इष्टका

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

Alternative forms

Alternative scripts
  • ইষ্টকা (Assamese script)
  • ᬇᬱ᭄ᬝᬓᬵ (Balinese script)
  • ইষ্টকা (Bengali script)
  • 𑰂𑰬𑰿𑰘𑰎𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
  • 𑀇𑀱𑁆𑀝𑀓𑀸 (Brahmi script)
  • ဣၑ္ဋကာ (Burmese script)
  • ઇષ્ટકા (Gujarati script)
  • ਇਸ਼੍ਟਕਾ (Gurmukhi script)
  • 𑌇𑌷𑍍𑌟𑌕𑌾 (Grantha script)
  • ꦆꦰ꧀ꦛꦏꦴ (Javanese script)
  • 𑂅𑂭𑂹𑂗𑂍𑂰 (Kaithi script)
  • ಇಷ್ಟಕಾ (Kannada script)
  • ឥឞ្ដកា (Khmer script)
  • ອິຩ຺ຏກາ (Lao script)
  • ഇഷ്ടകാ (Malayalam script)
  • ᡳᢢᢞᠠᡬᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
  • 𑘂𑘬𑘿𑘘𑘎𑘰 (Modi script)
  • ᠢᢔᢌᠠᢉᠠ᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
  • 𑦢𑧌𑧠𑦸𑦮𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
  • 𑐂𑐲𑑂𑐚𑐎𑐵 (Newa script)
  • ଇଷ୍ଟକା (Odia script)
  • ꢄꢰ꣄ꢜꢒꢵ (Saurashtra script)
  • 𑆅𑆰𑇀𑆛𑆑𑆳 (Sharada script)
  • 𑖂𑖬𑖿𑖘𑖎𑖯 (Siddham script)
  • ඉෂ‍්ටකා (Sinhalese script)
  • 𑩐𑩑𑪀 𑪙𑩦𑩜𑩛 (Soyombo script)
  • 𑚂𑚶𑚔𑚊𑚭 (Takri script)
  • இஷ்டகா (Tamil script)
  • ఇష్టకా (Telugu script)
  • อิษฺฏกา (Thai script)
  • ཨི་ཥྚ་ཀཱ (Tibetan script)
  • 𑒃𑒭𑓂𑒙𑒏𑒰 (Tirhuta script)
  • 𑨀𑨁𑨯𑩇𑨔𑨋𑨊 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Etymology tree
Proto-Indo-Iranian *ištaH
Sanskrit इष्टका

    From Proto-Indo-Aryan *íṣṭakaH, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ištaH (“brick”), possibly from the BMAC substrate.[1][2] Cognate with Avestan 𐬌𐬱𐬙𐬌𐬌𐬀 (ištiia, “brick”), Persian خشت (xešt, “brick”).

    Older theories include linking the word to यस् (yas, “to heat up”), i.e. a "baked (heated) brick".[3]

    Pronunciation

    Noun

    इष्ट॑का • (íṣṭakā) stem, f [4]

    1. brick
    2. bakestone

    Declension

    Feminine ā-stem declension of इष्ट॑का
    singular dual plural
    nominative इष्ट॑का (íṣṭakā) इष्ट॑के (íṣṭake) इष्ट॑काः (íṣṭakāḥ)
    accusative इष्ट॑काम् (íṣṭakām) इष्ट॑के (íṣṭake) इष्ट॑काः (íṣṭakāḥ)
    instrumental इष्ट॑कया (íṣṭakayā)
    इष्ट॑का¹ (íṣṭakā¹)     		इष्ट॑काभ्याम् (íṣṭakābhyām) इष्ट॑काभिः (íṣṭakābhiḥ)
    dative इष्ट॑कायै (íṣṭakāyai) इष्ट॑काभ्याम् (íṣṭakābhyām) इष्ट॑काभ्यः (íṣṭakābhyaḥ)
    ablative इष्ट॑कायाः (íṣṭakāyāḥ)
    इष्ट॑कायै² (íṣṭakāyai²)     		इष्ट॑काभ्याम् (íṣṭakābhyām) इष्ट॑काभ्यः (íṣṭakābhyaḥ)
    genitive इष्ट॑कायाः (íṣṭakāyāḥ)
    इष्ट॑कायै² (íṣṭakāyai²)     		इष्ट॑कयोः (íṣṭakayoḥ) इष्ट॑कानाम् (íṣṭakānām)
    locative इष्ट॑कायाम् (íṣṭakāyām) इष्ट॑कयोः (íṣṭakayoḥ) इष्ट॑कासु (íṣṭakāsu)
    vocative इष्ट॑के (íṣṭake) इष्ट॑के (íṣṭake) इष्ट॑काः (íṣṭakāḥ)
    • ¹Vedic
    • ²Brāhmaṇas

