جيد

CaCīC-type adjective of the root ج و د (j w d), reconstructible to an original form *جَوِيد (*jawīd, “good”) that would have then assimilated to *جَيِيد (*jayīd, “good”) and finally regularly shifted to جَيِّد (jayyid, “good”). This is said to be the traditional Kufan analysis; a competing argument, said to be that of the Basrans, holds that the original form was *جَيْوِد (*jaywid), but given that *جَيْوِد (*jaywid) is on an ad-hoc wazn only applicable to middle-weak adjectives whereas CaCīC adjectives are extremely commonplace throughout the language, *جَوِيد (*jawīd) should be preferred. At any rate, the original *و (*w) in either analysis is supported by the elative أَجْوَد (ʔajwad, “better”).

Compare طَيِّء (ṭayyiʔ, “Tayy”), مَيِّت (mayyit, “dead”), and vernacular رَيِّس (rayyis, “boss, chief”).

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒaj.jid/

جَيِّد • (jayyid) (feminine جَيِّدَة (jayyida), masculine plural جَيِّدُون (jayyidūn), feminine plural جَيِّدَات (jayyidāt), elative أَجْوَد (ʔajwad))

1. of good quality, excellent, approvable
2. good, goodly

• رَدِيء (radīʔ)

• طَيِّب (ṭayyib)

From the root the ج و د (j w d) in the sense of being well-proportioned; a root ج ي د (j y d) being thereafter formed from this noun.

• IPA^(key): /d͡ʒiːd/

جِيد • (jīd) m (plural أَجْيَاد (ʔajyād) or جُيُود (juyūd))

1. a neck, especially one that is long, beautiful, or slender
   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 111:5:

     فِي جِيدِهَا حَبْلٌ مِّن مَّسَدٍ

     Fī jīdihā ḥablu'm mi'm masadⁱⁿ

     Around her neck is a rope of fiber.

   • 10th century, ʾAbu 'ṭ-Ṭayyib ʾAḥmad ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Mutanabbiʾ al-Kindī (915–965), “Poem #201”, in The Works of 'Abū al-Ṭayyib al-Mutanabbī, volume 3, Dār Al-Ma‘rifah, published 1978, page 202:

     أَغْنَاهُ حُسْنُ الْجِيدِ عَنْ لُبْسِ الْحُلَى
     وَعَادَةُ الْعُرْيِ عَنِ التَّفَضُّلِ

     ʾaḡnāhu ḥusnu 'l-jīdi ʿan lubsi 'l-ḥulī
     wa ʿādatu 'l-ʿuryi ʿani 't-tafaḍḍulⁱ

     The beauty of the neck sufficed him from the wearing of jewellery / and a habit of being devoid of kindness.

• → Middle Armenian: ճիտ (čit)
• → Persian: جید (jid)

• Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881), “جيد”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes‎^[1] (in French), volume 2, Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 231
• Freytag, Georg (1830), “جيد”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎^[2] (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 322
• Freytag, Georg (1830), “جيد”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum‎^[3] (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 329
• Fīrūzābādī (1834), Al-uqiyānūs al-basīt‎^[4], 2nd edition, volume I, translated from Arabic into Ottoman Turkish by Aḥmad ʻĀṣim, Constantinople, page 593
• Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884), “جيد”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary‎^[5], London: W.H. Allen, page 256b
• Wehr, Hans (1979), “جيد”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, page 173
• Lane, Edward William (1863-1893), “جود”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, pages 481-483.
• Lane, Edward William (1863-1893), “جيد”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, page 493.

Ultimately related to the Arabic root ج و د (j w d), which forms words relating to the concept of “good”.

Perhaps from Arabic جِيد (jīd, “the front of the neck”), a specialized meaning of جِيد (jīd, “neck”) recorded in Lisan al-Arab, which could have broadened in meaning to refer to “the front” of any object.

If not, then perhaps instead from Arabic جَيِّد (jayyid, “good”) > *جِيِّد (*jiyyid) > جِيد (jīd). This would parallel the development of South Levantine Arabic سِيد (sīd, “grandfather”) from Arabic سَيِّد (sayyid, “master, lord, sir”) via an intermediate *سِيِّد (*siyyid), as well as the development of مِيت (mīt, “a hundred (of)”) from مِيِّةْ (miyyit, “a hundred (of)”). (Jussi Aro's 1979 study of the traditional dialect of Zrarieh captures a comparable shift in progress in the context of the South Lebanese system of allegro and lento alternations: the Zrarieh lento forms مِيِّت (miyyit, “dead”) and سِيِّد (siyyid) alternate with the allegro forms مِيت (mīt, “dead”) and سِد (sid, səd, irregularly contracted from *sīd).)

Semantically, Arabic جَيِّد (jayyid, “good”) could have developed the below North Levantine Arabic senses from being used as a noun to refer to the “good [part]”, “good [side]”, “good [thing]”, etc.

• IPA^(key): /ʒiːd/

جِيد • (jīd) m

1. right side (e.g. of clothing)

   عَالجِيد ― ʕal-jīd, ʕaj-jīd ― right-side-out (literally, “on the right side”)

   بِالجِيد ― bil-jīd, bij-jīd ― right-side-out (literally, “in/with the right side”)