σμάραγδος

Ancient Greek

Alternative forms

μᾰ́ρᾰγδος m (mắrăgdos), ζμᾰ́ρᾰγδος m (zmắrăgdos) — Koine

Etymology

Borrowed from a Semitic language, related to Hebrew בָּרֶקֶת (baréket, “emerald, flashing gem”), Akkadian 𒄭𒄭 (barāqum, literally “shining”), Arabic بَرْق (barq, “lightning, flashing, shining, dazzling”) and loanwords of Semitic origin such as Sanskrit मरकत (marakata) and Old Armenian զմրուխտ (zmruxt).

Pronunciation

(5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /zmá.raɡ.dos/
(1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /ˈzma.raɡ.dos/
(4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /ˈzma.raɣ.ðos/
(10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /ˈzma.raɣ.ðos/
(15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /ˈzma.raɣ.ðos/

Noun

σμᾰ́ρᾰγδος • (smắrăgdos) f or m (genitive σμᾰρᾰ́γδου); second declension

emerald
- 161 CE – 180 CE, Marcus Aurelius, Meditations 7.15:
  “Ὅ τι ἄν τις ποιῇ ἢ λέγῃ, ἐμὲ δεῖ σμάραγδον εἶναι καὶ τὸ ἐμαυτοῦ χρῶμα ἔχειν.”
  “Hó ti án tis poiēî ḕ légēi, emè deî smáragdon eînai kaì tò emautoû khrôma ékhein.”
  “Whatever any one shall do or say, I cannot but be an emerald and keep my colour.”

Usage notes

Always treated as feminine during the Classical period, but was gradually regularised to masculine over the course of the Koine period.

Declension

Second declension of ὁ / ἡ σμᾰ́ρᾰγδος; τοῦ / τῆς σμᾰρᾰ́γδου (Attic)

Case / #	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	ὁ / ἡ σμᾰ́ρᾰγδος ho / hē smắrăgdos	τὼ σμᾰρᾰ́γδω tṑ smărắgdō	οἱ / αἱ σμᾰ́ρᾰγδοι hoi / hai smắrăgdoi
Genitive	τοῦ / τῆς σμᾰρᾰ́γδου toû / tês smărắgdou	τοῖν σμᾰρᾰ́γδοιν toîn smărắgdoin	τῶν σμᾰρᾰ́γδων tôn smărắgdōn
Dative	τῷ / τῇ σμᾰρᾰ́γδῳ tōî / tēî smărắgdōi	τοῖν σμᾰρᾰ́γδοιν toîn smărắgdoin	τοῖς / ταῖς σμᾰρᾰ́γδοις toîs / taîs smărắgdois
Accusative	τὸν / τὴν σμᾰ́ρᾰγδον tòn / tḕn smắrăgdon	τὼ σμᾰρᾰ́γδω tṑ smărắgdō	τοὺς / τᾱ̀ς σμᾰρᾰ́γδους toùs / tā̀s smărắgdous
Vocative	σμᾰ́ρᾰγδε smắrăgde	σμᾰρᾰ́γδω smărắgdō	σμᾰ́ρᾰγδοι smắrăgdoi
Notes:	This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

Derived terms

ῐ̓σοσμᾰ́ρᾰγδος (ĭsosmắrăgdos)
μουσῐοσμᾰ́ρᾰγδον (mousĭosmắrăgdon)
ὁλοσμᾰρᾰ́γδῐνος (holosmărắgdĭnos)
πῠρῐσμᾰ́ρᾰγδος (pŭrĭsmắrăgdos)
σμᾰρᾰγδᾰχᾱ́της (smărăgdăkhā́tēs)
σμᾰρᾰ́γδειος (smărắgdeios)
σμᾰρᾰγδῐ́ζω (smărăgdĭ́zō)
σμᾰρᾰ́γδῐνος (smărắgdĭnos)
σμᾰρᾰ́γδῐον (smărắgdĭon)
σμᾰρᾰγδῑ́της (smărăgdī́tēs)
σμᾰρᾰγδογλῠφής (smărăgdoglŭphḗs)
Σμᾰ́ρᾰγδος (Smắrăgdos)
σμᾰρᾰγδότῑμος (smărăgdótīmos)
σμᾰρᾰγδοχαίτᾱς (smărăgdokhaítās)
σμᾰρᾰγδοχαίτης (smărăgdokhaítēs)
σμᾰρᾰγδόχλοος (smărăgdókhloos)
σμᾰρᾰγδώδης (smărăgdṓdēs)
χᾰλκοσμᾰ́ρᾰγδος (khălkosmắrăgdos)
ψευδοσμᾰ́ρᾰγδος (pseudosmắrăgdos)

Related terms

ζμᾰρᾰ́γδῐνος (zmărắgdĭnos)

Descendants

⇒ Koine Greek: σμαράγδιον n (smarágdion)
- Byzantine Greek: σμαράγδιν n (smarágdin), σμαράγδι n (smarágdi)
  - Greek: σμαράγδι n (smarágdi)
→ Catalan: maragda f, esmaragda f
→ Czech: smaragd m
→ Danish: smaragd
→ Dutch: smaragd m
→ English: emerald
- → Japanese: エメラルド (emerarudo)
- → Korean: 에메랄드 (emeraldeu)
- → Welsh: emrald, emrallt
→ Esperanto: smeraldo
→ Estonian: smaragd
→ Finnish: smaragdi
→ French: émeraude f
→ German: Smaragd m
→ Hebrew: אזמרגד (izmargád)
→ Hungarian: smaragd
→ Icelandic: smaragður m
→ Interlingua: esmeraldo
→ Italian: smeraldo
→ Latin: smaragdus m, smaraudus m, esmeraldus m, esmeralda f
→ Lithuanian: smaragdas m
→ Macedonian: смарагд m (smaragd)
→ Classical Persian: زمرد (zumurrud)
- → Arabic: زُمُرُّد (zumurrud)
  - → Malay: zamrud
  - → Somali: sumurud
  - → Swahili: zumaridi
- → Azerbaijani: zümrüd
- → Bengali: জমরুদ (zômrud)
- → Bulgarian: изумруд (izumrud)
- → Crimean Tatar: zumrut
- → Kazakh: зүмірет (zümıret)
- → Northern Kurdish: zimrûd
- → Mandarin: 祖母綠 / 祖母绿 (zǔmǔlǜ), 祖母绿 (zǔmǔlǜ)
- → Ottoman Turkish: زمرد (zümrüd, zümrüt)
  > Turkish: zümrüt (inherited)
  → Middle Armenian: զմրութ (zmrutʻ)
  > Armenian: զմրութ (zmrutʻ) (inherited)
- → Pashto: زمرد (zamurrúd)
- → Indonesian: zamrud
- → Lithuanian: zomorudas
- →? Russian: зиморо́док (zimoródok)
- → Russian: изумру́д (izumrúd)
- → Ukrainian: ізумру́д (izumrúd)
- → Turkmen: zümerret
- → Chagatai:
  Uyghur: زۇمرەت (zumret)
  Uzbek: zumrad
→ Polish: szmaragd m
→ Portuguese: esmeralda f
→ Romanian: smarald n, smarand n, smaragd n
→ Sicilian: smaraudu m,
→ Spanish: esmeralda f
→ Swedish: smaragd c
→ Thai: มรกต (mɔɔ-rá-gòt)

References

“σμάραγδος”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
σμάραγδος in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
G4665 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎^[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited, page 268