Uthman III Kalinumuwa
| Uthman III Kalinumuwa | |
|---|---|
| Mai of the Kanem–Bornu Empire | |
| Reign | 15th century (0–1 years) c. 1422–1423[a] |
| Predecessor | Biri III Uthman |
| Successor | Dunama IV |
| Died | Kano (?) |
| Issue | Ibrahim II (?) Kade III (?) |
| Dynasty | Sayfawa dynasty (Dawudid[b]) |
| Father | Dawud Nikalemi |
Uthman III (ʿUthmān bin Dāwūd[2]), called Uthman Kalinumuwa[2][c] and Uthman Daudumi,[5] was briefly mai (ruler) of the Kanem–Bornu Empire in the early 15th century, ruling approximately 1422–1423.[a] Uthman ruled during the "Era of Instability", a chaotic period of internal and external conflict in the empire.
Life
Uthman was a son of mai Dawud Nikalemi.[3] Uthman became mai in the early 15th century,[2] succeeding his cousin Biri III Uthman.[3]
Uthman's reign was very brief, perhaps shorter than a year.[a] He was overthrown by a party led by the kaigama (chief general) Nikale bin Ibrahim and the yerima (another high official) Kade.[8] Uthman fled from the country and sought refuge among the Hausa states,[8] probably in the Kingdom of Kano.[4][8] Uthman was succeeded as mai with Dunama IV,[2][8] a nephew of Biri III.[3]
Uthman probably died in his place of exile, presumably Kano.[8] The site of his death has also alternatively been recorded as "Bursulum".[5]
Notes
- ^ a b c Different king lists (girgams) and chronicles translated in the 19th–20th centuries assign Uthman a reign of 0 years (Palmer), 9 months (Barth), and 1 year (Urvoy). He is omitted in the regnal lists of Landeroin and Nachtigal.[3] As a result of this, and due to different calculations for other mais, various dates have been given for his reign, including 1432 (Barth), 1425 (Palmer), and 1421–1422 (Urvoy).[3] Lange (1984) dated his reign to 1421–1422,[6] Stewart (1989) dated it to 1432–1433,[7] and Bosworth (2012) dated it to 1422–1423.[2]
- ^ The 14th and 15th centuries saw protracted civil wars between the rival Idrisid (descendants of Idris I Nikalemi) and Dawudid (descendants of Dawud Nikalemi) branches of the Sayfawa dynasty.[1]
- ^ The name is also spelled Kalinumawa, Kalnama,[3] and Kalinwama.[4]
References
- ^ Lange, Dierk (2012). "Ali Gajideni". Dictionary of African Biography. Oxford University Press. pp. 172–173. ISBN 978-0-19-538207-5.
- ^ a b c d e Bosworth, Clifford Edmund (2012) [1996]. The New Islamic Dynasties: A Chronological and Genealogical Manual. Edinburgh University Press. p. 126. ISBN 0-7486-2137-7.
- ^ a b c d e f Cohen, Ronald (1966). "The Bornu King Lists". Boston University Papers on Africa: Volume II: African History. Boston University Press. pp. 58, 63, 81.
- ^ a b Palmer, H. R. (1926). History Of The First Twelve Years Of The Reign Of Mai Idris Alooma Of Bornu (1571–1583) (Fartua, Ahmed Ibn). p. 114.
- ^ a b Palmer, H. R. (1912). "The Bornu Girgam". Journal of the Royal African Society. 12 (45): 78. ISSN 0368-4016.
- ^ Lange, Dierk (1984). "The kingdoms and peoples of Chad". In Niane, Djibril Tamsir (ed.). General history of Africa, IV: Africa from the twelfth to the sixteenth century. University of California. p. 261. ISBN 978-92-3-101710-0.
- ^ Stewart, John (1989). African States and Rulers: An Encyclopedia of Native, Colonial and Independent States and Rulers Past and Present. McFarland & Company. p. 35.
- ^ a b c d e Barth, Heinrich (1857). Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa: Being a Journal of an Expedition Undertaken under the Auspices of H.B.M.'s Government, in the Years 1849–1855. Longmans. pp. 641–642.