Manihot

Manihot
Manihot palmata
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Rosids
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Subfamily: Crotonoideae
Tribe: Manihoteae
Genus: Manihot
Mill. 1754 not Adans. 1763[1]
Type species
Manihot esculenta
Crantz.[2][3]
Synonyms[4]

Manihot is a genus in the diverse milkspurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It was described as a genus in 1754.[5][3]

Species of Manihot are monoecious[6] trees, shrubs and a few herbs that are native to the Americas, from Arizona in the United States south to Argentina and Uruguay.[4] The best known member of this genus is the widely cultivated cassava (Manihot esculenta).[7]

Manihot species are used as food plants by the larvae of some species of Lepidoptera including Endoclita sericeus and Hypercompe hambletoni.

Species[4]
  1. Manihot acuminatissima Müll.Arg. – Goiás, Bahia
  2. Manihot aesculifolia (Kunth) Pohl – Mexico, Central America
  3. Manihot alutacea D.J.Rogers & Appan – Goiás
  4. Manihot angustiloba (Torr.) Müll.Arg. – Mexico, Arizona
  5. Manihot anisophylla (Griseb.) Müll.Arg. – N Argentina
  6. Manihot anomala Pohl – South America
  7. Manihot attenuata Müll.Arg. - Goiás
  8. Manihot auriculata McVaugh – Jalisco, Nayarit
  9. Manihot baccata Allem – Fr Guiana, NE Brazil
  10. Manihot boliviana Pax & K.Hoffm. - Bolivia
  11. Manihot brachyandra Pax & K.Hoffm. – Bahia
  12. Manihot brachyloba Müll.Arg. – Central Amer, Dominican Rep, N South America
  13. Manihot brachystachys Pax & K.Hoffm. - Brazil
  14. Manihot brasiliana Mendoza et al. - Goiás, Brazil
  15. Manihot breviloba – Sergipe
  16. Manihot caerulescens Pohl – Brazil, Paraguay
  17. Manihot carthagenensis (Jacq.) Müll.Arg. – N South America, Trinidad, Curaçao
  18. Manihot catingae Ule – Bahia, Minas Gerais
  19. Manihot caudata Greenm. – N Mexico
  20. Manihot cecropiifolia – Goiás, Distrito Federal
  21. Manihot chlorosticta Standl. & Goldman – Mexico
  22. Manihot compositifolia Allem – Bahia
  23. Manihot condensata D.J.Rogers & Appan – Bolivia
  24. Manihot congesta Mendoza et al. - Goiás, Brazil
  25. Manihot corymbiflora Pax & K.Hoffm. – Rio de Janeiro
  26. Manihot crassisepala Pax & K.Hoffm. – México State, Morelos, Jalisco
  27. Manihot crotalariiformis Pohl – Minas Gerais
  28. Manihot davisiae Croizat – Arizona, Sonora, Chihuahua, Sinaloa
  29. Manihot diamantinensis Allem – Bahia
  30. Manihot dichotoma Ule – NE Brazil
  31. Manihot divergens Pohl – Goiás, Distrito Federal, Minas Gerais
  32. Manihot epruinosa Pax & K.Hoffm. – Piauí, Ceará, Paraíba, Pernambuco, Bahia
  33. Manihot esculenta Crantz – from Mexico to Brazil
  34. Manihot falcata D.J.Rogers & Appan – Goiás, Distrito Federal
  35. Manihot filamentosa Pittier – NW Venezuela
  36. Manihot flemingiana D.J.Rogers & Appan – Mato Grosso
  37. Manihot foetida (Kunth) Pohl – C + N Mexico
  38. Manihot fortalezensis Nassar, D.G.Ribeiro, Bomfim & P.T.C.Gomes – Ceará
  39. Manihot fruticulosa (Pax) D.J.Rogers & Appan – Brazil
  40. Manihot gabrielensis Allem – Goiás
  41. Manihot gracilis Pohl – Paraguay, Brazil
  42. Manihot grahamii Hook. – S Brazil, N Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay
  43. Manihot guaranitica Chodat & Hassl. – N Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia
  44. Manihot handroana Cruz – Minas Gerais
  45. Manihot hassleriana – Paraguay
  46. Manihot heptaphylla Ule – Bahia
  47. Manihot hilariana Baill. – Minas Gerais
  48. Manihot hunzikeriana Mart.Crov. – Rio Grande do Sul, Misiones
  49. Manihot incisa - Goiás, Brazil
  50. Manihot inflata Müll.Arg. – São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Paraná
  51. Manihot irwinii D.J.Rogers & Appan – Goiás
  52. Manihot jacobinensis Müll.Arg. – Mato Grosso, Bahia
  53. Manihot janiphoides Müll.Arg. – São Paulo, Minas Gerais
  54. Manihot jolyana Cruz – São Paulo
  55. Manihot leptophylla Pax – NW South America
  56. Manihot longepetiolata Pohl – Goiás, Minas Gerais
  57. Manihot maracasensis Ule – Bahia
  58. Manihot marajoara Huber – Pará, Amapá
  59. Manihot mcvaughii V.W.Steinm. – Michoacán
  60. Manihot membranacea Pax & K.Hoffm. – Mato Grosso
  61. Manihot michaelis McVaugh – Colima, Jalisco
  62. Manihot mirabilis Pax – Paraguay
  63. Manihot mossamedensis Taub. – Goiás
  64. Manihot nana Müll.Arg. – Goiás, Minas Gerais
  65. Manihot neusana Nassar – Paraná
  66. Manihot nogueirae Allem – Distrito Federal
  67. Manihot oaxacana D.J.Rogers & Appan – Oaxaca
  68. Manihot obovata J.Jiménez Ram. – Guerrero
  69. Manihot oligantha Pax & K.Hoffm. – Goiás
  70. Manihot orbicularis Pohl – Goiás
  71. Manihot palmata Müll.Arg. – Rio de Janeiro
  72. Manihot pauciflora Brandegee – Puebla, Oaxaca
  73. Manihot paviifolia Pohl – Goiás
  74. Manihot peltata Pohl – Goiás
  75. Manihot pentaphylla Pohl – Brazil, Paraguay
  76. Manihot peruviana Müll.Arg. – Loreto, San Martin
  77. Manihot pilosa Pohl – E Brazil
  78. Manihot pinatiloba Goiás, Brazil
  79. Manihot pohliana Müll.Arg. – Bahia
  80. Manihot pohlii Wawra – Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro
  81. Manihot populifolia Pax – Paraguay
  82. Manihot porphyrantha Goiás, Brazil
  83. Manihot pringlei S.Watson – Tamaulipas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro
  84. Manihot procumbens Müll.Arg. – Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraguay
  85. Manihot pruinosa Pohl – Mato Grosso, Goiás
  86. Manihot pseudoglaziovii Pax & K.Hoffm. – Ceará, Pernambuco, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba
  87. Manihot pulchrifolius M.J. Silva – Brazil
  88. Manihot purpureocostata Pohl – Goiás
  89. Manihot pusilla Pohl – Goiás
  90. Manihot quinquefolia Pohl – Bahia
  91. Manihot quinqueloba Pohl – Mato Grosso, Goiás
  92. Manihot quinquepartita Huber ex D.J.Rogers & Appan – Amapá, Pará, Maranhão, Mato Grosso
  93. Manihot reniformis Pohl – Bahia
  94. Manihot reptans Pax – Goiás, Minas Gerais
  95. Manihot rhomboidea Müll.Arg. – Mexico, Central America
  96. Manihot rubricaulis I.M.Johnst. – Mexico
  97. Manihot sagittatopartita Pohl – Bahia, Goiás, Minas Gerais
  98. Manihot salicifolia Pohl – Mato Grosso, Goiás
  99. Manihot sparsifolia Pohl – Goiás
  100. Manihot stipularis Pax – Distrito Federal, Goiás
  101. Manihot stricta Baill. – Peru, Mato Grosso, Goiás
  102. Manihot subspicata Rogers & Appan – Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas
  103. Manihot surinamensis D.J.Rogers & Appan – Venezuela, the 3 Guianas
  104. Manihot tenella Müll.Arg. – São Paulo, Paraguay
  105. Manihot tomatophylla Standl. – Morelos, Jalisco, Michoacán
  106. Manihot tomentosa Pohl – Goiás, Minas Gerais
  107. Manihot triloba (Sessé) McVaugh ex Miranda – Mexico
  108. Manihot tripartita (Spreng.) Müll.Arg. – Brazil, Paraguay
  109. Manihot triphylla Pohl – Distrito Federal, Goiás, Minas Gerais
  110. Manihot tristis Müll.Arg. – Venezuela, the 3 Guianas, N Brazil
  111. Manihot variifolia Pax & K.Hoffm. – Paraguay
  112. Manihot violacea Pohl – Brazil
  113. Manihot walkerae Croizat – Texas, Tamaulipas
  114. Manihot websteri D.J.Rogers & Appan – Puebla, Oaxaca
  115. Manihot weddelliana Baill. – Goiás
  116. Manihot xavantinensis D.J.Rogers & Appan – Mato Grosso
  117. Manihot zehntneri Ule – Bahia
variety treated as a species
  1. Manihot carthaginensis subsp. glaziovii = Manihot glaziovii (Müll.Arg.) Allem
formerly included[4]

