Willax Televisión

Willax Televisión
Cada vez más cerca de ti (Closer to you every time)
TypeDigital terrestrial television
CountryPeru
NetworkAgenciaPerú Producciones S.A.C.
HeadquartersLima
Programming
LanguageSpanish
Picture format1080i HDTV
(downscaled to 16:9 480i for standard-definition signal)
Ownership
OwnerErasmo Wong Lu[1]
ParentCorporación E Wong
Key peopleEnrique Luna Victoria
(General Manager)
Alberto Moreno Shimabukuro
(Television Manager)
History
Launched18 August 2010 (2010-08-18)
FounderGilberto Hume
ReplacedMonitor
Links
Websitewillax.tv
Availability
Terrestrial
Digital VHFChannel 1

Willax Televisión (commonly known as Willax, from Quechua willaq [ˈwɪʎaχ] 'narrator, informant')[2][3][Note 1] is a Peruvian free-to-air television channel, owned by Erasmo Wong Lu-Vega. It began as an internet channel in 2010, with a television channel launching later that year.

History

In 1998, journalist Cecilia Valenzuela founded Imediaperu, a company specializing in investigative journalism initially published online and later distributed through mass media. The company later changed its name to AgenciaPerú and produced the Sunday programs Entrelíneas for the pay-TV channel Canal N and La ventana indiscreta for the free-to-air channel Latina Televisión. These programs exposed corruption cases during the governments of Alberto Fujimori, Alejandro Toledo, and Alan García.[4]

In 2006, Guillermo Hume, former director of Canal N and the Sunday program Cuarto Poder on the free-to-air channel América Televisión, joined AgenciaPerú as general producer. The company also began producing the program Dos dedos de frente, hosted by Augusto Álvarez Rodrich and Juan Carlos Tafur. Two years later, in 2008, AgenciaPerú shifted its focus and decided to launch its own online media outlet. Additionally, a group of 16 shareholders with equal shares was formed, giving full control of the outlet to Hume.[4][5]

Willax was founded by journalist Gilberto Hume and his wife, Cecilia Valenzuela, in 2010. Willax was founded after the relaunch of AgenciaPerú, originally established in 2008. The channel's name comes from the Quechua word willaq, meaning 'narrator, informant', probably to relate it to willakuy 'news'.[2]

In early 2010, Willax was founded as an online news television channel operating from the former studios of Monitor.[6] By late September 2010, it began distribution on Claro TV (then Telmex TV) on channel 8 of its digital cable service. On October 1, 2010, it joined the lineup of Movistar TV (then Cable Mágico) on channel 66 of its analog cable service (later moved to channel 36 after a few months).[7] In 2011, Willax announced a partnership with TV Perú during the 2011 elections to launch its interview program Mira quien habla.[8] It also partnered with the Trujillo-based channel Sol TV to broadcast some of its news programs on its signal.

In 2014, Willax moved to channel 18 on Movistar TV’s analog cable service. In November 2015, Corporación EW acquired Willax Televisión and shifted the channel’s focus; its programming transitioned from a news channel to a generalist one, while retaining its news and current affairs segments. The channel also relocated its operations to the Plaza Norte shopping center.[4]

In November 2015, the channel was purchased by Erasmo Wong Lu, former owner of the Wong supermarket chain, via its company Corporación EW. After the acquisition, Wong Lu transformed Willax into a free-to-air television station on Lima's digital terrestrial television service[9] and changed the focus of the channel; its programming changed from being a news channel to a general channel, although it maintained its news and current affairs programming. It also changed its operations headquarters to the Plaza Norte shopping center in Independencia District. Later, Willax would acquire the Monitor studios and return to the studios where Willax would still record some programs.

In 2016, Willax transitioned from a pay television channel to a free-to-air television channel on Lima’s digital terrestrial television (DTT) on virtual channel 12.1.[10][11] On August 4, 2017, the channel changed its numbering, moving from 12.1 to 1.1 on the DTT.

In 2020, Willax increased the number of original productions on the channel, especially political opinion programs like Beto a Saber, La Hora Caviar, Rey con Barba and ComButters with prime hours beginning at 8:00 p.m. and ending at midnight. In April, due to the closure of schools as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, the channel began simulcasting from TV Perú with the educational government TV program Aprendo en casa in the mornings.

In 2021, Corporación EW (Eduardo, Edgardo, Efraín, Eric, and Erasmo Wong Lu Vega) dissolved, with the intent for each member to pursue independent business ventures, leaving Erasmo as the sole owner of most of the group’s companies, including Willax Televisión.[12]

In 2022, the channel preemptively acquired the broadcast rights for the Carlos Stein vs. Universitario match, one of the few matches aired outside the channel holding the rights to Liga 1 Liga 1, GolTV, and the first to feature a female camerawoman in this tournament.[13][14]

In May 2023, Willax’s manager, Alberto Moreno Shimabukuro, signed a partnership with the American network Telemundo.[15]

Regarding the political crisis in 2021, Willax echoed Keiko Fujimori’s false claims of stolen elections, including the election denial movement in Peru, despite the lack of substantial evidence supporting these accusations.[16] Subsequently, the channel intensified confrontations with the political party Perú Libre since its rise to power that year.[17][18][19][20][21][22] Journalists attacked the party and its political positions,[23][24][25][26] actions that prompted legal retaliation from then-President Pedro Castillo.[27][28][29] Additionally, the IACHR included Willax in its report on the social unrest in Peru for its role in the events.[30]

Programming

The channel’s programming focuses on news, politics, and miscellaneous content. Since 2015, Willax shifted to include entertainment, Turkish telenovelas, news, and political programs.

In 2017, Korean dramas were added to the channel’s lineup after acquiring their rights from Panamericana Televisión. In 2018, Willax began airing anime in a primetime block called Hora Ánime, later moved to Saturdays, which included iconic films like Akira.[31] A year later, the channel launched the Butaca Vip programming block focused on movies, followed by Butaca Extreme for horror films and Cine Willax for classic movies. That same year, two music programs were introduced: one focused on K-pop, called El especial del K-pop/music core, and another on salsa, called Los especiales con Farik Grippa.

