Sun Jun (Eastern Wu)

For other people named Sun Jun, see Sun Jun (disambiguation).
In this Chinese name, the family name is Sun.
Sun Jun
孫峻
Imperial Chancellor (丞相)
In office
November or December 253 – 19 October 256 (256-10-19)
MonarchSun Liang
Preceded byZhu Ju
Succeeded bySun Chen
General-in-Chief (大將軍)
In office
November or December 253 – 19 October 256 (256-10-19)
MonarchSun Liang
Preceded byZhuge Ke
Succeeded bySun Chen
General of the Military Guards (武衛將軍)
In office
252 (252) – November or December 253
MonarchSun Quan / Sun Liang
Personal details
Born219
Died(256-10-19)19 October 256 (aged 37)[a]
RelationsSee Eastern Wu family trees
Parent
  • Sun Gong (father)
OccupationGeneral, regent
Courtesy nameZiyuan (子遠)
PeerageMarquis of Fuchun (富春侯)

Sun Jun (219[2] – 19 October 256),[a] courtesy name Ziyuan, was a military general and regent of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He served under the second Wu emperor, Sun Liang.

Early life

Sun Jun was a great-grandson of Sun Jing, an uncle of Wu's founding emperor Sun Quan; his father was Sun Gong (孙恭), who became Cavalier Attendant-Cadet, and his grandfather was Sun Gao (孙暠).[3] Sun Gao had, on the Quan's elder brother Sun Ce's death, made an abortive claim to the succession as an elder candidate, ending his career,[4] but this doesn't seem to have impacted Sun Jun's prospects. As a youth, he gained a reputation as a rider and an archer, for being brave and decisive.[5]

Late in Sun Quan's reign, Sun Jun became a trusted aide as the infighting between the crown prince Sun He and younger brother Sun Ba split the court.[6] Sun Quan is said to have told Sun Jun of his worries, being concerned that the divisions that had undermined the regime of Yuan Shao would repeat here so neither prince could succeed.[7] He was said to have been, in conjunction with Sun Quan's daughter Sun Luban, involved in falsely accusing the crown prince Sun He, leading to Sun He's deposal in 250. At his and Sun Luban's recommendation, Sun Quan created his youngest son Sun Liang as his successor. When Sun Quan fell mortally ill in 251, he considered recalling Sun He to court but Sun Jun was a leading voice to oppose it and Sun Quan decided against his initial plan.[8] When Sun Quan considered who might be regent to his young successor, Sun Jun advocated for Zhuge Ke as the most talented man in court and managed to overcome Sun Quan's concerns about Zhuge Ke's headstrong personality.[9] In 252, Sun Jun was one of the figures summoned to Sun Quan's deathbed, charged with maintaining the state, given charge of the guard and ennobled.[10][11]

Reign of Sun Liang

The powerful official Sun Hong (孫弘), no relation to the imperial Suns, was one of the figures charged by the dying Sun Quan to protect the state. He wanted to cover up Sun Quan's death and destroy Zhuge Ke as the two had been unfriendly and now Zhuge Ke was set to control the empire. Sun Jun told Zhuge Ke who executed Sun Hong.[12] However Zhuge Ke seems to have thought little of Sun Jun[13] and little is recorded of Sun Jun till his role in the fall of Zhuge Ke.

In 253, after Zhuge Ke had suffered a major military defeat to Wu's rival state, Cao Wei, and his refusal to admit fault but instead trying to reassert control led to unhappiness, while the southern families resented having a northern man in charge.[14][15] Due to Zhuge Ke's unpopularity and his actions, Sun Jun persuaded the young emperor that Zhuge Ke was committing treason so in the winter they acted.[16] Sun Jun invited Zhuge Ke to a banquet court and sent wine the night before, on the morning he had troops hidden ready for the ambush. When Zhuge Ke delayed at the gates, Sun Jun personally went to greet him and offered to go alone to meet the Emperor which reassured Zhuge Ke.[17] Zhuge Ke was however suspicious as rumours of plot spread and refused to drink the set out liquor, Sun Jun reassured him by saying Zhuge Ke, given his recent health, could drink Zhuge Ke's own medicated wine.[18] The Wu li by Wu historian Hu Chong,[19] backed by 4th century commentator Sun Sheng[20], provides an alternative version of this: that Zhuge Ke believed there was a plot but dismissed Sun Jun and allies as a threat, his only worry was poison.[21]

After several rounds of wine, Sun Liang retired with Sun Jun escorting him[22] and then Sun Jun changed out of long robes into a more practical shorter clothing and came back with an imperial order for Zhuge Ke's arrest. The regent was surprised so Sun Jun attacked Zhuge Ke before he could draw his sword. Zhang Yue tried to intervene and injured Sun Jun's hand, but Sun Jun was able to cut off Zhang Yue's arm. By the time the guards arrived, Zhuge Ke was dead So Sun Jun ordered them to stand down and returned to drinking.[23] The Wu lu by contemporary Zhang Bo[24] claims Sun Liang was still in the room and protested Sun Jun acting against Zhuge Ke[25] but this contradicts the Sanguozhi and the Wu li so is dismissed by Pei Songzhi.[26]