moved to Aleurites Cnidoscolus Jatropha

  1. M. curcas – Jatropha curcas
  2. M. diversifolia – Jatropha diversifolia
  3. M. gossypiifolia – Jatropha gossypiifolia
  4. M. herbacea – Cnidoscolus urens
  5. M. moluccana – Aleurites moluccanus
  6. M. multifida – Jatropha multifida
  7. M. spinosissima – Cnidoscolus vitifolius
  8. M. urens – Cnidoscolus urens

Pollination

Monoecy was demonstrated by Jennings 1963 and George & Shifriss 1967.[6]

References

  1. ^ a b "Genus: Manihot Mill". Germplasm Resources Information Network. United States Department of Agriculture. 2004-03-31. Retrieved 2011-05-06.
  2. ^ lectotype designated by R.A. Howard, Fl. Lesser Antilles 5: 64 (1989)
  3. ^ a b Tropicos, Manihot Mill.
  4. ^ a b c d Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
  5. ^ Miller, Philip. 1754. Gardeners Dictionary...Abridged...fourth edition vol. 2
  6. ^ a b Webster, G. L. (2014). "Euphorbiaceae". In Kubitzki, Klaus (ed.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants - Volume XI - Flowering Plants, Eudicots - Malpighiales. Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 51–216/x+331. ISBN 978-3-642-39416-4. OCLC 868922400. ISBN 978-3-642-39417-1. ISBN 3642394167.
  7. ^ Second, G.; Iglesias, C. (2001). "Chapter 11: The State of the Use of Cassava Genetic Diversity and a Proposal to Enhance it". In Cooper, H.D.; Spillane, C.; Hodgkin, T. (eds.). Broadening the Genetic Base of Crop Production. CABI Publications (Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International) in association with Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. pp. 201–221. ISBN 978-0-85199-411-6. OCLC 44420773.

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