In 2020, Willax increased its original productions, particularly political opinion programs airing in primetime from 8:00 AM to midnight. In April, the channel began retransmitting TV Perú’s Aprendo en casa program in the mornings and afternoons on the virtual subchannel 1.2 on DTT due to the COVID-19 quarantine. That same year, the entertainment and gossip program Amor y fuego was launched, hosted by Rodrigo González and Gigi Mitre.

In 2021, the channel’s primetime lineup included the news program Willax Noticias and the sports program Willax Deportes with Eddie Fleischman, as well as its own programs hosted by Milagros Leiva, Beto Ortiz, and Phillip Butters,[17] which focused on politics and covered the 2021 political crisis.[32] In 2024, Ortiz and Butters left the channel due to editorial reasons. The former program PBO en Willax, hosted by Butters, was replaced by Al Día con Willax, hosted by journalists Alvina Ruiz, Perla Berrios, and Omar Ruiz de Somocurcio,[33] while his nighttime program Combutters was replaced by Crónicas de Impacto, hosted by Andrea Arana and Valeria Flórez.

In June 2025, after 14 years, the program Rey con Barba went off the air.[34] Additionally, the Turkish telenovela ¿Qué culpa tiene Fatmagul? and ¡Habla Chino!, hosted by Aldo Miyashiro, who left América Televisión,[35] were added to the lineup, replacing Crónicas de Impacto. The weekend news program Hechos en Willax joined the Monday-to-Friday schedule as a magazine at 11:25 a.m., replacing Willax Mediodía, while on Saturdays and Sundays, it retained its format as a compilation of the week’s best programming. The Sunday program Contra Corriente moved to a Monday-to-Friday schedule.

News programs and editorial stance

The political programming segments on Willax are characterized by a conservative and libertarian editorial stance.[36] These segments feature specialists who share these ideological leanings, including members of the Coordinadora Republicana collective.[36] Additionally, the channel has allowed some interviewees to claim the existence of alleged political interference by its detractors. On some occasions, Willax reporters have interviewed individuals with differing views, such as Susel Paredes, whom they interrupted and claimed “lacked moral authority” to express her opinions.[37]

According to IDL-Reporteros, Willax initially supported the investigations of Pedro Castillo conducted by the Special Team of Prosecutors Against Corruption in Power (Eficcop), an institution established by Patricia Benavides. The channel expressed enthusiasm for Eficcop’s actions and its leader, Marita Barreto, from its inception until late 2023, when it began scrutinizing the team and portraying its members negatively. In 2024, Willax removed YouTube videos that had previously shown support for Eficcop.[38]

Subsequently, an article by Perú 21 titled “Gabinete W” alleged that Willax journalists, such as Beto Ortiz and Phillip Butters, leveraged close ties with authorities to present political events in a manner favorable to the government of Dina Boluarte and against critics of the then-National Prosecutor, Patricia Benavides, such as Gustavo Gorriti.[39] Benavides, a figure opposed by various conservative groups, sparked verbal disputes among journalists due to their freedom of expression.[40] Prosecutor José Domingo Pérez noted that, at one point, the National Prosecutor’s Office had functioned as a “reception desk” for Willax, but this changed following a conflict with the new National Prosecutor, Delia Espinoza.[41]

The channel also engaged in smear campaigns against Prosecutor Manuela Villar and Judge Richard Concepción Carhuancho, who investigated owner Erasmo Wong. La República reported in 2025 that these campaigns mirrored those against Marita Barreto.[42]

Patricia Benavides case

A significant example of Willax’s editorial stance, which influenced other media, was its public support for Patricia Benavides, as reported by IDL-Reporteros.[43] During a conversation, Benavides’ then-advisor, Jaime Villanueva, alleged a plot against her by her predecessor, Zoraida Ávalos, as well as by the channel and Congress.[44] Marita Barreto, then Eficcop’s leader, was also identified as one of Benavides’ detractors. Following Benavides’ dismissal and the emergence of the corruption scandal in the Prosecutor’s Office, Barreto reported that a vehicle linked to Willax’s press team was conducting illegal surveillance on her collaborators.[45] Meanwhile, Benavides presented a hired expert to defend herself against the accusations.[46]

Benavides endorsed her former advisor’s accusations against Gustavo Gorriti, which were broadcast on the channel.[47] At the time, Keiko Fujimori, leader of Popular Force, reiterated some of these claims, alleging that Gorriti was responsible for influencing criminal investigations against her.[48]

Later, Villanueva claimed that the suspended National Prosecutor had leaked information to journalists like Beto Ortiz regarding investigations into Barreto.[49] However, Benavides responded to Ortiz with insults in a leaked audio, accusing him of orchestrating a campaign against her in exchange for alleged personal favors.[50] The former prosecutor later admitted the existence of this audio.[51] Phillip Butters advised Benavides to make decisions with her “trusted staff,” warning that poor personnel choices could lead to imprisonment.[52]

Finally, Willax welcomed Benavides back, where she accused Villanueva of betrayal and confirmed her intent to remove the current head of the Public Prosecutor’s Office, Delia Espinoza, to reclaim her position.[53]

Political alignment

The channel has been described as conservative and right-wing by international media outlets.[54][55] Willax supported Keiko Fujimori and her Fujimorism movement according to Peruvian journalist Augusto Álvarez Rodrich.[56] The owner of Willax, Wong Lu, signed the Madrid Charter, a document opposing the presence of left-wing governments in Ibero-America.[57]

Initially, its programming focused exclusively on news, but over time it became generalist, diversifying with movies of various genres, children’s series, animes, magazines, entertainment programs, and the broadcast of Korean dramas, while maintaining blocks of current affairs and political programs. Since its acquisition by Corporación EW, owned by the Wong Lu Vega brothers, the channel gained popularity for its right-wing political content tied to conservatism.[17][58]

Although the channel’s presenters retained some editorial freedom after the ownership change,[59] since 2020, the channel’s editorial stance became more radical with the addition of new conservative journalists and personalities to its political segments.[60] The content of its political programs sparked numerous controversies, particularly due to the use of derogatory terms against politicians, opponents, activists, protesters, or any adversaries of the channel.[61][62][63][64]

Willax has been accused by academics, politicians, and journalists of promoting disinformation, conspiracy theories in its opinion programs, and misleading its audience about science, particularly regarding the COVID-19 pandemic.[58][65][66][67][68][55][69][70][71][72] Its news programs have also been compared to Fox News, the American news channel owned by Rupert Murdoch.[73][74] Some of this disinformation has had international repercussions.[75]

As a result, far-right groups,[76] particularly La Resistencia,[77] have maintained ties with the media outlet due to their ideological alignment. Additionally, the Institute for Legal Defense (IDL) has denounced a plot to silence independent journalists by this outlet.[78][79] Journalists were attacked by the channel’s hosts without presenting any evidence to support their accusations.

