Trade agreements of the European Union

This article is about all trade agreement. For for agreements with customs tariffs reductions, see Free trade agreements of the European Union.
This article is about agreements on trade. For EU agreements with investment provisions, see International Investment Agreements of the European Union. For economic relations, see Third-country economic relationships with the European Union. For economic agreements, see Economic Partnership Agreements. For political relations, see Foreign relations of the European Union.

The European Union negotiates trade agreements on behalf of all of its member states, as the member states have granted the EU has an "exclusive competence" to conclude trade agreements. Even so, member states' governments control every step of the process (via the Council of the European Union, whose members are national ministers from each national government):[1][2]

  • Before negotiations start, member states' governments (via the Council of Ministers) approve the negotiating mandate;
  • During negotiations, member states' governments are regularly briefed on the progress of negotiations and can update the negotiations mandate or suspend negotiations;
  • Upon conclusion of negotiations, member states' governments decide whether the agreement should be signed;
  • After approval from the European Parliament and (in case the agreement covers areas other than trade such as investment protection) upon ratification in each member state parliament, member states' governments decide whether the agreement should be concluded and enter into effect.

Trade agreements in force

State No of jurisdictions represented[a] Signed Provisional
application		 In force since Notes Relations
 Akrotiri and Dhekelia 1 2003 2004[3][b] Customs union
 Albania 1 2006 2006[c] 2009[4] SAA Negotiating for EU accession
 Algeria 1 2002 2005[5] Euro-mediterranean AA
Andean Community
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Peru 		3 2012[6] 2013, 2017 2024[7][8] FTA[9][10]
 Andorra 1 1990 1991[11] Customs union Andorra–EU relations
 Angola 1 2023 2024[12] SIFA
 Armenia 1 2017 2021[13] Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement

Includes investment provisions according to the UN database[14]

Armenia–European Union relations
 Azerbaijan 1 1996 1999[15] Partnership and Cooperation Agreement

Includes investment provisions according to the UN database[14]

Azerbaijan–European Union relations
 Belarus 1 1989 1990/1991[16] EEC-Euratom-Soviet Union Agreement on trade and commercial and economic cooperation Belarus–European Union relations
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 2008 2008[c] 2015[17] SAA Candidate for EU accession
Central America
 Costa Rica
 Guatemala
 Honduras
 Nicaragua
 Panama
 El Salvador 		6 2012 2013 2024[18] AA Central America–European Union Association Agreement
 Chile 1 2002, 2023 2003, 2024 2005[19] 2025[20] AA,[21] Interim & Updated EU-Chile AA
 China 1985 1985[22] EU-China Agreement on Trade and Economic Cooperation[23][24]Includes investment provisions according to the UN database[14] China–European Union relations
 Egypt 1 2001 2004[25] Euro-mediterranean AA
 Faroe Islands 1 1996 1997[26] Autonomous entity of Denmark Faroe Islands-EU relations
 Georgia 1 2014 2014 2016[27] AA incl DCFTA

Includes investment provisions according to the UN database[14]

Georgia–EU relations and Candidate for EU accession
 Iceland 1 1992 1994[28] EEA Iceland–EU relations
 Iraq 1 2012 2018[29] Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
 Israel 1 1995 1996[c][30] 2000[31] Euro-Mediterranean AA Israel–EU relations
 Japan 1 2018[32] 2019[33] Economic Partnership Agreement [34] Japan-EU relations
 Jordan 1 1997 2002[35] Euro-Mediterranean AA Jordan–EU relations
 Kazakhstan 1 2015 2020[36] Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (EPCA)

Includes investment provisions according to the UN database[14]

 Kyrgyz Republic 1 1999[37] Partnership and Cooperation Agreement

Includes investment provisions according to the UN database[14]