    Descendants

    Inherited
    • Dardic:
      • Chitrali:
        • Khowar: اُوشْٹُو (ušṭú), اِیشْٹُو (išṭú)
          • → Palula: iṣṭú
          • → Yazghulami: [script needed] (uštu), [script needed] (uštū)[5]
    • Pali: iṭṭhakā
    • Prakrit: 𑀇𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀸 (iṭṭā)
      • Central Indo-Aryan:
      • Eastern Indo-Aryan:
        • Chakma: 𑄄𑄑𑄴 (iṭ), 𑄃𑄨𑄑𑄴 (iṭ)
        • Middle Bengali: ইটা (iṭa), ঈটা (iṭa)
        • Magahi:
          Devanagari script: ईंट (īṇṭ)
          Kaithi script: 𑂆𑂁𑂗 (īṇṭ)
      • Insular Indo-Aryan:
      • Northern Indo-Aryan:
      • Northwestern Indo-Aryan:
        • Punjabic:
          • Old Punjabi: ਇਟ (iṭa /⁠iṭṭa⁠/)
            • Punjabi:
              Gurmukhi script: ਇੱਟ (iṭṭa)
              Shahmukhi script: اِٹّ (īṭṭ)
            • Saraiki:
              Devanagari script: इट (iṭ)
              Multani script: 𑊁𑊐 (iṭ)
              Shahmukhi script: اِٹ (īṭ)
        • Sindhic:
          • Kachchi: iṭ
            Gujarati script: ઇટ
            Khudabadi script: 𑊲𑋆
      • Southern Indo-Aryan:
        • Konkani:
          Devanagari script: वीट (vīṭ)
          Latin script: vitt
          Kannada script: ವೀಟ್ (vīṭ)
        • Old Marathi:
          Devanagari script: इट (iṭa)
          Modi script: 𑘃𑘘 (īṭa)
          • Marathi: (vīṭ)
            Devanagari script: वीट
            Modi script: 𑘪𑘲𑘘
          • Varhadi: (īṭ)
            Devanagari script: ईट
            Modi script: 𑘃𑘘
          • →? Dhivehi: އީޓު (īṭu)
      • Western Indo-Aryan:
    • Prakrit: 𑀇𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀕𑀸 (iṭṭagā), 𑀇𑀝𑁆𑀝𑀸𑀕𑀸 (iṭṭāgā) (with Middle Indo-Aryan -𑀓- (-ka-))
      • Eastern Indo-Aryan:
        • Magadhi Prakrit:
          • Assamese: ইটা (ita)
          • Bihari: ईँट (ī̃ṭ), ईँटा (ī̃ṭā)
            • Bhojpuri: ईँटि (ī̃ṭi)
            • Maithili: ईँटा (ī̃ṭā)
          • Odia: ଇଟା (iṭā)
      • Northern Indo-Aryan:
    Borrowed

    References

    1. ^ Lubotsky, Alexander (1999), “The Indo-Iranian substratum”, in Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations‎[1], Helsinki, page 4: “*išt(i̯)a- `brick'”
    2. ^ Schmitt, Rüdiger (2017–2018), “Chapter XVII: Indo-Iranian”, in Klein, Jared S., Joseph, Brian D., Fritz, Matthias, editors, Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics: An International Handbook (Handbücher zur Sprach- und Kommunikationswissenschaft [Handbooks of Linguistics and Communication Science]; 41.2), Berlin; Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, →ISBN, § The lexicon of Indo-Iranian, page 1949: “*išta-, *išti- ‘brick’”
    3. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992), “íṣṭakā-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 201
    4. ^ Monier Williams (1899), “इष्टका”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 169/3.
    5. ^ Morgenstierne, Georg (1938), “'uštu”, in Iranian Pamir Languages (Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages), volume II, Oslo: Instituttet for Sammenlignende Kulturforskning; H. Aschehoug & Co. (W. Nygaard), page Í9Β

    Further reading

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