Controversy

2020 protests

During the November 2020 protests in Peru, journalist Beto Ortiz on his program Beto a saber made derogatory remarks, stating: “Last night they were celebrating that there was a dead person; in the end, no one has died. They’re desperate for a corpse to appear quickly so they can parade it on their shoulders and claim it’s a dictatorship, that there’s state terrorism.”[80] In response, the X accounts of Ortiz and Willax Televisión were hacked.[81] Ortiz announced he also received threats of potential public shaming.[82][83] On November 16, Ortiz commented again on his program about the deaths of Inti Sotelo and Brian Pintado, sparking controversy by calling them “cannon fodder of all wars.”[84] As a result, Willax lost sponsorships from brands like Universal[85] and Supermercados Peruanos,[86] among others.

The television program Rey con Barba aired on Sunday, November 15, 2020, photographs of a seizure of homemade weapons, which it attributed to protesters participating in the 2020 Peruvian protests. However, these images were taken from evidence seized by the Carabineros de Chile.[87][88][89] Following this incident, Willax Televisión issued an apology for the false images shown on the program.[90]

COVID-19 vaccination

On February 9, 2021, following the start of the COVID-19 vaccination in Peru, the program Beto a saber aired a report claiming that Peruvians could travel to Chile to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, terming it “medical tourism.”[91] The Chilean news program Meganoticias broadcast this report, which was labeled a “disinformation campaign” by Deputy Javier Macaya.[91] Then-Chilean Foreign Minister Andrés Allamand clarified that “foreigners in the country with a tourist visa will not have the right to be vaccinated in Chile.”[92][93]

On February 10, 2021, journalist Carlos Paredes revealed that former President Martín Vizcarra and his wife, Maribel Díaz, had received the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine in October 2020. Subsequent journalistic investigations revealed that Health Minister Pilar Mazzetti and Foreign Affairs Minister Elizabeth Astete had also been irregularly vaccinated. The scandal, dubbed “Vacunagate”, involved several Executive Branch officials, their associates, and personnel in charge of the clinical trial.[94]

On March 5, 2021, the program Beto a saber aired a report on the clinical trial of the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine at the Cayetano Heredia University, where Ernesto Bustamante claimed the vaccine’s efficacy was 33.3% (Wuhan strain) and 11.5% (Hong Kong strain). The trial’s lead, Coralith García, acknowledged the report’s accuracy but noted it was “a preliminary report of the project’s results,” with final results expected after eight weeks.[95] The Peruvian Medical Association issued a statement rejecting “any partial or incomplete information,” including “confusion regarding efficacy and effectiveness analyses.”[96] In a statement released by the Chinese Embassy in Peru, Sinopharm described the report as “severely lacking in truthfulness and irresponsible,” spreading “unverified, unscientific, inaccurate, and incomplete data.”[97]

Promotion of conspiracy theories

Since 2020, Willax has faced scrutiny from the press for its increased focus on opinion programming. Comparisons have been made to Fox News, the American news channel owned by Rupert Murdoch, with accusations that the channel’s opinion programming promotes disinformation and conspiracy theories.[73]

According to Fernando Tuesta, Willax played a crucial role in spreading the narrative that the elections in Peru were fraudulent, in which Keiko Fujimori was involved. The channel gave ample airtime to those demanding the annulment of polling stations and an audit by the OAS, promoting this theory without any evidence.[98] By July 2024, the channel hired two lawyers who supported the alleged “fraud” in the 2021 elections to anticipate similar issues in 2026.[99]

In 2022, Iván Escudero, who had worked for the Sunday program Contracorriente, reported on two occasions that some of his family members had been kidnapped due to his work as a reporter. These claims were questioned in 2024 when Escudero reported another attempted kidnapping after being hired by Panamericana Televisión. Given the contradictions in the kidnapping claims revealed by Willax itself and the lack of evidence, Escudero decided to abandon Sunday programs.[100]

2021 Peruvian general election

According to Spanish newspaper El País, Willax is "a channel known for ... broadcasting of false news".[55] During the 2021 Peruvian general election which saw right-wing Keiko Fujimori and leftist Pedro Castillo compete for the presidency, Peruvian psychologist Henry Guillén stated that "fake news has gone viral regarding Castillo and his links with the Shining Path, media like Willax have defamed several leftist leaders who accompany him".[101] Willax journalists Milagros Leiva and Beto Ortiz called for the National Jury of Elections to dissolve its fact checking system to combat fake news.[102] Leiva also accused the National Office of Electoral Processes of supporting electoral fraud stating that her deceased father-in-law was still registered to vote, though the office replied saying that the registry was locked in place since his death, telling Leiva "Please don't spread fake news".[102]

On 18 July 2021, the Public Ministry of Peru opened an investigation into Willax journalists Philip Butters, Humberto Ortiz and Enrique Luna Victoria, alleging that they were responsible for acts of sedition and inciting civil unrest.[103][104] Prosecutor Juana Meza wrote that Willax disseminated "news with a conspiratorial connotation, inciting the electoral results to be unknown, trying to weaken the electoral institutions and even calling for a coup d'état" and was used as a platform "to send messages of hatred and incitement to kill".[103] Presidential candidate Rafael López Aliaga was also named in the investigation.[103][104] López Aliaga reportedly called for death in two separate incidents; in May 2021 he chanted "Death to communism! Death to Cerrón! Death to Castillo!" to supporters and at the Respect My Vote rally that was organized by Willax TV owner Erasmo Wong Lu on 26 June 2021, where the politician stated "Death to communism, get out of here, filthy communists, you have awakened the lion, to the streets!"[103][104][105]

