καιρός
See also: καῖρος
Ancient Greek
Etymology
Of unclear origin. Possibly related to κείρω (keírō, “to shear, cut short”) (as a "decisive moment"), κεράννυμι (keránnumi, “to mix”) (as an "atmospherical mix"), or κύρω (kúrō, “to meet (accidentally)”); Beekes seems to favor the connection to κείρω (keírō) the most.[1] Might also be related to, or the source of, Albanian qëro (“time”) (an archaic term).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /kai̯.rós/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /kɛˈros/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /cɛˈros/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ceˈros/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ceˈros/
Noun
καιρός • (kairós) m (genitive καιροῦ); second declension (Attic, Epic, Ionic, Koine, Doric)
- measure; proportion; fitness
- (of a time) period
- (often in a positive sense) the proper [[time] opportunity; prime, the right moment, the fatal spot
- (of time) season; time
- lifetime
- (in the plural) the times
- advantage; profit
Usage notes
- Not found in Homer, though it is used by other early authors who wrote in Epic Greek: Hesiod and Theognis.
Declension
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ὁ καιρός ho kairós |
τὼ καιρώ tṑ kairṓ |
οἱ καιροί hoi kairoí | ||||||||||
| Genitive | τοῦ καιροῦ toû kairoû |
τοῖν καιροῖν toîn kairoîn |
τῶν καιρῶν tôn kairôn | ||||||||||
| Dative | τῷ καιρῷ tōî kairōî |
τοῖν καιροῖν toîn kairoîn |
τοῖς καιροῖς toîs kairoîs | ||||||||||
| Accusative | τὸν καιρόν tòn kairón |
τὼ καιρώ tṑ kairṓ |
τοὺς καιρούς toùs kairoús | ||||||||||
| Vocative | καιρέ kairé |
καιρώ kairṓ |
καιροί kairoí | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | καιρός kairós |
καιρώ kairṓ |
καιροί kairoí | ||||||||||
| Genitive | καιροῖο / καιρόο / καιροῦ kairoîo / kairóo / kairoû |
καιροῖῐ̈ν kairoîĭ̈n |
καιρῶν kairôn | ||||||||||
| Dative | καιρῷ kairōî |
καιροῖῐ̈ν kairoîĭ̈n |
καιροῖσῐ / καιροῖσῐν / καιροῖς kairoîsĭ(n) / kairoîs | ||||||||||
| Accusative | καιρόν kairón |
καιρώ kairṓ |
καιρούς kairoús | ||||||||||
| Vocative | καιρέ kairé |
καιρώ kairṓ |
καιροί kairoí | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
| Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ὁ καιρός ho kairós |
τὼ καιρώ tṑ kairṓ |
οἱ καιροί hoi kairoí | ||||||||||
| Genitive | τοῦ καιροῦ toû kairoû |
τοῖν καιροῖν toîn kairoîn |
τῶν καιρῶν tôn kairôn | ||||||||||
| Dative | τῷ καιρῷ tōî kairōî |
τοῖν καιροῖν toîn kairoîn |
τοῖσῐ / τοῖσῐν καιροῖσῐ / καιροῖσῐν toîsĭ(n) kairoîsĭ(n) | ||||||||||
| Accusative | τὸν καιρόν tòn kairón |
τὼ καιρώ tṑ kairṓ |
τοὺς καιρούς toùs kairoús | ||||||||||
| Vocative | καιρέ kairé |
καιρώ kairṓ |
καιροί kairoí | ||||||||||
| Notes: |
| ||||||||||||
Derived terms
- καίρῐος (kaírĭos)
- καιροτηρέω (kairotēréō)
- καιρόφῐλος (kairóphĭlos)
- καιροφυλακέω (kairophulakéō)
Descendants
- Greek: καιρός (kairós)
- Mariupol Greek: чиро́с (čirós)
- →? Albanian: qëro
- → English: kairos
- → French: kairos
References
- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010), “καιρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 617
Further reading
- “καιρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940), A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “καιρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889), An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- καιρός in Bailly, Anatole (1935), Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001), A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- “καιρός”, in Slater, William J. (1969), Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G2540 in Strong, James (1979), Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- καιρός in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007), Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910), English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language[1], London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- chance idem, page 123.
- conjuncture idem, page 160.
- crisis idem, page 184.
- decisive idem, page 201.
- emergency idem, page 268.
- field idem, page 317.
- high time idem, page 399.
- hour idem, page 408.
- moment idem, page 538.
- nick idem, page 558.
- occasion idem, page 568.
- opening idem, page 576.
- opportunity idem, page 576.
- period idem, page 607.
- room idem, page 721.
- scope idem, page 740.
- season idem, page 746.
- time idem, page 875.
- turn idem, page 901.
Greek
Etymology
Inherited from Ancient Greek καιρός (kairós, “the right moment”). The modern sense, since mediaeval times.[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ceˈɾos/
- Hyphenation: και‧ρός
Noun
καιρός • (kairós) m (plural καιροί)
- weather
- καιρού επιτρέποντος ― kairoú epitrépontos ― weather permitting (formal expression)
- time, events
- από καιρό σε καιρό ― apó kairó se kairó ― from time to time
Declension
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| nominative | καιρός (kairós) | καιροί (kairoí) |
| genitive | καιρού (kairoú) | καιρών (kairón) |
| accusative | καιρό (kairó) | καιρούς (kairoús) |
| vocative | καιρέ (kairé) | καιροί (kairoí) |
Synonyms
- (time): χρόνος m (chrónos)
Derived terms
- ανεπίκαιρος (anepíkairos, “untimely”)
References
- ^ καιρός, in Λεξικό της κοινής νεοελληνικής [Dictionary of Standard Modern Greek], Triantafyllidis Foundation, 1998 at the Centre for the Greek language