кала
Chuvash
Etymology
Possibly inherited from Proto-Turkic *kele- (“to say”), however such a verb is very poorly attested and it instead may be a borrowing from Mongolic *kelele- (“to speak”).[1][2]
Cognate with Salar kele and Tatar кэлеу (kelew); compare also Mongolian хэлэх (xelex).
Verb
кала • (kala)
- (transitive) to say, to tell
- (transitive) to recite
- (transitive) to deliver (a speech, a toast, etc.)
- (transitive) to pronounce
- (transitive) to play, perform (on a musical instrument)
- (transitive) to smell (of)
- (transitive) to be enough (of spices in a dish)
Derived terms
References
- ^ Fedotov, M. R. (1996), “кала”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ čuvašskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Chuvash Language] (in Russian), volume I, Cheboksary: Chuvash State Institute of Humanities, pages 214-215
- ^ Jegorov, V. G. (1964), “кала”, in Etimologičeskij slovarʹ čuvašskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Chuvash Language] (in Russian), Cheboksary: Čuvašskoje knižnoje izdatelʹstvo, pages 85-86
Further reading
- “кала”, in Электронлӑ сӑмахсар [Elektronlă s̬ămahsar][1] (overall work in Russian and Chuvash), 1996.
Macedonian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈkaɫa]
Noun
кала • (kala) f
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| indefinite | кала (kala) | кали (kali) |
| definite unspecified | калата (kalata) | калите (kalite) |
| definite proximal | калава (kalava) | каливе (kalive) |
| definite distal | калана (kalana) | калине (kaline) |
| vocative | кало (kalo) | кали (kali) |
Russian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈkaɫə]
Noun
ка́ла • (kála) m inan
- genitive singular of кал (kal)
Southern Altai
Etymology
From Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa, “fort, fortress”).
Noun
кала • (kala)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| absolute | кала (kala) | калалар (kalalar) |
| definite genitive | каланыҥ (kalanïŋ) | калалардыҥ (kalalardïŋ) |
| dative | калага (kalaga) | калаларга (kalalarga) |
| definite accusative | каланы (kalanï) | калаларды (kalalardï) |
| locative | калада (kalada) | калаларда (kalalarda) |
| ablative | каладаҥ (kaladaŋ) | калалардаҥ (kalalardaŋ) |
References
Čumakajev, A. E., editor (2018), “кала”, in Altajsko-russkij slovarʹ [Altaic–Russian Dictionary], Gorno-Altaysk: NII altaistiki im. S.S. Surazakova, →ISBN
Tatar
Etymology
From Arabic قَلْعَة (qalʕa, “fort, fortress”).
Cognate with Bashkir ҡала (qala), Kazakh қала (qala), Kyrgyz калаa (kalaa, “city, town”), Turkish kale (“fortress”) etc.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [qɑˈlɑ]
- Hyphenation: ка‧ла
Noun
кала • (qala)
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | кала (qala) | кала (qala) |
| genitive | кала (qala) | кала (qala) |
| definite accusative | кала (qala) | кала (qala) |
| dative | кала (qala) | кала (qala) |
| locative | кала (qala) | кала (qala) |
| ablative | кала (qala) | кала (qala) |
Derived terms
- башкала (başqala)
Udi
Etymology
Adjective
кала • (kala)
References
- Gukasjan, Vorošil (1974), “кала”, in Удинско-азербайджанско-русский словарь [Udi–Azerbaijani–Russian Dictionary][2], Baku: Academy Press, page 131
- Schulze, Wolfgang (2015), “Aspects of Udi-Iranian Language Contact”, in Uwe Bläsing, Victoria Arakelova, Matthias Weinreich, editors, Studies on Iran and the Caucasus: In honour of Garnik Asatrian, Leiden: Brill, , page 387 of 373–401