Defamation complaint for “terruqueo” (false accusation of terrorism)

On February 9, 2022, during his own program Beto a saber, Beto Ortiz aired a report portraying Raida Cóndor, a human rights activist and mother of one of the victims of the La Cantuta massacre carried out by the Colina Group, as the Shining Path militant Iris Yolanda Quiñonez Colchado, alias Comrade “Bertha.” This happened after attempting to link the current Minister for Women, Diana Miloslavich, to Shining Path.[106]

In May 2022, the journalist from that station, Milagros Leiva, stated on one of her television programs that former minister Anahí Durand had ties to terrorism; however, since these claims could not be conclusively proven, in January 2023 the journalist was convicted of defamation in the first instance, receiving a one-year probation and ordered to pay 20,000 soles, with the broadcaster Willax held jointly liable.[107]

The opinions of its hosts were discussed in the magazine Cosas, which described their alleged impact on the millennial population.[108]

Unsubstantiated attacks on independent journalists

During its broadcasts, the channel used disparaging and defamatory language towards prominent representatives of independent journalism without providing evidence to support its accusations. Among those mentioned were Marco Sifuentes, wrongly accused of receiving clandestine benefits from the National Office of Electoral Processes;[109] Paola Ugaz, falsely accused of advising Pedro Castillo;[110] Rosa María Palacios, subjectively linked to the "caviar left";[111] and the portal Wayka, labeled as "the voice of Shining Path."[112]

According to the media outlet La República, since 2023 there has been a smear campaign against journalist Gustavo Gorriti in which lawyer Luis Pacheco Mandujano allegedly participated, directly accusing him and claiming to have the evidentiary means to support and prove it—all of this on open-air television. The following year, the Judiciary accepted the aggravated defamation lawsuit against Mandujano for linking Gorriti and the Instituto de Defensa Legal to criminal activities.[113]

In July 2024, journalist César Hildebrandt reported that the Interior Minister, Juan Santiváñez, insulted him during an interview at the Willax studios. This minister threatened Hildebrandt with legal action after a report revealed his alleged ties to drug trafficking.[114][115]

Other incidents

In July 2017, Phillip Butters of Willax's ComButters program made controversial comments about Afro-Ecuadorians on Ecuador's football team, stating "The Ecuadorians aren't black, they're mountain crocodiles" and that Felipe Caicedo "isn't human, he's a monkey. A gorilla."[116] Willax suspended the program until Butters made an apology.[116]

During the 2020 Peruvian protests, the Willax channel's Rey con Barba program broadcast images of homemade weapons purporting they were used in Peru when they were actually seized from Chilean protests; an attempt to discredit protests according to Perú.21.[117]

Presenters

  • Enrique García (2010–2016)
  • Francis Vera (2017–2018)
  • Guerci Fernández Contreras (2018–2021)
  • Luis Enrique Outten (2022–present)

See also

  • Caviar mafia (conspiration)
  • Digital terrestrial television in Peru
  • Television in Peru
  • Vacunagate
  • Media coverage during the 2021–present Peruvian political crisis

Notes

  1. ^ Willaq ‘the one who tells, informant, fact’ is the agentive participle of the verb willay ‘to tell, recount, inform’. ‘News report’ is expressed as willakuy ‘information, account, narration’.

