कुट्टयति

Sanskrit

Etymology

Etymology tree

Proto-Dravidian *koṭ-der.

Sanskrit कुट्टयति

Borrowed from Dravidian, ultimately from Proto-Dravidian *koṭ-; compare Tamil குட்டு (kuṭṭu), கொட்டு (koṭṭu).^[1]^[2]

Alternatively, per Uhlenbeck thought to be a denominal verb from कृत्त (kṛtta, “cut, divided”), but this was rejected by Mayrhofer and Turner.^[3]

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /kuʈ.ʈɐ́.jɐ.ti/, [kuʈ̚.ʈɐ́.jɐ.ti]
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /kuʈ.ʈɐ.jɐ.t̪i/, [kuʈ̚.ʈɐ.jɐ.t̪i]

Verb

कु॒ट्टय॑ति • (kuṭṭáyati) third-singular indicative (class 10, type P, present, root कुट्ट्)^[4]

to crush, grind
Synonym: पि॒नष्टि॑ (pináṣṭi)
to hit, strike

Conjugation

Present: कु॒ट्टय॑ति (kuṭṭáyati), कु॒ट्टय॑ते (kuṭṭáyate)
	Active			Mediopassive
	Singular	Dual	Plural	Singular	Dual	Plural
Indicative
Third	कु॒ट्टय॑ति kuṭṭáyati	कु॒ट्टय॑तः kuṭṭáyataḥ	कु॒ट्टय॑न्ति kuṭṭáyanti	कु॒ट्टय॑ते kuṭṭáyate	कु॒ट्टये॑ते kuṭṭáyete	कु॒ट्टय॑न्ते kuṭṭáyante
Second	कु॒ट्टय॑सि kuṭṭáyasi	कु॒ट्टय॑थः kuṭṭáyathaḥ	कु॒ट्टय॑थ kuṭṭáyatha	कु॒ट्टय॑से kuṭṭáyase	कु॒ट्टये॑थे kuṭṭáyethe	कु॒ट्टय॑ध्वे kuṭṭáyadhve
First	कु॒ट्टया॑मि kuṭṭáyāmi	कु॒ट्टया॑वः kuṭṭáyāvaḥ	कु॒ट्टया॑मः / कु॒ट्टया॑मसि¹ kuṭṭáyāmaḥ / kuṭṭáyāmasi¹	कु॒ट्टये॑ kuṭṭáye	कु॒ट्टया॑वहे kuṭṭáyāvahe	कु॒ट्टया॑महे kuṭṭáyāmahe
Imperative
Third	कु॒ट्टय॑तु kuṭṭáyatu	कु॒ट्टय॑ताम् kuṭṭáyatām	कु॒ट्टय॑न्तु kuṭṭáyantu	कु॒ट्टय॑ताम् kuṭṭáyatām	कु॒ट्टये॑ताम् kuṭṭáyetām	कु॒ट्टय॑न्ताम् kuṭṭáyantām
Second	कु॒ट्टय॑ kuṭṭáya	कु॒ट्टय॑तम् kuṭṭáyatam	कु॒ट्टय॑त kuṭṭáyata	कु॒ट्टय॑स्व kuṭṭáyasva	कु॒ट्टये॑थाम् kuṭṭáyethām	कु॒ट्टय॑ध्वम् kuṭṭáyadhvam
First	कु॒ट्टया॑नि kuṭṭáyāni	कु॒ट्टया॑व kuṭṭáyāva	कु॒ट्टया॑म kuṭṭáyāma	कु॒ट्टयै॑ kuṭṭáyai	कु॒ट्टया॑वहै kuṭṭáyāvahai	कु॒ट्टया॑महै kuṭṭáyāmahai
Optative/Potential
Third	कु॒ट्टये॑त् kuṭṭáyet	कु॒ट्टये॑ताम् kuṭṭáyetām	कु॒ट्टये॑युः kuṭṭáyeyuḥ	कु॒ट्टये॑त kuṭṭáyeta	कु॒ट्टये॑याताम् kuṭṭáyeyātām	कु॒ट्टये॑रन् kuṭṭáyeran
Second	कु॒ट्टयेः॑ kuṭṭáyeḥ	कु॒ट्टये॑तम् kuṭṭáyetam	कु॒ट्टये॑त kuṭṭáyeta	कु॒ट्टये॑थाः kuṭṭáyethāḥ	कु॒ट्टये॑याथाम् kuṭṭáyeyāthām	कु॒ट्टये॑ध्वम् kuṭṭáyedhvam
First	कु॒ट्टये॑यम् kuṭṭáyeyam	कु॒ट्टये॑व kuṭṭáyeva	कु॒ट्टये॑म kuṭṭáyema	कु॒ट्टये॑य kuṭṭáyeya	कु॒ट्टये॑वहि kuṭṭáyevahi	कु॒ट्टये॑महि kuṭṭáyemahi
Subjunctive
Third	कु॒ट्टया॑त् / कु॒ट्टया॑ति kuṭṭáyāt / kuṭṭáyāti	कु॒ट्टया॑तः kuṭṭáyātaḥ	कु॒ट्टया॑न् kuṭṭáyān	कु॒ट्टया॑ते / कु॒ट्टया॑तै kuṭṭáyāte / kuṭṭáyātai	कु॒ट्टयै॑ते kuṭṭáyaite	कु॒ट्टय॑न्त / कु॒ट्टया॑न्तै kuṭṭáyanta / kuṭṭáyāntai
Second	कु॒ट्टयाः॑ / कु॒ट्टया॑सि kuṭṭáyāḥ / kuṭṭáyāsi	कु॒ट्टया॑थः kuṭṭáyāthaḥ	कु॒ट्टया॑थ kuṭṭáyātha	कु॒ट्टया॑से / कु॒ट्टया॑सै kuṭṭáyāse / kuṭṭáyāsai	कु॒ट्टयै॑थे kuṭṭáyaithe	कु॒ट्टया॑ध्वै kuṭṭáyādhvai
First	कु॒ट्टया॑नि kuṭṭáyāni	कु॒ट्टया॑व kuṭṭáyāva	कु॒ट्टया॑म kuṭṭáyāma	कु॒ट्टयै॑ kuṭṭáyai	कु॒ट्टया॑वहै kuṭṭáyāvahai	कु॒ट्टया॑महै kuṭṭáyāmahai
Participles
	कु॒ट्टय॑त् kuṭṭáyat			कु॒ट्टय॑मान / कुट्टयान² kuṭṭáyamāna / kuṭṭayāna²
Notes	The subjunctive is only used in Vedic Sanskrit. ¹Vedic ²Later Sanskrit

