गाध
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- গাধ (Assamese script)
- ᬕᬵᬥ (Balinese script)
- গাধ (Bengali script)
- 𑰐𑰯𑰠 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀕𑀸𑀥 (Brahmi script)
- ဂါဓ (Burmese script)
- ગાધ (Gujarati script)
- ਗਾਧ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌗𑌾𑌧 (Grantha script)
- ꦒꦴꦣ (Javanese script)
- 𑂏𑂰𑂡 (Kaithi script)
- ಗಾಧ (Kannada script)
- គាធ (Khmer script)
- ຄາຘ (Lao script)
- ഗാധ (Malayalam script)
- ᡤᠠ᠊ᠠᢡᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘐𑘰𑘠 (Modi script)
- ᠺᠠᢗᢑᠾᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦰𑧑𑧀 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐐𑐵𑐢 (Newa script)
- ଗାଧ (Odia script)
- ꢔꢵꢤ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆓𑆳𑆣 (Sharada script)
- 𑖐𑖯𑖠 (Siddham script)
- ගාධ (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩞𑩛𑩮 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚌𑚭𑚜 (Takri script)
- க³ாத⁴ (Tamil script)
- గాధ (Telugu script)
- คาธ (Thai script)
- གཱ་དྷ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒑𑒰𑒡 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨍𑨊𑨜 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
Etymology tree
Sanskrit गाध
- Attempts to relate the term to Latin vadum (“ford, shallow”) are made difficult by its cognate Proto-Germanic *wadą, which points to a reconstructed Proto-Indo-European *uh₂dʰ-óm. Narten suggests contamination by *gʷeh₂- (“to go, step”) (whence गा (gā)), but this is not widely accepted.
- Pokorny suggests गा (gā, “to go”, root) + ध (dhá, “giving, granting”).
Not related to गाह् (gāh, “to dive into”, root), but some derived terms may be semantically influenced by it. The root गाध् (gādh, “to stay, remain”) is probably back-formed by grammarians from this word.
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ɡɑː.dʱɐ́/
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ɡɑː.d̪ʱɐ/
Adjective
गा॒ध • (gādhá) stem (root गाध्)[3]
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गा॒धः (gādháḥ) | गा॒धौ (gādháu) गा॒धा¹ (gādhā́¹) |
गा॒धाः (gādhā́ḥ) गा॒धासः॑¹ (gādhā́saḥ¹) |
| accusative | गा॒धम् (gādhám) | गा॒धौ (gādháu) गा॒धा¹ (gādhā́¹) |
गा॒धान् (gādhā́n) |
| instrumental | गा॒धेन॑ (gādhéna) | गा॒धाभ्या॑म् (gādhā́bhyām) | गा॒धैः (gādháiḥ) गा॒धेभिः॑¹ (gādhébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | गा॒धाय॑ (gādhā́ya) | गा॒धाभ्या॑म् (gādhā́bhyām) | गा॒धेभ्यः॑ (gādhébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गा॒धात् (gādhā́t) | गा॒धाभ्या॑म् (gādhā́bhyām) | गा॒धेभ्यः॑ (gādhébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गा॒धस्य॑ (gādhásya) | गा॒धयोः॑ (gādháyoḥ) | गा॒धाना॑म् (gādhā́nām) |
| locative | गा॒धे (gādhé) | गा॒धयोः॑ (gādháyoḥ) | गा॒धेषु॑ (gādhéṣu) |
| vocative | गाध॑ (gā́dha) | गाधौ॑ (gā́dhau) गाधा॑¹ (gā́dhā¹) |
गाधाः॑ (gā́dhāḥ) गाधा॑सः¹ (gā́dhāsaḥ¹) |
- ¹Vedic
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गा॒धा (gādhā́) | गा॒धे (gādhé) | गा॒धाः (gādhā́ḥ) |
| accusative | गा॒धाम् (gādhā́m) | गा॒धे (gādhé) | गा॒धाः (gādhā́ḥ) |
| instrumental | गा॒धया॑ (gādháyā) गा॒धा¹ (gādhā́¹) |
गा॒धाभ्या॑म् (gādhā́bhyām) | गा॒धाभिः॑ (gādhā́bhiḥ) |
| dative | गा॒धायै॑ (gādhā́yai) | गा॒धाभ्या॑म् (gādhā́bhyām) | गा॒धाभ्यः॑ (gādhā́bhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गा॒धायाः॑ (gādhā́yāḥ) गा॒धायै॑² (gādhā́yai²) |
गा॒धाभ्या॑म् (gādhā́bhyām) | गा॒धाभ्यः॑ (gādhā́bhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गा॒धायाः॑ (gādhā́yāḥ) गा॒धायै॑² (gādhā́yai²) |
