ (páraiḥ) |
| dative | पर॑स्मै (párasmai) | परा॑भ्याम् (párābhyām) | परे॑भ्यः (párebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | परा॑त् (párāt) पर॑स्मात् (párasmāt) |
परा॑भ्याम् (párābhyām) | परे॑भ्यः (párebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | पर॑स्य (párasya) | पर॑योः (párayoḥ) | परे॑षाम् (páreṣām) |
| locative | परे॑ (páre) पर॑स्मिन् (párasmin) |
पर॑योः (párayoḥ) | परे॑षु (páreṣu) |
| vocative | पर॑ (pára) | परौ॑ (párau) परा॑¹ (párā¹) |
परे॑ (páre) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | परा॑ (párā) | परे॑ (páre) | पराः॑ (párāḥ) |
| accusative | परा॑म् (párām) | परे॑ (páre) | पराः॑ (párāḥ) |
| instrumental | पर॑या (párayā) | परा॑भ्याम् (párābhyām) | परा॑भिः (párābhiḥ) |
| dative | पर॑स्यै (párasyai) | परा॑भ्याम् (párābhyām) | परा॑भ्यः (párābhyaḥ) |
| ablative | पर॑स्याः (párasyāḥ) | परा॑भ्याम् (párābhyām) | परा॑भ्यः (párābhyaḥ) |
| genitive | पर॑स्याः (párasyāḥ) | पर॑योः (párayoḥ) | परा॑साम् (párāsām) |
| locative | पर॑स्याम् (párasyām) | पर॑योः (párayoḥ) | परा॑सु (párāsu) |
| vocative | परे॑ (páre) | परे॑ (páre) | पराः॑ (párāḥ) |
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | परम् (param) | परे (pare) | पराणि (parāṇi) परा¹ (parā¹) |
| accusative | परम् (param) | परे (pare) | पराणि (parāṇi) परा¹ (parā¹) |
| instrumental | परेण (pareṇa) | पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | परैः (paraiḥ) |
| dative | पर॑स्मै (párasmai) | पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | परेभ्यः (parebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | परा॑त् (párāt) पर॑स्मात् (párasmāt) |
पराभ्याम् (parābhyām) | परेभ्यः (parebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | परस्य (parasya) | परयोः (parayoḥ) | परे॑षाम् (páreṣām) |
| locative | परे॑ (páre) पर॑स्मिन् (párasmin) |
परयोः (parayoḥ) | परेषु (pareṣu) |
| vocative | पर (para) | परे (pare) | पराणि (parāṇi) परा¹ (parā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Noun
पर॑ • (pára) stem, m
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | परः॑ (páraḥ) | परौ॑ (párau) परा॑¹ (párā¹) |
पराः॑ (párāḥ) परा॑सः¹ (párāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | पर॑म् (páram) | परौ॑ (párau) परा॑¹ (párā¹) |
परा॑न् (párān) |
| instrumental | परे॑ण (páreṇa) | परा॑भ्याम् (párābhyām) | परैः॑ (páraiḥ) परे॑भिः¹ (párebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | परा॑य (párāya) | परा॑भ्याम् (párābhyām) | परे॑भ्यः (párebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | परा॑त् (párāt) | परा॑भ्याम् (párābhyām) | परे॑भ्यः (párebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | पर॑स्य (párasya) | पर॑योः (párayoḥ) | परा॑णाम् (párāṇām) |
| locative | परे॑ (páre) | पर॑योः (párayoḥ) | परे॑षु (páreṣu) |
| vocative | पर॑ (pára) | परौ॑ (párau) परा॑¹ (párā¹) |
पराः॑ (párāḥ) परा॑सः¹ (párāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Noun
पर॑ • (pára) stem, n
- remoteness
- the highest point/degree
- the supreme Being
- (taxonomy) genus
- existence
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | पर॑म् (páram) | परे॑ (páre) | परा॑णि (párāṇi) परा॑¹ (párā¹) |
| accusative | पर॑म् (páram) | परे॑ (páre) | परा॑णि (párāṇi) परा॑¹ (párā¹) |
| instrumental | परे॑ण (páreṇa) | परा॑भ्याम् (párābhyām) | परैः॑ (páraiḥ) परे॑भिः¹ (párebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | परा॑य (párāya) | परा॑भ्याम् (párābhyām) | परे॑भ्यः (párebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | परा॑त् (párāt) | परा॑भ्याम् (párābhyām) | परे॑भ्यः (párebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | पर॑स्य (párasya) | पर॑योः (párayoḥ) | परा॑णाम् (párāṇām) |
| locative | परे॑ (páre) | पर॑योः (párayoḥ) | परे॑षु (páreṣu) |
| vocative | पर॑ (pára) | परे॑ (páre) | परा॑णि (párāṇi) परा॑¹ (párā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
References
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “pára-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume 2, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 86
Further reading
- Monier Williams (1899), “पर”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 586, column 1.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “pára”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 440
- Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2026), “para”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.