Descendants

Dardic:
- Indus Kohistani: [script needed] (kuṭ-)
- Kalasha: [script needed] (kū́ṭim, “to break”)
- Kashmiri: کٹن (kuṭun, “to pound, crush”)
- Khowar: کتک (kotik, “to crush (testicles to castrate)”)
- Shina: کٹیون (kŭṭyōnṷ, “to beat, pound (rice)”)
- Torwali: کڈوس (kuḍūsa, “to beat”)
Pali: koṭṭēti
Prakrit: 𑀓𑀼𑀝𑁆𑀝𑁂𑀇 (kuṭṭei), 𑀓𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝𑁂𑀇 (kŏṭṭei)
- Central Indo-Aryan:
  - Hindustani:
    - Hindi: कूटना (kūṭnā)
    - Urdu: کُوٹْنا (kūṭnā)
- Eastern Indo-Aryan:
  - Bengali-Assamese:
    - Assamese: কুটিব (kuṭiba, “to cut into small pieces, gnaw, punctuate”)
    - Bengali: কুটা (kuṭa, “to beat, pound, cut up for cooking”), কোটা (kōṭa, “to beat to powder”)
  - Bihari:
    - Bhojpuri: कुटल / 𑂍𑂳𑂗𑂪 (kuṭal, “to cut”)
    - Maithili: कुटब / 𑒏𑒴𑒙𑒥 (kuṭab, “to pound, grind”)
  - Odia: କୁଟିବା (kuṭibā, “to beat, pound”)
- Insular Indo-Aryan:
  - Dhivehi: ކޮށަނީ (koṣanī)
  - Sinhalese: කොටනවා (koṭanawā)
- Northern Indo-Aryan:
  - Garhwali: कुट्णू (kuṭṇū, “to pound”)
  - Kumaoni: कुट्णो (kuṭṇo), कोट्यूणो (koṭyūṇo, “to dig up with a hoe”)
  - Nepali: कुट्नु (kuṭnu), कोट्याउनु (koṭyāunu, “to prick, pierce, scratch”)
  - Western Pahari:
    - Bhadrawahi: कुट्णू (kuṭṇū)
- Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
  - Punjabic:
    - Punjabi: کُٹّݨا / ਕੁੱਟਣਾ (kuṭṭṇā)
    - Saraiki: کُٹَّݨ (kuṭṭaṇ, “to beat, pound, ram”)
  - Sindhic:
    - Kachchi: કૌટ્ટણૂ (kauṭṭaṇū, “to beat, thresh”)
    - Sindhi: ڪُٽَڻُ / कुटणु (kuṭaṇu, “to pound, bruise”)
- Western Indo-Aryan:
  - Old Gujarati: कूटइ (kūṭaï, “to beat”)
    - Gujarati: કૂટવું (kūṭvũ, “to beat, beat the breast”)
  - Romani: kurel (“to beat”)
- Southern Indo-Aryan:
  - Marathi: कुटणे (kuṭṇe, “to beat, pound”)
(see there for further descendants)

Borrowed terms

→ Nuristani:
- Waigali: [Term?] (kutt-, “to knead”), [Term?] (kot-, “to winnow”)

References

^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “KUṬṬ”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 166
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001), “kuṭṭay°”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 98
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956), “kuṭṭáyati”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[2] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 223
^ Monier Williams (1899), “कुट्टयति”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 288.

[1] Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “KUṬṬ”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 166

[2] Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001), “kuṭṭay°”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 98

[3] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956), “kuṭṭáyati”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary]‎^[2] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 223

[4] Monier Williams (1899), “कुट्टयति”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 288.

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