चकार
Pali
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
- cakāra (Latin script)
- 𑀘𑀓𑀸𑀭 (Brahmi script)
- চকার (Bengali script)
- චකාර (Sinhalese script)
- စကာရ or ၸၵႃရ (Burmese script)
- จการ or จะการะ (Thai script)
- ᨧᨠᩣᩁ (Tai Tham script)
- ຈກາຣ or ຈະກາຣະ (Lao script)
- ចការ (Khmer script)
- 𑄌𑄇𑄂𑄢 (Chakma script)
Noun
चकार m
- Devanagari script form of cakāra (“the letter 'c'”)
- c. 500 AD, Kaccāyana, Pālivyākaraṇaṃ [Pali Grammar][1] (overall work in Pali), page 11; republished as Satish Chandra Acharyya Vidyabhusana, editor, Kaccayana's Pali Grammar (edited in Devanagari character and translated into English), Calcutta, Bengal: Mahabodhi Society, 1901:
- सब्बो ति इच्चेसो सद्दो सरे परे क्वचि चकारं पप्पोति
- Sabbo ti icceso saddo sare pare kvaci cakāraṃ pappoti.
- For all 'ti', this sound sometimes becomes 'c' before another vowel.
Declension
Declension table of "चकार" (masculine)
| Case \ Number | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative (first) | चकारो (cakāro) | चकारा (cakārā) |
| Accusative (second) | चकारं (cakāraṃ) | चकारे (cakāre) |
| Instrumental (third) | चकारेन (cakārena) | चकारेहि (cakārehi) or चकारेभि (cakārebhi) |
| Dative (fourth) | चकारस्स (cakārassa) or चकाराय (cakārāya) or चकारत्थं (cakāratthaṃ) | चकारानं (cakārānaṃ) |
| Ablative (fifth) | चकारस्मा (cakārasmā) or चकारम्हा (cakāramhā) or चकारा (cakārā) | चकारेहि (cakārehi) or चकारेभि (cakārebhi) |
| Genitive (sixth) | चकारस्स (cakārassa) | चकारानं (cakārānaṃ) |
| Locative (seventh) | चकारस्मिं (cakārasmiṃ) or चकारम्हि (cakāramhi) or चकारे (cakāre) | चकारेसु (cakāresu) |
| Vocative (calling) | चकार (cakāra) | चकारा (cakārā) |
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- চকাৰ (Assamese script)
- ᬘᬓᬵᬭ (Balinese script)
- চকার (Bengali script)
- 𑰓𑰎𑰯𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀘𑀓𑀸𑀭 (Brahmi script)
- စကာရ (Burmese script)
- ચકાર (Gujarati script)
- ਚਕਾਰ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌚𑌕𑌾𑌰 (Grantha script)
- ꦕꦏꦴꦫ (Javanese script)
- 𑂒𑂍𑂰𑂩 (Kaithi script)
- ಚಕಾರ (Kannada script)
- ចការ (Khmer script)
- ຈກາຣ (Lao script)
- ചകാര (Malayalam script)
- ᢜᠠᡬᠠ᠊ᠠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘓𑘎𑘰𑘨 (Modi script)
- ᢋᠠᢉᠠᢗᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦳𑦮𑧑𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐔𑐎𑐵𑐬 (Newa script)
- ଚକାର (Odia script)
- ꢗꢒꢵꢬ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆖𑆑𑆳𑆫 (Sharada script)
- 𑖓𑖎𑖯𑖨 (Siddham script)
- චකාර (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩡𑩜𑩛𑩼 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚏𑚊𑚭𑚤 (Takri script)
- சகார (Tamil script)
- చకార (Telugu script)
- จการ (Thai script)
- ཙ་ཀཱ་ར (Tibetan script)
- 𑒔𑒏𑒰𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨣𑨋𑨊𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology 1
Inherited from Proto-Indo-Aryan *ćakā́ra, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *čakā́ra, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷe-kʷór-e.
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /t͡ɕɐ.kɑ́ː.ɾɐ/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /t͡ɕɐ.kɑː.ɾɐ/
Verb
च॒कार॑ • (cakā́ra) third-singular indicative (type P, perfect, root कृ)
- perfect of कृ (kṛ)
Conjugation
| Perfect: च॒कार॑ (cakā́ra), च॒क्रे (cakré) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Active | Mediopassive | |||||
| Singular | Dual | Plural | Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Indicative | ||||||
| Third | च॒कार॑ cakā́ra |
च॒क्रतुः॑ cakrátuḥ |
च॒क्रुः cakrúḥ |
च॒क्रे cakré |
च॒क्राते॑ cakrā́te |
च॒क्रि॒रे cakriré |
| Second | च॒कर्थ॑ cakártha |
च॒क्रथुः॑ cakráthuḥ |
च॒क्र cakrá |
च॒कृ॒षे cakṛṣé |
च॒क्राथे॑ cakrā́the |
च॒कृ॒ध्वे cakṛdhvé |
| First | च॒कर॑ / च॒कार॑ cakára / cakā́ra |
च॒कृ॒व cakṛvá |
च॒कृ॒म cakṛmá |
च॒क्रे cakré |
च॒कृ॒वहे॑ cakṛváhe |
च॒कृ॒महे॑ cakṛmáhe |
| Participles | ||||||
| च॒कृ॒वांस् cakṛvā́ṃs |
च॒क्रा॒ण cakrāṇá | |||||
The second-singular perfect optative चक्रियाः (cakriyāḥ) occurs in Rigveda 8,45,18.
Several Vedic pluperfect forms are attested: अचक्रत् (acakrat, third-singular active), अचक्रिरन् (ácakriran, third-plural middle) and चकरम् (cakaram, augmentless first-singular active).
Further reading
- Kümmel, Martin Joachim (2000), Das Perfekt im Indoiranischen (in German), Wiesbaden: Reichert, pages 134-8
Etymology 2
Compound of च (ca, the letter) + कार (kāra, term designating a letter or sound).
Pronunciation
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /t͡ɕɐ.kɑː.ɾɐ/
Noun
चकार • (cakāra) stem, m
- The name of the Devanagari letter च (ca).
- the sound of the च letter, /t͡ɕɐ/
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | चकारः (cakāraḥ) | चकारौ (cakārau) | चकाराः (cakārāḥ) |
| accusative | चकारम् (cakāram) | चकारौ (cakārau) | चकारान् (cakārān) |
| instrumental | चकारेण (cakāreṇa) | चकाराभ्याम् (cakārābhyām) | चकारैः (cakāraiḥ) |
| dative | चकाराय (cakārāya) | चकाराभ्याम् (cakārābhyām) | चकारेभ्यः (cakārebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | चकारात् (cakārāt) | चकाराभ्याम् (cakārābhyām) | चकारेभ्यः (cakārebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | चकारस्य (cakārasya) | चकारयोः (cakārayoḥ) | चकाराणाम् (cakārāṇām) |
| locative | चकारे (cakāre) | चकारयोः (cakārayoḥ) | चकारेषु (cakāreṣu) |
| vocative | चकार (cakāra) | चकारौ (cakārau) | चकाराः (cakārāḥ) |
Hypernyms
Coordinate terms
palatal letters and sounds
References
- Monier Williams (1899), “चकार”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 380, column 1.