íllr

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ilhilaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁elḱ-. The comparative and superlative degrees are taken from the Proto-Germanic adjective *ubilaz (whence English evil), but are themselves from yet another origin, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *wers-.

Adjective

íllr (comparative verri, superlative verstr)

  1. evil, bad
  2. hard, difficult
  3. close, mean, stingy

Inflection

This word seems to have a suppletive inflection, using another root in the comparative and superlative forms, than in the positive form.

Strong declension of íllr
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative íllr íll íllt
accusative íllan ílla íllt
dative íllum íllri íllu
genitive ílls íllrar ílls
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative íllir íllar íll
accusative ílla íllar íll
dative íllum íllum íllum
genitive íllra íllra íllra
Weak declension of íllr
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative ílli ílla ílla
accusative ílla íllu ílla
dative ílla íllu ílla
genitive ílla íllu ílla
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative íllu íllu íllu
accusative íllu íllu íllu
dative íllum íllum íllum
genitive íllu íllu íllu
Declension of comparative of íllr
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative verri verri verra
accusative verra verri verra
dative verra verri verra
genitive verra verri verra
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative verri verri verri
accusative verri verri verri
dative verrum verrum verrum
genitive verri verri verri
Strong declension of superlative of íllr
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative verstrr verstr verstr
accusative verstran verstra verstr
dative verstrum verstrri verstru
genitive verstrs verstrrar verstrs
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative verstrir verstrar verstr
accusative verstra verstrar verstr
dative verstrum verstrum verstrum
genitive verstrra verstrra verstrra
Weak declension of superlative of íllr
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative verstri verstra verstra
accusative verstra verstru verstra
dative verstra verstru verstra
genitive verstra verstru verstra
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative verstru verstru verstru
accusative verstru verstru verstru
dative verstrum verstrum verstrum
genitive verstru verstru verstru

Descendants

  • Icelandic: illur
  • Faroese: illur
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: ill; (dialectal) ill’e (idl’e), idl’u
  • Old Swedish: ilder, īller
  • Old Danish: illæ
  • → Middle English: ille, ill, il

Further reading

  • Zoëga, Geir T. (1910), “íllr”, in A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press; also available at the Internet Archive
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