Ustʹ Pinega Formation

Ustʹ Pinega Formation
Stratigraphic range: Ediacaran
TypeGeological Formation
Sub-unitsTamitsa, Lyamtsa, Arkhangelsk, Verkhovka, Syuzma, Vaizitsa and Zimnegory Subformations
UnderliesMezen Formation
Overliesdifferent Archean and Proterozoic rocks
Thickness>751 m
Lithology
PrimaryArgillite
OtherSandstone, Siltstone, Clay
Location
Coordinates64°09′00″N 41°56′00″E / 64.15000°N 41.93333°E / 64.15000; 41.93333
RegionArkhangelsk Oblast, Vologda Oblast, Kirov Oblast, Komi Republic, Republic of Karelia
CountryRussia
Extent>970 km
Ustʹ Pinega Formation (Russia)
Ustʹ Pinega Formation (Arkhangelsk Oblast)

The Ustʹ Pinega Formation is an Upper Ediacaran geological formation in northwestern Russia. It spans from around 575 Ma to 550 Ma and contains fossils of the Ediacaran biota throughout its sequence.[2]

Geology

The formation was first established and described from the core of the Ust-Pinega borehole drilled in the settlement of Ust-Pinega, Arkhangelsk Region of Russia, where its thickness is 284 m. Its natural outcrops within the same region are known from the Onega Peninsula and the Winter Coast of the White Sea, as well as from small, isolated outcrops in the basin of the Onega River and on the northern slope of the Vetreny Poyas (Windy Belt) Ridge.[3]

The formation rests with erosion on Proterozoic terrigenous deposits or Archean crystalline rocks. It is subdivided, from bottom to top, into the following Subformations (initially defined as "Beds" by A.F. Stankovsky, 1985): Tamitsa, Lyamtsa, Arkhangelsk, Verkhovka, Syuzma, Vaizitsa, and Zimnegory. It is unconformably overlain by deposits of the Ediacaran Mezen Formation, as well as by Paleozoic or Quaternary sediments.

In 2003, D.V. Grazhdankin proposed an alternative subdivision scheme for these deposits, based on the original scheme by A.F. Stankovskiy. This scheme includes the Lyamtsa (= Lyamtsa + Arkhangelsk Beds), the Verkhovka (= Verkhovka + Syuzma Beds), and the Zimnegory (= Vaizitsa + Zimnegory Beds) Formations. In this revision, the use of the Ust' Pinega Formation was abandoned in favor of these three formations.[4]

Currently, the Ust' Pinega Formation and its subformations remain the official stratigraphic scheme used on state geological maps of Russia.

Dating

The Lyamtsa, Verkhovka and Vaizitsa Subformations contain volcanic ashes. Zircon U-Pb dating of volcanic tuffs from the Verkhovka and Vaizitsa beds has yielded ages of 557.28±0.14 Ma and 552.96±0.19 Ma, respectively.[5][2] Furthermore, an Rb–Sr age of 565±9 Ma was obtained for clays of the Arkhangelsk Subformation.[1] The formation is unconformably overlain by the deposits of the Mezen Formation, from the lower part of which a U-Pb age of 550.2±4.6 Ma has been obtained for tuffites.[6]

Paleobiota

The Ustʹ Pinega Formation is home to many rare and common Ediacaran fauna, from the well known motile forms such as Dickinsonia and Kimberella,[7] to the rarer, more elusive forms like Ventogyrus and Zolotytsia. All forms within this formation are preserved in layers of ash beds, which are not only good at preserving the fine exterior details of organisms, but also their internals, like Burykhia.[8]

