ям

See also: ам and Ям

Belarusian

Alternative forms

Etymology

From Turkic, ultimately from Chinese 站 (zhàn) or Mongolian зам (zam). Cognate to Russian ям (jam), which see. Compare also semantically unrelated Estonian jaam.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [jam]

Noun

ям • (jam) m inan (genitive я́ма, nominative plural я́мы, genitive plural я́маў, relational adjective ямскі́)

  1. (historical) mail staging post

Declension

Declension of ям (inan hard masc-form accent-a)
singular plural
nominative ям
jam 		я́мы
jámy
genitive я́ма
jáma 		я́маў
jámaw
dative я́му
jámu 		я́мам
jámam
accusative ям
jam 		я́мы
jámy
instrumental я́мам
jámam 		я́мамі
jámami
locative я́ме
jámje 		я́мах
jámax
count form — я́мы1
jámy1

1Used with the numbers 2, 3, 4 and higher numbers after 20 ending in 2, 3, and 4.

  • я́мшчык (jámščyk)
  • ямшчыко́вы (jamščykóvy)
  • ямшчы́цкі (jamščýcki)

References

  • “ям”, in Skarnik's Belarusian dictionary (in Belarusian), based on Kandrat Krapiva's Explanatory Dictionary of the Belarusian Language (1977-1984)
  • “ям” in Belarusian–Russian dictionaries and Belarusian dictionaries at slounik.org

Bulgarian

Etymology

Inherited from Old Church Slavonic ꙗсти (jasti), from Proto-Slavic *ěsti.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ja̟m]
  • Audio (Standard Bulgarian):(file)
  • Rhymes: -am

Verb

ям • (jam) first-singular present indicative, impf

  1. (transitive) to eat, to consume
    Synonyms: храня се (hranja se), консумирам (konsumiram)
  2. (transitive) to cause someone to worry, to eat, to pester, to badger, to nag
    Какво те яде?
    Kakvo te jade?
    What's worrying you?

Conjugation

    Conjugation of ям (conjugation 1.1, irregular, imperfective, transitive)
participles present active participle past active aorist participle past active imperfect participle past passive participle verbal noun adverbial participle
masculine indefinite ядя́щ
jadjášt 		ял
jal 		ядя́л
jadjál 		я́ден
jáden 		яде́йки
jadéjki
definite subject form ядя́щият
jadjáštijat 		я́лият
jálijat 		— я́деният
jádenijat
definite object form ядя́щия
jadjáštija 		я́лия
jálija 		— я́дения
jádenija
feminine indefinite ядя́ща
jadjášta 		я́ла
jála 		ядя́ла
jadjála 		я́дена
jádena
definite ядя́щата
jadjáštata 		я́лата
jálata 		— я́дената
jádenata
neuter indefinite ядя́що
jadjášto 		я́ло
jálo 		ядя́ло
jadjálo 		я́дено
jádeno 		я́дене
jádene
definite ядя́щото
jadjáštoto 		я́лото
jáloto 		— я́деното
jádenoto 		я́денето
jádeneto
plural indefinite ядя́щи
jadjášti 		я́ли
jáli 		яде́ли
jadéli 		я́дени
jádeni 		я́дения, я́денета
jádenija, jádeneta
definite ядя́щите
jadjáštite 		я́лите
jálite 		— я́дените
jádenite 		я́денията, я́денетата
jádenijata, jádenetata
person singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative аз ти той/тя/то ние вие те
present ям
jam 		яде́ш
jadéš 		яде́
jadé 		яде́м
jadém 		яде́те
jadéte 		яда́т
jadát
imperfect ядя́х
jadjáh 		яде́ше
jadéše 		яде́ше
jadéše 		ядя́хме
jadjáhme 		ядя́хте
jadjáhte 		ядя́ха
jadjáha
aorist я́дох
jádoh 		я́де
jáde 		я́де
jáde 		я́дохме
jádohme 		я́дохте
jádohte 		я́доха
jádoha
future pos. Use ще followed by the present indicative tense
neg. Use ня́ма да followed by the present indicative tense
future in the past pos. Use the imperfect indicative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
neg. Use ня́маше да followed by the present indicative tense
present perfect Use the present indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
past perfect Use the imperfect indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
future perfect Use the future indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
future perfect in the past Use the future in the past indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
renarrative аз ти той/тя/то ние вие те
present and imperfect Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ядя́л m, ядя́ла f, ядя́ло n, or яде́ли pl
aorist Use the present indicative tense of съм (leave it out in third person) and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
future and future in the past pos. Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
neg. Use ня́мало да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past Use the future/future in the past renarrative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
dubitative аз ти той/тя/то ние вие те
present and imperfect Use the present/imperfect renarrative tense of съм and ядя́л m, ядя́ла f, ядя́ло n, or яде́ли pl
aorist Use the aorist renarrative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
future and future in the past pos. Use the present/imperfect dubitative tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
neg. Use ня́мало било́ да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect
none
future perfect and future perfect in the past Use the future/future in the past dubitative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
conclusive аз ти той/тя/то ние вие те
present and imperfect Use the present indicative tense of съм and ядя́л m, ядя́ла f, ядя́ло n, or яде́ли pl
aorist Use the present indicative tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
future and future in the past pos. Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of ща followed by да and the present indicative tense
neg. Use ня́мало е да and the present indicative tense
present and past perfect Use the present/imperfect conclusive tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
future perfect and future perfect in the past Use the future/future in the past conclusive tense of съм and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
conditional аз ти той/тя/то ние вие те
Use the first aorist indicative tense of бъ́да and ял m, я́ла f, я́ло n, or я́ли pl
imperative - ти - - вие -
яж
jaž 		я́жте
jážte

References

  • “ям”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 2014
  • “ям”, in Речник на българския език [Dictionary of the Bulgarian Language] (in Bulgarian), Chitanka, 2010

Erzya

Etymology

From Proto-Mordvinic *jam, possibly inherited from Proto-Uralic *jamɜ (“mash, soup (made of fish flour, blood, meat)”).