References

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  2. ^ a b Itier, César (2017). Diccionario quechua sureño: castellano (con un índice castellano-quechua) (1 a edición ed.). Lima, Perú: Editorial Commentarios. p. 241. ISBN 978-9972-9470-9-4.
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  28. ^ "Consejo de la Prensa Peruana rechaza carta de Pedro Castillo al MTC por línea editorial de canal de TV" [Peruvian Press Council rejects Pedro Castillo’s letter to MTC regarding the editorial line of a TV channel]. canaln.pe. 20 July 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  29. ^ "Periodistas de un canal acusan a Castillo de amenazar libertad de expresión" [Journalists from a channel accuse Castillo of threatening freedom of expression]. SWI swissinfo.ch (in Spanish). 20 July 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  30. ^ "Informe de CIDH sobre protestas en Perú: cinco puntos relevantes para comprenderlo" [IACHR report on protests in Peru: five key points to understand it]. La Ley - El Ángulo Legal de la Noticia (in Spanish). May 3, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2025. [T]hrough a paragraph, it expresses particular concern about statements made on the Willax TV program, specifically by journalist Phillip Butters, who is mentioned in a footnote
  31. ^ Redacción (July 12, 2019). "'Akira', obra de anime de culto, será emitida en televisión abierta peruana este sábado" [‘Akira’, a cult anime work, will be broadcast on Peruvian free-to-air television this Saturday]. RPP Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  32. ^ "Eddie Fleischman regresa a la TV y es el nuevo fichaje de Willax TV" [Eddie Fleischman returns to TV as Willax TV’s new signing]. El Bocón (in Spanish). October 8, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  33. ^ "Alvina Ruiz conducirá noticiero matutino en Willax" [Alvina Ruiz will host Willax’s morning news program]. Caretas (in Spanish). January 3, 2025. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  34. ^ "Tras 14 años en el aire, programa 'Rey con Barba' se despiden de Willax" [After 14 years on air, the program ‘Rey con Barba’ says goodbye to Willax]. Infórmate Perú (in Spanish). June 9, 2025. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  35. ^ Cuya, Pilar (June 6, 2025). "Aldo Miyashiro regresa a la TV: fecha, horario y detalles de su nuevo programa ¡Habla Chino! por Willax TV" [Aldo Miyashiro returns to TV: date, time, and details of his new program ¡Habla Chino! on Willax TV]. infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  36. ^ a b Castillo-García, César (April 2022). "The crooked timber that bore fruit: Peruvian fascist intellectuals of the 1930s and the echoes of their influence nowadays" (PDF). Working Paper of Department of Economics (2206). The New School for Social Research: 25. Retrieved October 17, 2025. Right-wing pundits and intellectuals played a role in this propaganda machine targeting the vote of the middle-class and issuing Anti-Marxism. Willax TV gave space to political "experts" affiliated with conservative and libertarian groups as the Coordinadora Republicana or Legión Libertaria [Libertarian Legion]
  37. ^ Muñoz, Mauricio (April 3, 2025). "Susel Paredes denuncia que reportera de Willax la discriminó por su orientación sexual: "Me preguntó si me siento hombre"" [Susel Paredes denounces that a Willax reporter discriminated against her based on her sexual orientation: “She asked me if I feel like a man”]. larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  38. ^ "Cómo se destruyó Eficcop" [How Eficcop Was Destroyed]. IDL (in Spanish). December 21, 2024. Retrieved October 17, 2025. There was a time not long ago when Willax, the channel owned by Erasmo Wong, applauded with hands and feet, drums and cymbals, the actions of Eficcop and its leader Marita Barreto. This was from the start of her tenure in July 2022 and continued consistently and intensely until early this year (2024), [when] Willax has tried to erase from its official YouTube account the videos prior to Castillo's fall. Those of applause and cheers for Barreto and Eficcop. […] The account now only hosts episodes of a virulent demolition campaign against Barreto that began in late 2023 and became frantic from May 2024
  39. ^ "El presunto "Gabinete W"" [The Alleged “Cabinet W”]. Peru21 (in Spanish). November 28, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  40. ^ Ruiz, Carol (June 13, 2024). "Beto Ortiz se queja de Willax por invitados de Milagros Leiva: "Es un canal tan democrático que a veces da náuseas"" [Beto Ortiz Complains About Willax Over Milagros Leiva’s Guests: “It’s Such a Democratic Channel That It Sometimes Makes You Nauseous”]. infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025. In Willax's primetime, the main figures like Milagros Leiva, Beto Ortiz, and Phillip Butters do not maintain a harmonious relationship. They criticize each other, with Beto throwing darts at Phillip, Phillip at Beto, Beto at Milagros, and so on
  41. ^ "José Domingo Pérez: "La Fiscalía de la Nación era mesa de partes de Willax" (VIDEO)" [José Domingo Pérez: “The National Prosecutor’s Office Was a Reception Desk for Willax” (VIDEO)]. El Búho (in Spanish). July 2, 2025. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  42. ^ Aguirre, Doris (May 4, 2025). "Willax ataca a la fiscal Villar y a juez Carhuancho por caso contra Erasmo Wong" [Willax Attacks Prosecutor Villar and Judge Carhuancho in Case Against Erasmo Wong]. larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  43. ^ "Los desagües de la desinformación" [The Sewers of Disinformation]. IDL (in Spanish). December 20, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2025. We can see some of the evidence pointing to Willax's involvement in the criminal schemes promoted by Patricia Benavides
  44. ^ "Nuevo audio revela cómo asesor de Benavides tramaba destitución de fiscal Zoraida Ávalos" [New Audio Reveals How Benavides’ Advisor Plotted the Dismissal of Prosecutor Zoraida Ávalos]. Peru21 (in Spanish). November 30, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2025. "I'm going now to meet with the Teachers' Block, who want to see me to close the deal. Here, the Board (of prosecutors) has been very tough. Shakira (a nickname for Zoraida Ávalos) wanted us to go all out against Congress and Willax," concluded the former right-hand man of the National Prosecutor, Patricia Benavides