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Proarticulata

Genus Species Notes Images
Andiva[9]
  • A. ivantsovi
 Elongated oval motile organism.
Archaeaspinus[10]
  • A. fedonkini
 Oval motile organism.
Armillifera[3]
  • A. parva
 Elongated oval motile organism.
Cephalonega[3]
  • C. stepanovi
 Oval motile organism.
Cyanorus[10]
  • C. singularis
 Elongated motile organism.
Dickinsonia[3][5]
  • Dickinsonia sp.
 Oval to elongated motile organism.
Karakhtia[11]
  • K. nessovi
 Oval motile organism.
Keretsa[12]
  • K. brutoni
 Elongated motile organism.
Lossinia[13]
  • L. lissetskii
 Elongated motile organism.
Ovatoscutum[3][5]
  • O. concentricum
 Rounded motile organism.
Palaeoplatoda[3][14]
  • P. segmentata
 Elongated motile organism.
Paravendia[10]
  • P. janae
 Elongated motile organism.
Vendia[3][5]
  • V. sokolovi
  • V. rachiata
 Elongated motile organism.
Yorgia[5]
  • Y. waggoneri
 Oval motile organism.

Petalonamae

Genus Species Notes Images
Bomakellia[15]
  • B. kelleri
 Sessile frondose organism.
Charnia[3][5]
  • Charnia sp.
 Sessile frondose organism.
Charniodiscus[3]
  • Charniodiscus sp.
 Sessile frondose organism.
Pteridinium[3]
  • Pteridinium sp.
 Sessile frondose organism.
Ramellina[16]
  • R. pennata
 Sessile frondose organism.

Trilobozoan

Genus Species Notes Images
Albumares[3]
  • A. brunsae
 Tri-radial organism.
Anfesta[3][5]
  • A. stankovskii
 Tri-radial organism.
Tribrachidium[3][5]
  • T. heraldicum
 Tri-radial organism.

Cnidarian

Genus Species Notes Images
Bonata[3]
  • B. septata
 Discoid organism.
Brachina[3]
  • Brachina sp.
 Discoid organism.
Ediacaria[3][5]
  • Ediacaria sp.
 Discoid organism.
Eoporpita[3][5]
  • E. medusa.
 Discoid organism.
Inaria[5]
  • I. karli
 Sac-like organism.
Medusinites[3]
  • Medusinites sp.
 Discoid organism.
Staurinidia[3][5]
  • S. crucicula
 Discoid organism.
Tirasiana[3]
  • Tirasiana sp.
 Discoid organism.
Zolotytsia
  • Z. biserialis
 Deformed mass of ovals along a mid-line groove.

Chordata

Genus Species Notes Images
Burykhia[8]
  • B. hunti
 Sac-like organism, possible tunicate.

Annelida

Genus Species Notes Images
Calyptrina[3]
  • C. striata
 Tubular organism.

incertae sedis

Genus Species Notes Images
Cyclomedusa[3][5]
  • Cyclomedusa sp.
 Discoid organism.
Hiemalora[3][5]
  • Hiemalora sp.
 Discoid organism, possibly holdfasts of petalonamids.
Kimberella[7][5]
  • Kimberella sp.
 Egg-shaped organism, possible mollusc.
Mawsonites[5]
  • M. spriggi
 Discoid organism.
Nimbia[3][5]
  • N. occlusa
 Discoid organism.
Orbisiana[3]
  • Orbisiana sp.
 Palaeopascichnid organism.
Palaeopascichnus[3][5]
  • Palaeopascichnus sp.
 Palaeopascichnid organism.
Parvancorina[3][5]
  • P. sagitta
 Anchor-shaped organism, possible mollusc or arthropod.
Solza[11]
  • S. margarita
 Egg-shaped organism.
Vendotaenid[3]
  • Vendotaenid
 Ribbon-like organisms.

Flora

Genus Species Notes Images
Archyfasma[17]
  • A. dimera
  • A. lamellata
 Branching macroalgae.
Beltanelliformis[3][5]
  • Beltaneillformis sp.
 Cyanobacterial colony.
Eoholynia[17]
  • E. fruticulosa
 Branching macroalgae.
Favosiphycus[17]
  • F. wukii
 Flattened thallus crust-like, consisting of densely packed cells.
Gandvikia[17]
  • G. caudata
 Ribbon-shaped macroalgae.
Mezenia[3]
  • M. kossovoyi
 Sausage shaped macroalgae.
Serebrina[18]
  • S. crustacea
 Encrusting macroalgae.

