गृध्र
Hindi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit गृध्र (gṛ́dhra). Doublet of गिद्ध (giddh), a tadbhava.
Pronunciation
- (Standard Hindi) IPA(key): /ɡɾɪd̪ʱ.ɾᵊ/
Adjective
गृध्र • (gŕdhra) (indeclinable)
Noun
गृध्र • (gŕdhra) m
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | गृध्र gŕdhra |
गृध्र gŕdhra |
| oblique | गृध्र gŕdhra |
गृध्रों gŕdhrõ |
| vocative | गृध्र gŕdhra |
गृध्रो gŕdhro |
References
- Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “गृध्र”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. “Sea of Hindi words”] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “गृध्र”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
- Platts, John T. (1884), “गृध्र”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- গৃধ্ৰ (Assamese script)
- ᬕᬺᬥ᭄ᬭ (Balinese script)
- গৃধ্র (Bengali script)
- 𑰐𑰴𑰠𑰿𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀕𑀾𑀥𑁆𑀭 (Brahmi script)
- ဂၖဓြ (Burmese script)
- ગૃધ્ર (Gujarati script)
- ਗ੍ਰਧ੍ਰ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌗𑍃𑌧𑍍𑌰 (Grantha script)
- ꦒꦽꦣꦿ (Javanese script)
- 𑂏𑃂𑂡𑂹𑂩 (Kaithi script)
- ಗೃಧ್ರ (Kannada script)
- គ្ឫធ្រ (Khmer script)
- ຄ຺ຣິຘ຺ຣ (Lao script)
- ഗൃധ്ര (Malayalam script)
- ᡤᡵᡳᢡᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘐𑘵𑘠𑘿𑘨 (Modi script)
- ᠺᠷᠢᢑᠾᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦰𑧖𑧀𑧠𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐐𑐺𑐢𑑂𑐬 (Newa script)
- ଗୃଧ୍ର (Odia script)
- ꢔꢺꢤ꣄ꢬ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆓𑆸𑆣𑇀𑆫 (Sharada script)
- 𑖐𑖴𑖠𑖿𑖨 (Siddham script)
- ගෘධ්ර (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩞𑩙𑩮 𑪙𑩼 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚌𑚜𑚶𑚤 (Takri script)
- க்³ரித்⁴ர (Tamil script)
- గృధ్ర (Telugu script)
- คฺฤธฺร (Thai script)
- གྲྀ་དྷྲ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒑𑒵𑒡𑓂𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨍𑨼𑨉𑨜𑩇𑨫 (Zanabazar Square script)
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ɡŕ̩dʱ.ɾɐ/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ɡr̩d̪ʱ.ɾɐ/
Etymology 1
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *gr̥dʰrás, from Proto-Indo-European *g⁽ʷ⁾l̥dʰ-ró-s, from *g⁽ʷ⁾eldʰ- (“to desire greedily”).
Cognate with Avestan 𐬔𐬆𐬭𐬆𐬜𐬀 (gərəδa, “greedy”), Proto-Slavic *gȏldъ (“hunger”).
Adjective
गृध्र॑ • (gṛ́dhra) stem
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गृध्रः॑ (gṛ́dhraḥ) | गृध्रौ॑ (gṛ́dhrau) गृध्रा॑¹ (gṛ́dhrā¹) |
गृध्राः॑ (gṛ́dhrāḥ) गृध्रा॑सः¹ (gṛ́dhrāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | गृध्र॑म् (gṛ́dhram) | गृध्रौ॑ (gṛ́dhrau) गृध्रा॑¹ (gṛ́dhrā¹) |
गृध्रा॑न् (gṛ́dhrān) |