Pronunciation

Noun

ям • (jam)

  1. soup

Declension

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Indefinite declension of ям (hard consonant stem (сан) type)
case singular plural
nominative
(...) 		ям (jam) ямт (jamt)
genitive
(of ...) 		ямонь (jamoń) —
dative
(to ...) 		ямнэнь (jamnëń) —
ablative
(than ...) 		ямдо (jamdo) —
inessive
(in ...) 		ямсо (jamso) —
elative
(out of ...) 		ямсто (jamsto) —
illative
(into ...) 		ямс (jams) —
prolative
(through ...) 		ямга (jamga) —
translative
(becoming ...) 		ямкс (jamks) —
comparative
(like ...) 		ямшка (jamška) —
abessive
(without ...) 		ямтомо (jamtomo) —

References

  • B. A. Serebrennikov; R. N. Buzakova; M. V. Mosin (1993), “ям”, in Эрзянь-рузонь валкс [Erzya-Russian dictionary], Moscow: Русский язык, →ISBN
  • Entry #162 in Uralonet, online Uralic etymological database of the Hungarian Research Centre for Linguistics.

Russian

Alternative forms

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [jam]
    Audio:(file)

Etymology 1

From Turkic, ultimately from Chinese or Mongolian. There is no scholarly consensus regarding the direction of borrowing. Generally, it is believed that Turkic yam and Chinese 站 (zhàn) are loanwords from Mongolian ǰam, however, some (e.g. Tuymebayev in Казахско-монгольские лексические параллели (Kazaxsko-mongolʹskije leksičeskije paralleli)) believe the directionality is reversed (i.e. Chinese "to stand > stand > station" → Middle Mongol → Turkic → Russian). Whatever the etymology, what is apparent is that the word jam has been around for a long time and was used by Central Asians to designate a key postal relay station or official. Compare Mongolian зам (zam).

Noun

ям • (jam) m inan (genitive я́ма, nominative plural я́мы, genitive plural я́мов, relational adjective ямско́й)

  1. (historical) mail staging post
Declension
Declension of ям (inan masc-form hard-stem accent-a) 
singular plural
nominative я́м
jám 		я́мы
jámy
genitive я́ма
jáma 		я́мов
jámov
dative я́му
jámu 		я́мам
jámam
accusative я́м
jám 		я́мы
jámy
instrumental я́мом
jámom 		я́мами
jámami
prepositional я́ме
jáme 		я́мах
jámax
Descendants
  • → Estonian: jaam

Etymology 2

Noun

ям • (jam) f inan pl

  1. genitive plural of я́ма (jáma)

Further reading

Tajik

Alternative forms

  1. ямм (yamm)

Etymology

Borrowed from Arabic یم

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /jam/, [jäm]

Noun

ям • (yam) (Persian spelling یم)

  1. (literary or poetry) sea
    Synonym: баҳр (bahr)

Inflection

Inflection of ям
singular plural
bare ям (yam) ямҳо (yamho) [Term?] [Term?]
definite
object 		ямро (yamro) ямҳоро (yamhoro) ро (ro) ро (ro)
izofa ями (yam-i) ямҳои (yamho-yi) и (i) и (i)
indefinite,
definite
relative 		bare яме (yame) — — —
object ямеро (yamero) — — —
Possessive forms of ям
singular plural
bare 1st singular ямам (yamam) ямҳоям (yamhoyam) ам (am) ам (am)
2nd singular ямат (yamat) ямҳоят (yamhoyat) ат (at) ат (at)
3rd singular ямаш (yamaš) ямҳояш (yamhoyaš) аш (aš) аш (aš)
1st plural ямамон (yamamon) ямҳоямон (yamhoyamon) амон (amon) амон (amon)
2nd plural яматон (yamaton) ямҳоятон (yamhoyaton) атон (aton) атон (aton)
3rd plural ямашон (yamašon) ямҳояшон (yamhoyašon) ашон (ašon) ашон (ašon)
singular plural
definite
object 		1st singular ямамро (yamamro) ямҳоямро (yamhoyamro) амро (amro) амро (amro)
2nd singular яматро (yamatro) ямҳоятро (yamhoyatro) атро (atro) атро (atro)
3rd singular ямашро (yamašro) ямҳояшро (yamhoyašro) ашро (ašro) ашро (ašro)
1st plural ямамонро (yamamonro) ямҳоямонро (yamhoyamonro) амонро (amonro) амонро (amonro)
2nd plural яматонро (yamatonro) ямҳоятонро (yamhoyatonro) атонро (atonro) атонро (atonro)
3rd plural ямашонро (yamašonro) ямҳояшонро (yamhoyašonro) ашонро (ašonro) ашонро (ašonro)
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1=yam
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predicative forms of ям (yam)
singular plural
1st person (I am/we are) ямам (yamam) ямем (yamem)
2nd person (you are) ямӣ (yami) ямед (yamed)
3rd person (he, she, it is/they are) ям аст (yam ast) яманд (yamand)

Further reading

  • “ям”, in Вожаҷӯ / واژه‌جو [Vožajü] (in Tajik), 2025
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