Ichnogenera

Genus Species Notes Images
Epibaion
  • Epibaion sp.
 Feeding traces of proarticulates.
Kimberichnus[19][5]
  • Kimberichnus sp.
 Feeding traces of Kimberella.
Nenoxites[3]
  • Nenoxites sp.
 Movement traces.
Neonereites[3]
  • Neonereites sp.
 Burrows.
Planolites[3]
  • Planolites sp.
 Burrows.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Golubkova, E. Yu.; Zaitseva, T. S.; Tretyachenko, V. V.; Kushim, E. A.; Kuznetsov, A. B.; Turchenko, T. L.; Silivanov, M. O. (April 2025). "The Redkino Biota and the Rb–Sr Age of Vendian Deposits from the North of the East European Platform". Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation. 33 (2): 157–175. doi:10.1134/S086959382470031X.
  2. ^ a b c Yang, Chuan; Rooney, Aleksey D.; Condon, Daniel J.; Li, Xian-Hua; Grazhdankin, Dmitriy V.; Bowyer, Frederick T.; Hu, Chao; Macdonald, Francis A.; Zhu, Maoyan (5 November 2021). "The tempo of Ediacaran evolution". Science Advances. 7 (45) eabi9643. doi:10.1126/sciadv.abi9643. PMC 8565906.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag Sokolov, Boris S.; Fedonkin, Mikhail A. (1 March 1984). "The Vendian as the Terminal System of the Precambrian". Episodes. 7 (1): 12–19. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1984/v7i1/004.
  4. ^ D. V., Grazhdankin (2003). "Structure and Depositional Environment of the Vendian Complex in the Southeastern White Sea Area". Geology Science. Retrieved 2 May 2025.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Martin, M. W.; Grazhdankin, D. V.; Bowring, S. A.; Evans, D. A. D.; Fedonkin, M. A.; Kirschvink, J. L. (5 May 2000). "Age of Neoproterozoic Bilatarian Body and Trace Fossils, White Sea, Russia: Implications for Metazoan Evolution". Science. 288 (5467): 841–845. doi:10.1126/science.288.5467.841.
  6. ^ Llanos, M; Tait, J; Popov, V; Abalmassova, A (15 December 2005). "Palaeomagnetic data from Ediacaran (Vendian) sediments of the Arkhangelsk region, NW Russia: An alternative apparent polar wander path of Baltica for the Late Proterozoic–Early Palaeozoic". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 240 (3–4): 732–747. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2005.09.063. hdl:11336/92776.
  7. ^ a b Fedonkin, M.A.; Simonetta, A; Ivantsov, A.Y. (2007), "New data on Kimberella, the Vendian mollusc-like organism (White sea region, Russia): palaeoecological and evolutionary implications", in Vickers-Rich, Patricia; Komarower, Patricia (eds.), The Rise and Fall of the Ediacaran Biota, Special publications, vol. 286, London: Geological Society, pp. 157–179, doi:10.1144/SP286.12, ISBN 978-1-86239-233-5, OCLC 156823511
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  9. ^ Fedonkin, Mikhail A. (January 2002). "Andiva ivantsovi gen. et sp. n. and related carapace‐bearing Ediacaran fossils from the Vendian of the Winter Coast, White Sea, Russia". Italian Journal of Zoology. 69 (2): 175–181. doi:10.1080/11250000209356456.
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  11. ^ a b Ivantsov, Andrey Yu.; Malakhovskaya, Ya.E.; Serezhnikova, E.A. (January 2004). "Some problematic fossils from the Vendian of the southeastern White Sea Region". Paleontological Journal. 38 (1): 1–9 – via researchgate.net.
  12. ^ A.Yu. Ivantsov (2017). "The most probable Eumetazoa among late Precambrian macrofossils". Invertebrate Zoology. 14 (2): 127–133. doi:10.15298/invertzool.14.2.05.
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