| instrumental | गृध्रे॑ण (gṛ́dhreṇa) | गृध्रा॑भ्याम् (gṛ́dhrābhyām) | गृध्रैः॑ (gṛ́dhraiḥ) गृध्रे॑भिः¹ (gṛ́dhrebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | गृध्रा॑य (gṛ́dhrāya) | गृध्रा॑भ्याम् (gṛ́dhrābhyām) | गृध्रे॑भ्यः (gṛ́dhrebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गृध्रा॑त् (gṛ́dhrāt) | गृध्रा॑भ्याम् (gṛ́dhrābhyām) | गृध्रे॑भ्यः (gṛ́dhrebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गृध्र॑स्य (gṛ́dhrasya) | गृध्र॑योः (gṛ́dhrayoḥ) | गृध्रा॑णाम् (gṛ́dhrāṇām) |
| locative | गृध्रे॑ (gṛ́dhre) | गृध्र॑योः (gṛ́dhrayoḥ) | गृध्रे॑षु (gṛ́dhreṣu) |
| vocative | गृध्र॑ (gṛ́dhra) | गृध्रौ॑ (gṛ́dhrau) गृध्रा॑¹ (gṛ́dhrā¹) |
गृध्राः॑ (gṛ́dhrāḥ) गृध्रा॑सः¹ (gṛ́dhrāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गृध्रा॑ (gṛ́dhrā) | गृध्रे॑ (gṛ́dhre) | गृध्राः॑ (gṛ́dhrāḥ) |
| accusative | गृध्रा॑म् (gṛ́dhrām) | गृध्रे॑ (gṛ́dhre) | गृध्राः॑ (gṛ́dhrāḥ) |
| instrumental | गृध्र॑या (gṛ́dhrayā) गृध्रा॑¹ (gṛ́dhrā¹) |
गृध्रा॑भ्याम् (gṛ́dhrābhyām) | गृध्रा॑भिः (gṛ́dhrābhiḥ) |
| dative | गृध्रा॑यै (gṛ́dhrāyai) | गृध्रा॑भ्याम् (gṛ́dhrābhyām) | गृध्रा॑भ्यः (gṛ́dhrābhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गृध्रा॑याः (gṛ́dhrāyāḥ) गृध्रा॑यै² (gṛ́dhrāyai²) |
गृध्रा॑भ्याम् (gṛ́dhrābhyām) | गृध्रा॑भ्यः (gṛ́dhrābhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गृध्रा॑याः (gṛ́dhrāyāḥ) गृध्रा॑यै² (gṛ́dhrāyai²) |
गृध्र॑योः (gṛ́dhrayoḥ) | गृध्रा॑णाम् (gṛ́dhrāṇām) |
| locative | गृध्रा॑याम् (gṛ́dhrāyām) | गृध्र॑योः (gṛ́dhrayoḥ) | गृध्रा॑सु (gṛ́dhrāsu) |
| vocative | गृध्रे॑ (gṛ́dhre) | गृध्रे॑ (gṛ́dhre) | गृध्राः॑ (gṛ́dhrāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गृध्र॑म् (gṛ́dhram) | गृध्रे॑ (gṛ́dhre) | गृध्रा॑णि (gṛ́dhrāṇi) गृध्रा॑¹ (gṛ́dhrā¹) |
| accusative | गृध्र॑म् (gṛ́dhram) | गृध्रे॑ (gṛ́dhre) | गृध्रा॑णि (gṛ́dhrāṇi) गृध्रा॑¹ (gṛ́dhrā¹) |
| instrumental | गृध्रे॑ण (gṛ́dhreṇa) | गृध्रा॑भ्याम् (gṛ́dhrābhyām) | गृध्रैः॑ (gṛ́dhraiḥ) गृध्रे॑भिः¹ (gṛ́dhrebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | गृध्रा॑य (gṛ́dhrāya) | गृध्रा॑भ्याम् (gṛ́dhrābhyām) | गृध्रे॑भ्यः (gṛ́dhrebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गृध्रा॑त् (gṛ́dhrāt) | गृध्रा॑भ्याम् (gṛ́dhrābhyām) | गृध्रे॑भ्यः (gṛ́dhrebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गृध्र॑स्य (gṛ́dhrasya) | गृध्र॑योः (gṛ́dhrayoḥ) | गृध्रा॑णाम् (gṛ́dhrāṇām) |
| locative | गृध्रे॑ (gṛ́dhre) | गृध्र॑योः (gṛ́dhrayoḥ) | गृध्रे॑षु (gṛ́dhreṣu) |
| vocative | गृध्र॑ (gṛ́dhra) | गृध्रे॑ (gṛ́dhre) | गृध्रा॑णि (gṛ́dhrāṇi) गृध्रा॑¹ (gṛ́dhrā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
- Pali: giddha
Etymology 2
Nominal derivative of the adjective गृध्र (gṛdhra, “greedy”) above. Literally meaning "the greedy one".