  45. ^ "Marita Barreto: Auto involucrado en supuesto reglaje trasladaba a equipo de prensa de conocido canal" [Marita Barreto: Vehicle Involved in Alleged Surveillance Was Transporting a Known Channel’s Press Team]. ATV (in Spanish). 30 November 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  46. ^ Zárate, Pamela (January 15, 2024). "Perito contratado por Patricia Benavides que asegura que chats han sido manipulados: "A mí también me difamaron" (VIDEO)" [Expert Hired by Patricia Benavides Claims Chats Were Manipulated: “I Was Also Defamed” (VIDEO)]. El Búho (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  47. ^ "Patricia Benavides lo cuenta todo: delata a Gustavo Gorriti, Rafael Vela y Harvey Colchado" [Patricia Benavides Tells All: Denounces Gustavo Gorriti, Rafael Vela, and Harvey Colchado]. Expreso. May 2, 2024. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  48. ^ Acosta, Sebastián (February 8, 2024). "Keiko Fujimori pide que se investigue supuesta participación de Gustavo Gorriti en trabajo de fiscales" [Keiko Fujimori Calls for Investigation into Alleged Involvement of Gustavo Gorriti in Prosecutors’ Work]. RPP Noticias (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025. The leader of Popular Force, Keiko Fujimori, referred this Thursday to a report regarding the possible involvement of journalist Gustavo Gorriti in the investigation conducted by the Special Team for the Lava Jato case. [...] According to a journalistic report by Willax, Jaime Villanueva, former advisor to the suspended National Prosecutor Patricia Benavides, stated in his testimony to prosecutors that Gustavo Gorriti is the person truly directing the investigation of the Cocktails case against Keiko Fujimori and her circle
  49. ^ "Patricia Benavides habría ordenado la filtración de información contra la fiscal Marita Barreto" [Patricia Benavides Allegedly Ordered the Leak of Information Against Prosecutor Marita Barreto]. Caretas (in Spanish). February 19, 2024. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  50. ^ Saavedra, Narda (June 4, 2024). "Audio de Patricia Benavides ¿qué dice de Beto Ortiz y por qué pensaba que había una campaña en su contra?" [Audio of Patricia Benavides: What Does It Say About Beto Ortiz and Why Did She Think There Was a Campaign Against Her?]. larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  51. ^ Sifuentes, Marco (May 31, 2024). Alerta afp: Si tienes menos de 40 años, secuestraron tu plata #LaEncerrona [AFP Alert: If You’re Under 40, They Kidnapped Your Money #LaEncerrona] (podcast La Encerrona) (in Spanish). Sifuentes Producciones. Event occurs at 8:19–9:55. Retrieved October 17, 2025 – via YouTube.
  52. ^ Zárate, Pamela (August 21, 2024). ""Usted no me ha hecho caso": Phillip Butters reprende a Patricia Benavides por no retirar a Rafael Vela de la Fiscalía (VIDEO)" [“You Didn’t Listen to Me”: Phillip Butters Reprimands Patricia Benavides for Not Removing Rafael Vela from the Prosecutor’s Office (VIDEO)]. El Búho (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  53. ^ Paucar, Luis (June 17, 2025). "Patricia Benavides confirma que intentó remover a Delia Espinoza y se declara traicionada por Jaime Villanueva: "Me van a seguir armando carpetas"" [Patricia Benavides Confirms She Tried to Remove Delia Espinoza and Claims Betrayal by Jaime Villanueva: “They’ll Keep Building Cases Against Me”]. infobae (in European Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  54. ^ Taj, Mitra; Turkewitz, Julie (2021-07-04). "Fraud Claims, Unproved, Delay Peru's Election Result and Energize the Right". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  55. ^ a b c Budasoff, Eliezer (2021-04-10). "Rafael López Aliaga: the creation of a far-right candidate in Peru". El País. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  56. ^ "Augusto Álvarez Rodrich: La DBA reloaded". La Republica (in Spanish). 2019-10-23. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  57. ^ "Sociólogo tras reunión de Vox con Fujimori: Se abrazan con quien intentó un golpe en Perú". La República (in Spanish). 2021-09-25. Retrieved 2021-12-07.
  58. ^ a b Cueva Chacón, Lourdes M. "Perú" [Peru]. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025. Willax TV and Exitosa maintained their audience compared to last year (20%). These outlets represent opposite ends of the political spectrum: Willax is a right-wing channel accused of spreading fake news during the unrest following the self-coup, while Exitosa produces radio and television leaning toward left-wing populism
  59. ^ Miranda, Oscar (22 May 2022). "Jaime Chincha: "Hay un avance del conservadurismo en el país"" [Jaime Chincha: “There is an advance of conservatism in the country”]. larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025. - Was the channel already changed for your second stint? - At that point, Erasmo Wong was there, but in that second stint, I was the director of my program, and content decisions were mine. There was no interference from Erasmo. Now it's a propagandistic thing, with a sometimes irrational stance.
  60. ^ Asorza Villanueva, Harold Javier (2021). "Fake news en la narrativa de Willax TV. impacto social y desafíos" [Fake news in the narrative of Willax TV: social impact and challenges]. Repositorio Institucional - Ulima. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  61. ^ Zambrano, América (July 21, 2023). "Willax y la fiscal" [Willax and the prosecutor]. Hildebrandt en Sus Trece (645): 6–8. Archived from the original on July 22, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  62. ^ Cuya, Alvaro (November 21, 2020). "Generación del miedo" [Generation of fear]. Blog PUCP. Lima. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  63. ^ "Nicolás Lúcar demandará a todo Willax por acusarlo de recibir "dinero sucio" del gobierno de Pedro Castillo" [Nicolás Lúcar will sue all of Willax for accusing him of receiving “dirty money” from Pedro Castillo’s government]. La Lupa (in Spanish). June 12, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  64. ^ Coronel, Omar (April 11, 2023). "Ni revolución ni barbarie: ¿por qué protestan en Perú?" [Neither revolution nor barbarism: Why are there protests in Peru?]. Nueva Sociedad. Retrieved October 17, 2025. Until a few years ago, such conspiracy theories existed only in a marginal far-right. What is concerning is that now a significant part of the political, business, and media establishment genuinely believes in them. And the media power of this coalition spreads these narratives. Before, it was only the Willax channel; now they echo in much of the hegemonic media
  65. ^ Ñaupas, Alba (July 19, 2021). "Las peligrosas mentiras de Willax TV durante la pandemia" [The dangerous lies of Willax TV during the pandemic]. Sudaca (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  66. ^ Miyagusuku Miyasato, Paola (2022). "Elecciones peruanas 2021: desinformación y modelos económicos en pugna" [Peruvian elections 2021: disinformation and competing economic models]. Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios en Diseño y Comunicación. Ensayos (161): 91–105. ISSN 1668-0227. Retrieved October 17, 2025. For its part, Willax TV systematically and without evidence accused Castillo of being a "terrorist," "Shining Path member," and "communist" (Servindi, 2021)
  67. ^ Díez-Gutiérrez, Enrique-Javier; Verdeja, María; Sarrión-Andaluz, José; Buendía, Luis; Macías-Tovar, Julián (2022). "Discurso político de odio de la ultraderecha desde Twitter en Iberoamérica" [Far-right political hate speech on Twitter in Ibero-America] (PDF). Comunicar: Revista Científica de Comunicación y Educación (in Spanish). 30 (72): 101–113. doi:10.3916/C72-2022-08. ISSN 1134-3478. Retrieved October 17, 2025. Willax TV spread fake news about supposed electoral fraud in Peru (Quesada and Fowks, 2021)