Kyrgyzstan–EU relations
 Kenya 1 2023 2024[15] Economic Partnership Agreement
 Kosovo 1 2015 2016[38] SAA Potential candidate for EU accession
 Lebanon 1 2002 2006[39] Euro-Mediterranean AA Lebanon–EU relations
 Liechtenstein 1 1992 1995[28] EEA Liechtenstein–EU relations
 Mexico 1 1997 2000[40] FTA[41][42] Mexico–EU relations
 Moldova 1 2014 2014 2016[43] Moldova–European Union Association Agreement incl European Union–Moldova Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area Moldova–EU relations and Negotiating for EU accession
 Monaco 1 1958 Franco-Monegasque Customs Convention (customs union)[44] Monaco–EU relations
 Montenegro 1 2007 2008[c] 2010[45] SAA Negotiating for EU accession
 Morocco 1 1996 2000[46] Euro-Mediterranean AA Morocco–EU relations
 New Zealand 1 2023 2024[47] FTA New Zealand–EU relations
 North Macedonia 1 2001 2001[c] 2004[48] SAA Negotiating for EU accession
 Norway 1 1992 1994[28] EEA Norway–EU relations
 EU's Overseas Countries and Territories 13 2001 2001[49][50] Association of the OCTs with the EU
 Palestinian Authority 1 1997 1997[51] Euro-Mediterranean AA Palestine–EU relations
 Russia 1 1994 1997[52] Partnership and Cooperation Agreement

Includes investment provisions according to the UN database[14]

Russia–European Union relations
 San Marino 1 1991 1992[d] 2002[53] Customs union San Marino–EU relations
 Serbia 1 2008 2010[c] 2013[54] SAA Negotiating for EU accession
 Singapore 1 2018[55] 2019[56] FTA[57]
 South Africa 1 1999 2000[58] 2004[59] ATDC[e] South Africa–EU relations
 South Korea 1 2010 2011 2015[60] FTA[61] South Korea–EU relations
  Switzerland 1 1972 1973[62] Trade agreement Switzerland–EU relations
 Syria 1 1977 1977 Cooperation agreement (partially suspended in 2011)[63] Syria–EU relations
 Tajikistan 1 2010[64] Partnership and Co-operation Agreement

Includes investment provisions according to the UN database[14]

Tajikistan–EU relations
 Tunisia 1 1995 1998[65] Euro-Mediterranean AA
 Turkey 1 1995[f] 1995[66] Customs union

Includes investment provisions according to the UN database[14]

Turkey–EU relations
 Turkmenistan 1 1989 1990/1991[67] EEC-Euratom-Soviet Union Agreement on trade and commercial and economic cooperation Turkmenistan–European Union relations
 Ukraine 1 2014 2016 2017[68][69] Ukraine–European Union Association Agreement incl DCFTA

Includes investment provisions according to the UN database[14]

Ukraine–EU relations and Negotiating for EU accession
 Uzbekistan 1 1999[70] Partnership and Cooperation Agreement

Includes investment provisions according to the UN database[14]

Uzbekistan–European Union relations
 United Kingdom[g] 1 2020 2021[71] 2021[72] Trade and Cooperation Agreement United Kingdom–EU relations
 Vietnam 1 2019 2020[73] EVFTA[74] Vietnam–EU relations

Trade agreements provisionally applied

State Signed Provisional
Application		 Ratification Notes Relations
 Cameroon 2009 2014
21 / 30
[75] 		Interim agreement with a view to an EPA
 Canada 2016 2017[76]
18 / 30
[77] 		Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement[78]
CARIFORUM States
 Antigua and Barbuda
 Bahamas
 Barbados
 Belize
 Dominica
 Dominican Republic
 Grenada
 Guyana
 Haiti
 Jamaica
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Saint Lucia
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Suriname
 Trinidad and Tobago 		2008 2008
37 / 44
[79] 		EPA - Croatia acceded to the agreement on 28 November 2017
 Côte d'Ivoire 2009 2016
24 / 30
[80] 		Stepping Stone EPA
Eastern and Southern Africa States
 Comoros
 Madagascar
 Mauritius
 Seychelles
 Zimbabwe 		2009 2012, 2019
5 / 35
[81] 		Interim Agreement for establishing a framework for an EPA
 Ghana 2016 2016[82]
11 / 30
[82] 		Stepping Stone EPA
Pacific States
 Fiji
 Papua New Guinea
 Samoa
 Solomon Islands 		2009 2009, 2014, 2018, 2020
4 / 5
[83] 		Interim Partnership Agreement
South African Development Community members
 Botswana
 Lesotho
 Mozambique
 Namibia
 South Africa
 Eswatini 		2016 2016
20 / 35
[84] 		Economic Partnership Agreement