Noun
गृध्र॑ • (gṛ́dhra) stem, m
- a vulture
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 7.104.22:
- उलू॑कयातुं शुशु॒लूक॑यातुं ज॒हि श्वया॑तुमु॒त कोक॑यातुम्।
सु॒प॒र्णया॑तुमु॒त गृध्र॑यातुं दृ॒षदे॑व॒ प्र मृ॑ण॒ रक्ष॑ इन्द्र॥- úlūkayātuṃ śuśulū́kayātuṃ jahí śváyātumutá kókayātum.
suparṇáyātumutá gṛ́dhrayātuṃ dṛṣádeva prá mṛṇa rákṣa indra. - Destroy the demon disguised as an owl or owlet, destroy him disguised as dog or cuckoo.
Destroy him shaped as an eagle or as a vulture as with a stone, O Indra, crush the demon.
- úlūkayātuṃ śuśulū́kayātuṃ jahí śváyātumutá kókayātum.
- उलू॑कयातुं शुशु॒लूक॑यातुं ज॒हि श्वया॑तुमु॒त कोक॑यातुम्।
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गृध्रः॑ (gṛ́dhraḥ) | गृध्रौ॑ (gṛ́dhrau) गृध्रा॑¹ (gṛ́dhrā¹) |
गृध्राः॑ (gṛ́dhrāḥ) गृध्रा॑सः¹ (gṛ́dhrāsaḥ¹) |
| accusative | गृध्र॑म् (gṛ́dhram) | गृध्रौ॑ (gṛ́dhrau) गृध्रा॑¹ (gṛ́dhrā¹) |
गृध्रा॑न् (gṛ́dhrān) |
| instrumental | गृध्रे॑ण (gṛ́dhreṇa) | गृध्रा॑भ्याम् (gṛ́dhrābhyām) | गृध्रैः॑ (gṛ́dhraiḥ) गृध्रे॑भिः¹ (gṛ́dhrebhiḥ¹) |
| dative | गृध्रा॑य (gṛ́dhrāya) | गृध्रा॑भ्याम् (gṛ́dhrābhyām) | गृध्रे॑भ्यः (gṛ́dhrebhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गृध्रा॑त् (gṛ́dhrāt) | गृध्रा॑भ्याम् (gṛ́dhrābhyām) | गृध्रे॑भ्यः (gṛ́dhrebhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गृध्र॑स्य (gṛ́dhrasya) | गृध्र॑योः (gṛ́dhrayoḥ) | गृध्रा॑णाम् (gṛ́dhrāṇām) |
| locative | गृध्रे॑ (gṛ́dhre) | गृध्र॑योः (gṛ́dhrayoḥ) | गृध्रे॑षु (gṛ́dhreṣu) |
| vocative | गृध्र॑ (gṛ́dhra) | गृध्रौ॑ (gṛ́dhrau) गृध्रा॑¹ (gṛ́dhrā¹) |
गृध्राः॑ (gṛ́dhrāḥ) गृध्रा॑सः¹ (gṛ́dhrāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
- Kashmiri: ग्रद् (grad, “vulture, eagle”)
- Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀕𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀥 (giddha), *𑀕𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀤 (*gidda) — reconstructed based on descendants
- Gujarati: ગીધ (gīdh)
- Hindustani: giddh
- Konkani: gīd
- Maithili:
- Old Marathi:
- Odia: ଗୀଧ (gidha)
- Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀕𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀥 (giddha), *𑀕𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀤 (*gidda) — reconstructed based on descendants
- Gujarati: ગીધ (gīdh)
- Hindustani: giddh
- Konkani: gīd
- Maithili:
- Old Marathi:
- Odia: ଗୀଧ (gidha)
- Paisaci Prakrit:
- Pali: gaddha
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀕𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀥 (giddha), *𑀕𑀺𑀤𑁆𑀤 (*gidda) — reconstructed based on descendants
- Gujarati: ગીધ (gīdh)
- Hindustani: giddh
- Konkani: gīd
- Maithili:
- Old Marathi:
- Odia: ଗୀଧ (gidha)
- → Kannada: ಗೃಧ್ರ (gṛdhra)
- → Tamil: கிருத்திரம் (kiruttiram)
- → Hindi: गृध्र (gŕdhra) (learned)
References
- ^ Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju (2003), The Dravidian Languages (Cambridge Language Surveys), Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 474.
Further reading
- Monier Williams (1899), “गृध्र”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 361.
- Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890), “गृध्र”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “gṛ́dhra”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “GARDH”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 474