गा॒धयोः॑ (gādháyoḥ) | गा॒धाना॑म् (gādhā́nām) |
| locative | गा॒धाया॑म् (gādhā́yām) | गा॒धयोः॑ (gādháyoḥ) | गा॒धासु॑ (gādhā́su) |
| vocative | गाधे॑ (gā́dhe) | गाधे॑ (gā́dhe) | गाधाः॑ (gā́dhāḥ) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गा॒धम् (gādhám) | गा॒धे (gādhé) | गा॒धानि॑ (gādhā́ni) गा॒धा¹ (gādhā́¹) |
| accusative | गा॒धम् (gādhám) | गा॒धे (gādhé) | गा॒धानि॑ (gādhā́ni) गा॒धा¹ (gādhā́¹) |
| instrumental | गा॒धेन॑ (gādhéna) | गा॒धाभ्या॑म् (gādhā́bhyām) | गा॒धैः (gādháiḥ) गा॒धेभिः॑¹ (gādhébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | गा॒धाय॑ (gādhā́ya) | गा॒धाभ्या॑म् (gādhā́bhyām) | गा॒धेभ्यः॑ (gādhébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गा॒धात् (gādhā́t) | गा॒धाभ्या॑म् (gādhā́bhyām) | गा॒धेभ्यः॑ (gādhébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गा॒धस्य॑ (gādhásya) | गा॒धयोः॑ (gādháyoḥ) | गा॒धाना॑म् (gādhā́nām) |
| locative | गा॒धे (gādhé) | गा॒धयोः॑ (gādháyoḥ) | गा॒धेषु॑ (gādhéṣu) |
| vocative | गाध॑ (gā́dha) | गाधे॑ (gā́dhe) | गाधा॑नि (gā́dhāni) गाधा॑¹ (gā́dhā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Noun
गा॒ध • (gādhá) stem, n (root गाध्) [3][4]
- ford, shallow (a place in a river or stream where the water is shallow)
- c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.61.11:
- अ॒स्येदु॑ त्वे॒षसा॑ रन्त॒ सिन्ध॑वः॒ परि॒ यद्वज्रे॑ण सी॒मय॑च्छत् ।
ई॒शा॒न॒कृद्दा॒शुषे॑ दश॒स्यन्तु॒र्वीत॑ये गा॒धं तु॒र्वणिः॑ कः ॥- asyédu tveṣásā ranta síndhavaḥ pári yádvájreṇa sīmáyacchat.
īśānakṛ́ddāśúṣe daśasyánturvī́taye gādháṃ turváṇiḥ kaḥ.
- 1890 translation by Ralph T. H. Griffith
- The rivers played, through his impetuous splendour, since with his bolt he compassed them on all sides. Using his might and favouring him who worshipped, he made a ford, victorious, for Turvîti.
- asyédu tveṣásā ranta síndhavaḥ pári yádvájreṇa sīmáyacchat.
- अ॒स्येदु॑ त्वे॒षसा॑ रन्त॒ सिन्ध॑वः॒ परि॒ यद्वज्रे॑ण सी॒मय॑च्छत् ।
Declension
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | गा॒धम् (gādhám) | गा॒धे (gādhé) | गा॒धानि॑ (gādhā́ni) गा॒धा¹ (gādhā́¹) |
| accusative | गा॒धम् (gādhám) | गा॒धे (gādhé) | गा॒धानि॑ (gādhā́ni) गा॒धा¹ (gādhā́¹) |
| instrumental | गा॒धेन॑ (gādhéna) | गा॒धाभ्या॑म् (gādhā́bhyām) | गा॒धैः (gādháiḥ) गा॒धेभिः॑¹ (gādhébhiḥ¹) |
| dative | गा॒धाय॑ (gādhā́ya) | गा॒धाभ्या॑म् (gādhā́bhyām) | गा॒धेभ्यः॑ (gādhébhyaḥ) |
| ablative | गा॒धात् (gādhā́t) | गा॒धाभ्या॑म् (gādhā́bhyām) | गा॒धेभ्यः॑ (gādhébhyaḥ) |
| genitive | गा॒धस्य॑ (gādhásya) | गा॒धयोः॑ (gādháyoḥ) | गा॒धाना॑म् (gādhā́nām) |
| locative | गा॒धे (gādhé) | गा॒धयोः॑ (gādháyoḥ) | गा॒धेषु॑ (gādhéṣu) |
| vocative | गाध॑ (gā́dha) | गाधे॑ (gā́dhe) | गाधा॑नि (gā́dhāni) गाधा॑¹ (gā́dhā¹) |
- ¹Vedic
Derived terms
- अगाध (agādha)
- सु॒गा॒ध (sugādhá)
Descendants
- Dardic:
- Shina: [script needed] (ga, “stream”)
- Pali: gādha
- Prakrit: 𑀕𑀸𑀥 (gādha), 𑀕𑀸𑀳 (gāha)
References
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956), “gādháḥ”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 333
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “gādhá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][2] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 485
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Monier Williams (1899), “गाध”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 353.
- ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “gādhá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 221
Further reading
- Hellwig, Oliver (2010–2026), “gādha”, in DCS - The Digital Corpus of Sanskrit, Berlin, Germany.