Agreement signed (awaiting application)

State Signed Provisional
Application		 Ratification Notes
 Kyrgyzstan 2024
4 / 29
[85] 		Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement[13]

Agreements being finalised (negotiations concluded, but not signed)

State Negotiations Concluded Signed Provisional
Application		 Ratification Notes
 Andorra
 San Marino 		December 2023 No No Association Agreement[86]
 China 30 December 2020[87] No No No Comprehensive Agreement on Investment
Economic Community of West African States members
 Benin
 Burkina Faso
 Cabo Verde
 Côte d'Ivoire
 Gambia
 Ghana
 Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
 Liberia
 Mali
 Mauritania
 Niger
 Nigeria
 Senegal
 Sierra Leone
 Togo 		6 February 2014 No No Economic Partnership Agreement[88]
East African Community members
 Burundi
 Kenya
 Rwanda
 Tanzania
 Uganda 		16 October 2014 No Ratified by Rwanda
In force with Kenya 		Economic Partnership Agreement[89]
 Indonesia 13 July 2025[90][91] No No No Indonesia–European Union Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
Mercosur
 Argentina
 Bolivia
 Brazil
 Paraguay
 Uruguay 		28 June 2019[92] No No No European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement. Part of an Association Agreement.
 Mexico 28 April 2020[93] No No No Updated Free Trade Agreement between Mexico and the European Union
 Tajikistan December 2024[94] No No No Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement[13]
 Uzbekistan January 2024[94] No No No Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement[13]

Negotiating new or modernised agreements

State New or modernized agreement being negotiated Status
 Australia Australia Agreement Negotiations launched in 2018[95]
Eastern and Southern Africa States
 Comoros
 Madagascar
 Mauritius
 Seychelles
 Zimbabwe 		Economic Partnership Agreement Negotiations on modernisation began in 2019[13]
 India Free Trade Agreement Negotiations from 2007 to 2013;[96] restarted in 2022[97][98]
 Kazakhstan Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (EPCA) Negotiations on adding a protocol to the EPCA regarding Geographical Indications (GIs) for agricultural products and foodstuffs, wines and spirits are ongoing[13]
 Niue Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[99]
 Philippines Free Trade Agreement Negotiations launched in 2015[95]
 Singapore Digital Trade Agreement Negotiations launched in July 2023[13]
 Timor-Leste Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[99]
 Thailand Free Trade Agreement Negotiations started in 2013, paused in 2014, and resumed in 2023.[96]
 Tonga Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[99]
 Tuvalu Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[99]
 Vanuatu Economic Partnership Agreements as part of the Pacific States Interim Partnership Agreement Informed the EU of its intention to accede to the EPA.[99]

Negotiations on hold

Country or bloc Agreement being negotiated Status
 Azerbaijan Partnership and Cooperation Agreement Negotiations on modernisation began in 2017, on hold since 2019[13]
 Belarus Partnership and Cooperation Agreement Concluded in 1995, not yet ratified by the European Union[100]
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf States
 Bahrain
 Kuwait
 Oman
 Qatar
 Saudi Arabia
 United Arab Emirates 		Free Trade Agreement Negotiations started in 1990, suspended since 2008[96]
Central Africa
 Central African Republic
 Chad
 Republic of Congo
 Equatorial Guinea
 Gabon
 Democratic Republic of Congo
 São Tomé and Principe 		Economic Partnership Agreement Negotiations started in 2003, paused until further notice in 2011[96]
Eastern and Southern Africa States
 Ethiopia
 Djibouti
 Malawi
 Somalia
 Sudan
 Zambia 		Economic Partnership Agreement Negotiations started in 2004, paused until further notice in 2011[96]
 Malaysia Free Trade Agreement Negotiations started in 2010, paused since 2012[96]
 Monaco European Union Association Agreement Negotiations launched in 2015, but halted in 2023[101]
 Morocco Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area Negotiations started in 2013, on hold since 2014 at Morocco’s request[102]
 Myanmar Investment protection agreement Negotiations launched in 2015[96]
 Tunisia Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area Negotiations launched in 2015, on hold since 2019[103]
 United States Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership Negotiations started in 2013, suspended since 2019[96]