  68. ^ Castro, Aramís (June 4, 2021). "Desinformación y falsas acusaciones de fraude en la recta final de las elecciones en Perú" [Disinformation and false accusations of fraud in the final stretch of the elections in Peru]. Ojo Público (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025. On May 31, the television program "Beto a Saber," hosted by journalist Beto Ortiz and broadcast by Willax, disseminated social media posts questioning the presence of deceased individuals on the ONPE electoral roll, suggesting the possibility of fraud in the upcoming elections. Minutes later, another outlet replicated the information without verification, and journalists like Milagros Leiva spread the content on their own social networks. [...] Additionally, accusations and attacks against the National Jury of Elections (JNE) and the National Office of Electoral Processes (ONPE) have been recorded, which were noted by the electoral advisor of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Luis Martínez-Betanzos, who lamented that information published "irresponsibly" seeks to "undermine the image of electoral bodies"
  69. ^ "Burda desinformación" [Crude disinformation]. IDL Reporteros (in Spanish). December 15, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2025. The chat published by Willax, which mentions Gorriti, does not appear among the many included in the judicial resolution of Chávez Tamariz. Additionally, a quick analysis of what was published by [Augusto] Thorndike shows that there has been manipulation of those chats.
  70. ^ Levoyer Salas, Saudia Yaniré; Escandón Montenegro, Pablo Andrés (2023). Desinformación y políticas públicas en la región Andina [Disinformation and public policies in the Andean region]. Informes del Fondo de Investigación UASB. Quito: Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar. pp. 28–32. hdl:10644/9559. Retrieved October 17, 2025. Medina and León (2022) highlight, among traditional media, the television channel Willax, owned by businessman Erasmo Wong, with free-to-air signal and national coverage, as one of the media outlets generating the most disinformation in Peru
  71. ^ Roman, Lizeth (December 17, 2020). "Son falsas las afirmaciones sobre la ivermectina dadas por Manolo Fernández en el programa Rey con Barba" [The claims about ivermectin made by Manolo Fernández on the program Rey con Barba are false]. larepublica.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  72. ^ Cabrera, Fabricio; Bianchi, Jazmin; Mairata, Sandro (October 29, 2024). "El cártel de la desinformación de la derecha peruana" [The cartel of disinformation of the Peruvian right]. El Foco (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  73. ^ a b Alonso, Paul (2021). "Hybrid Alternative Digital-Native Media in Latin America during the Pandemic (Two Peruvian cases of Entrepreneurial Journalism hosted from Spain)". Journal of Latin American Communication Research. 9 (1–2): 3–28. doi:10.55738/journal.v9i1-2p.3-28. ISSN 2237-1265. Retrieved October 17, 2025. Willax TV, the right-wing station that has been called the "Peruvian Fox News"
  74. ^ Labrador, Gabriel (July 7, 2024). ""Para quienes desinforman es muy importante lograr la judicialización de la mentira"" [“For those who spread disinformation, it is very important to achieve the judicialization of the lie”]. El Faro. Retrieved October 17, 2025. [Gustavo Gorriti:] "Willax TV, virtually dedicated to attacking with disinformation; next to it, it would seem that Fox News is like C-SPAN (an American informational channel commonly described as neutral)"
  75. ^ Recoaro, Nicolás G. (March 19, 2023). "Zuliana Lainez: "El gobierno y las Fuerzas Armadas no quieren que queden registros de las violaciones a los Derechos Humanos"" [Zuliana Lainez: “The government and the Armed Forces do not want records of human rights violations to remain”]. Tiempo Argentino (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025. Media like Willax, which are disinformation machines, with minimal ethical standards: they label people as terrorists, defame, and misinform
  76. ^ Sherman, John W. (May 24, 2023). Peru Since Independence: A Concise Illustrated History. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 199. ISBN 978-1-5381-7341-1. Retrieved October 17, 2025. [Willax is] the preeminent media outlet of the far right, its political commentators are flashy and high-energy
  77. ^ Goldstein, Ariel. "God, Homeland, and Family between Europe and Latin America". In Robertini, Camillo (ed.). La Derecha reforzada : la Italia de Meloni [The Strengthened Right: Meloni's Italy] (PDF). Sans Soleil Ediciones Argentina. p. 70. ISBN 978-987-3923-22-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 2, 2023. Retrieved October 17, 2025. The motto of La Resistencia, a far-right group in Peru in support of Fujimorism, which has supporters among Willax TV journalists, is also "God, Homeland, and Family"
  78. ^ "Rechazan campaña malévola de Canal Willax contra IDL" [Rejection of Willax Channel’s malicious campaign against IDL]. Servindi - Servicios de Comunicación Intercultural (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025. Now, [Willax and the ruling party] also seek to control and silence critical media and opponents of corruption under the cynicism of supposed "investigative journalism," warns IDL
  79. ^ Otis, John (July 14, 2023). "'An accumulation of lies': Right-wing group La Resistencia stokes anti-press fervor in Peru" [‘An accumulation of lies’: Right-wing group La Resistencia stokes anti-press fervor in Peru]. Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved October 17, 2025. These falsehoods are magnified on social media and by right-wing outlets in Peru, like TV station Willax and the daily newspaper Expreso. All this, Gorriti says, reduces the impact and traction of IDL-Reporteros' investigative journalism