Obsolete agreements

Country or bloc Agreement Signed Active Obsolete
 Croatia SAA 29 October 2001 1 March 2001 1 July 2013[104]

Soviet Union and its successors

The European Economic Community established relations with the Soviet Union through the conclusion of the EEC-Euratom-Soviet Union Agreement on trade and commercial and economic cooperation in 1989.[105] After 1991, all 12 successor states to the Soviet Union applied the agreement concluded in 1989 in bilateral relations as their trade agreement with the European Communities and the European Union. As of 2025, the Agreement is in force between the European Union and the Republic of Belarus and between the European Union and Turkmenistan.[106][107] Previously, the Agreement applied to relations with other successor states of the Soviet Union, but has been replaced by separate bilateral agreements with each post-Soviet country.

Competence

The European Court of Justice has held that investor-state arbitration provisions (including a dedicated tribunal planned by some free trade agreements) falls under competency shared between European Union and its member states and that for this reason, the ratification of such mixed agreements[108] should be approved by the EU as well as by each of the union's member states.[109] This court decision has resulted in a new architecture of external trade negotiations which will have two components:[110]

  • a free trade agreement - related exclusively to trade matters - which can be adopted at the EU level;
  • an investment agreement - containing investment, arbitration and other non-trade provisions - which needs to be ratified by the member states as well.

Impact to consumers

One study found that the trade agreements that the EU implemented over the period 1993-2013 have, on average, increased the quality of imported goods by 7% and therefore "lowered quality-adjusted prices by close to 7%," without having much of an impact on the non-adjusted price.[111]

No trade agreements

  • The United States of America and the European Union efforts have not yielded a comprehensive, bilateral free trade agreement. "They also have worked to address these issues multilaterally in the WTO. The United States engages with the European Commission on trade policy matters. Over the years, many Members of Congress have voiced support for ... negotiations to eliminate and reduce remaining tariff and nontariff barriers. The current outlook for bilateral trade agreement negotiations is unclear.", according to congress.gov as of 2022.[112]

According to the European Commission's website, as of 2025:

  • there is no bilateral trade agreement between the EU and Iran.[113]
  • the EU has no trade arrangements with Libya.[114]
  • "There are no preferential trade arrangements between Venezuela and the EU. The EU-Venezuela trade relationship is based on World Trade Organization (WTO) rules and tariffs."[115]
  • Myanmar is a member of WTO since 1995 and, as a least developed country, benefits from the EU's 'Everything But Arms' (EBA) scheme, which grants unilateral duty-free, quota-free access for all exports except arms and ammunition to the EU.[116]
  • "Accession to the EU's Pacific EPA is open to other Pacific ACP states. On 27 January 2025, the EU Council of Ministers adopted a proposal for the accession of Niue, Tonga and Tuvalu to the EPA. Accession processes are also underway with the Federated States of Micronesia, the Republic of the Marshall Islands, Timor Leste and Vanuatu."[117]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Excluding the EU and its member states
  2. ^ From 2021 under the provisions of the Brexit withdrawal agreement (Protocol relating to the sovereign base areas of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Cyprus)
  3. ^ a b c d e f Entry into force of Interim Agreement
  4. ^ Interim Agreement
  5. ^ Agreement on Trade, Development and Cooperation
  6. ^ Decision of the EC-Turkey Association Council
  7. ^ Includes Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man with regards to trade in goods and fisheries. For Northern Ireland, a more comprehensive arrangement is in place with regards to trade in goods based on the Withdrawal Agreement.

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