  80. ^ "Beto Ortiz contra las marchas: "Anoche celebraban que había un muerto, están como loquitos para que aparezca un cadáver"" [Beto Ortiz Against the Protests: “Last Night They Were Celebrating a Death, They’re Desperate for a Corpse to Appear”] (in Spanish). Lima: Trome.pe. November 13, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  81. ^ "Perú: Cuenta de Willax es hackeada y manifestantes piden cierre de programa Beto a Saber" [Peru: Willax Account Hacked and Protesters Demand Closure of Beto a Saber Program]. Instituto Prensa y Sociedad (in Spanish). November 18, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  82. ^ "Beto Ortiz y Willax sin cuentas de Twitter tras ataque cibernético de manifestantes contra la vacancia" [Beto Ortiz and Willax Without Twitter Accounts After Cyberattack by Protesters Against Vacancy] (in Spanish). Lima: Expreso. November 14, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  83. ^ "Beto Ortiz se queda sin cuentas de Twitter tras ataque cibernético" [Beto Ortiz Loses Twitter Accounts After Cyberattack]. Diario Correo (in Spanish). November 14, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  84. ^ BOCÓN, NOTICIAS EL (November 17, 2020). "Beto Ortiz tras protestas: "Los Brayans son los que murieron reventados, son la carne de cañón de todas las guerras" | Estado de emergencia | Coronavirus Perú | Fernando Sagasti | TRENDS" [Beto Ortiz After Protests: “The Brayans Are the Ones Who Died Blown Up, They Are the Cannon Fodder of All Wars” | State of Emergency | Coronavirus Peru | Fernando Sagasti | TRENDS]. El Bocón (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  85. ^ "Willax pierde auspicios de Universal tras opinión de Beto Ortiz sobre muerte de jóvenes" [Willax Loses Universal Sponsorship After Beto Ortiz’s Comments on the Death of Young People]. libero.pe (in Spanish). November 18, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  86. ^ Noriega, Pedro (24 November 2020). "Supermercados Peruanos retira anuncios de Willax Televisión | El Popular" [Supermercados Peruanos Withdraws Ads from Willax Televisión | El Popular]. elpopular.pe (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  87. ^ "Manuel Merino | Marcha nacional | José Barba Caballero | Rafael Rey | Difunden fake news contra protestas en Lima | willax | LIMA" [Manuel Merino | National March | José Barba Caballero | Rafael Rey | Spread Fake News Against Protests in Lima | Willax | LIMA]. Peru21 (in Spanish). November 17, 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  88. ^ PERÚ, NOTICIAS EL COMERCIO (November 16, 2020). "Usan fotos falsas de armas hechizas para desacreditar protestas en Lima | LIMA" [Use of False Photos of Homemade Weapons to Discredit Protests in Lima | LIMA]. El Comercio Perú (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  89. ^ TROME, NOTICIAS (November 17, 2020). "Rafael Rey y José Barba Caballero fotos falsas manifestantes 'armas caseras' protestas | ACTUALIDAD" [Rafael Rey and José Barba Caballero False Photos of Protesters’ ‘Homemade Weapons’ Protests | NEWS]. Trome (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  90. ^ "Willax ofreció disculpas tras desacreditar con imágenes falsas a manifestantes" [Willax Offered Apologies After Discrediting Protesters with False Images]. elpopular.pe (in Spanish). 18 November 2020. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  91. ^ a b "Reportaje de TV afirmó que peruanos podrían viajar a Chile a vacunarse en "turismo médico"" [TV Report Claimed Peruvians Could Travel to Chile for “Medical Tourism” Vaccination]. cnnchile.com (in Spanish). February 10, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  92. ^ "Chile anuncia que no vacunará a extranjeros sin permanencia tras desinformación difundida en Perú" [Chile Announces It Will Not Vaccinate Foreigners Without Residency After Disinformation Spread in Peru]. biobiochile.cl (in Spanish). February 10, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  93. ^ "Chile precisa que extranjeros con visa de turistas no podrán acceder a la vacuna contra el COVID-19" [Chile Clarifies That Foreigners with Tourist Visas Cannot Access the COVID-19 Vaccine]. elcomercio.pe (in Spanish). February 10, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  94. ^ "Vacunagate: lista de los 487 que accedieron a la vacuna de Sinopharm" [Vacunagate: List of the 487 Who Accessed the Sinopharm Vaccine]. larepublica.pe (in Spanish). February 16, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  95. ^ "UPCH: información sobre vacunas de Sinopharm es un reporte preliminar" [UPCH: Information on Sinopharm Vaccines Is a Preliminary Report]. andina.pe (in Spanish). March 6, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  96. ^ "Colegio Médico rechaza información parcial sobre efectividad de vacunas de Sinopharm" [Medical Association Rejects Partial Information on the Effectiveness of Sinopharm Vaccines]. rpp.pe (in Spanish). March 6, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  97. ^ "Sinopharm: Reportaje sobre vacuna carece severamente de veracidad y es irresponsable" [Sinopharm: Vaccine Report Severely Lacks Truthfulness and Is Irresponsible]. canaln.pe (in Spanish). March 6, 2021. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  98. ^ Tuesta Soldevilla, Fernando (2022). Elecciones 2021: pandemia, crisis y representación. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Fondo Editorial. p. 146. ISBN 978-612-317-805-5. OCLC 1351344247. Retrieved October 17, 2025. Willax [is the channel] that gave the most space to people demanding everything from the annulment of disputed polling stations to an intervention by the Organization of American States to conduct an audit. [Thus], Willax was the great promoter of this narrative.
  99. ^ "Abogados anticipan fraude electoral en 2026 con Piero Corvetto de nuevo en la Onpe" [Lawyers Anticipate Electoral Fraud in 2026 with Piero Corvetto Back at ONPE]. Ojo (in Spanish). July 14, 2024. Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  100. ^ Sifuentes, Marcos (August 7, 2024). ¿FALSO SECUESTRO? Graves dudas sobre reportero de Panorama #LaEncerrona [False Kidnapping? Serious Doubts About Panorama Reporter #LaEncerrona]. Sifuentes Producciones. Event occurs at minutes 0–7. Retrieved October 17, 2025 – via La Encerrona.
  101. ^ "El mal menor: Perú vota dividido entre memoria antifujimori y miedo al comunismo". HuffPost (in Spanish). 2021-06-06. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  102. ^ a b "Milagros Leiva no sabía que estaba en vivo y suelta tremenda lisura en transmisión [VIDEO]". El Popular (in Spanish). July 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-07.
  103. ^ a b c d "Elecciones Perú: investigan a periodistas de Willax por conspiración". Deutsche Welle (in European Spanish). 19 July 2021. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  104. ^ a b c "Fiscalía de Perú investiga a periodistas por llamar a un golpe de estado en televisión". The Independent (in Spanish). 2021-07-19. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  105. ^ "Keiko Fujimori deslinda de la violencia que incita López Aliaga | POLITICA". Peru21 (in Spanish). 2021-06-29. Retrieved 2021-07-20.
  106. ^ "Defensoría del Pueblo exige rectificación a Willax por supuesta fotografía de la Ministra de la Mujer con la "Camarada Bertha" - Caretas Nacional". Caretas (in European Spanish). 2022-02-10. Archived from the original on 2022-02-10. Retrieved 2025-08-09.
  107. ^ Cruz, Luis M. Santa (2023-01-19). "Resolución que impone el pago de 20 000 soles a Milagros Leiva por difamación («terruqueo») [Exp. 10191-2021-0-1801-JR-PE-07]". LP (in Spanish). Retrieved 2025-08-09.
  108. ^ Miró Quesada, Isabel (October 7, 2021). "Sobre los efectos de Willax en un millennial" [On the Effects of Willax on a Millennial]. COSAS.PE (in Spanish). Retrieved October 17, 2025.
  109. ^ "ONPE desmiente a Willax sobre un supuesto financiamiento ilegal de programa 'La Encerrona'". aweita.pe. Archived from the original on 2023-12-15. Retrieved 2025-08-09.
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