Sun Jun moved quickly against Zhuge Ke's family, sending cavalry officer Liu Cheng in pursuit as some fled,[27], dispatched generals after Ke's brother Rong who committed suicide,[28], destroying Zhuge Ke's family. Sun Jun initially wrapped Ke's body in rush matting, with wicker used as splints, then hastily buried[29] but he and Sun Liang did allow Zang Jun and other former officers of Zhuge Ke to collect his body and give it a proper burial.[30]

Sun Jun as regent

It was initially expected that Zhuge Ke's authority would be divided between Sun Jun and the respected minister Teng Yin but someone proposed power should be kept within the imperial clan and Teng Yin commanded too much popular support.[31] Sun Jun, to the disappointment of many, took on Zhuge Ke's role as chief minister by becoming Chancellor and General-in-chief with control of the military while failing to appoint a head of the Censorate that might keep him in check. Teng Yin used family connections to Zhuge Ke to offer to resign, but Sun Jun rejected this argument, instead upgrading Teng Yin's fief and though the two were frequently at odds, in public as the two most senior men they gave an appearance of harmony.[32][31] As there were rumors Zhuge Ke wished to recall Sun He to court and possibly to even enthrone him, with the former Crown Prince married to a relative of Zhuge Ke, Sun Jun stripped Sun He of his nobility and ordered him to commit suicide.[33]

Sun Jun lacked reputation before becoming chief minister of Wu and his actions on taking power made it worse, he was severe in his punishments, arrogant, he was debauched with accusations he slept with the palace ladies. He is said to have had an affair with the Princess Sun Luban.[34] As a result, he gained enmity of many and there were several conspiracies against his life during his regency, including one in 254 led by Sun Ying (孫英), the Marquis of Wu, the son of Sun Quan's eldest son Sun Deng, inspired by either usurpation of power or the death of Sun He.[35][36][37]

On the 5th February 255, Wei generals Wen Qin and Guanqiu Jian launched a revolt against the controller Sima Shi. Sun Jun sought to target Shouchun[38], claiming 100,000 troops,[39] but had only reached Dongxing (in present-day Chaohu, Anhui) when word reached the Wu army of the failure of the rebellion on March 11th with Guanqiu Jian soon killed.[39] Sun Jun took in the rebels with ten thousand troops joining them[40] then proceeded to Shouchun, defeating Wei general Cao Zhen at Gaoting.[41] Meanwhile Sima Shi died, replaced by brother Sima Zhao. Despite the transfer of power, the Wei general Zhuge Dan arrived before Sun Jun and was prepared when Jun arrived on 5th April so Sun Jun retreated.[42][39] [43] However Zhuge Dan sent Jiang Ban to pursue and the Wu forces suffered defeat including the death of the ailing senior commander Liu Zan as well as generals Sun Leng and Jiang Xu.[44][45]A separate attack by Zhu Yi on Anfeng also failed.[46] Sun Luban falsely accused her sister Sun Luyu of being the leader of, and Sun Jun had Sun Luyu executed.

In 25, at the urging of Wen Qin, a Wei general who had surrendered to Wu after a rebellion of his and Guanqiu Jian's failed, Sun Jun considered launching a major attack against Wei, but as he was about to do so, he grew ill. He transferred his powers to his cousin Sun Chen and then died. Sun Chen succeeded him.

In 258, after Sun Chen had deposed Sun Liang and had in turn been executed by the succeeding emperor Sun Xiu, Sun Jun's casket was disinterred and reduced in size, as a sign of imperial disapproval; both Sun Jun and Sun Chen were posthumously banished from the royal family and renamed Gu Jun (故峻) and Gu Chen (故綝) respectively.[47]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b Sun Liang's biography in the Sanguozhi recorded that Sun Jun died on the dinghai day of the 9th month of the 1st year of the Taiping era of Sun Liang's reign.[1] This date corresponds to 19 October 256 in the Gregorian calendar.

References

  1. ^ ([太平元年]九月丁亥，[孫]峻卒， ...) Sanguozhi vol. 48.
  2. ^ According to Sun Jun's biography in Sanguozhi, he was 38 (by East Asian reckoning) when he died. (恐惧发病死，时年三十八...) Sanguozhi, vol.64. Thus by calculation, his birth year should be 219.
  3. ^ (孙峻字子远，孙坚弟静之曾孙也。静生暠，暠生恭，为散骑侍郎。恭生峻。) Sanguozhi vol.64
  4. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD. Leiden: Brill. p. 767. ISBN 978-90-04-15605-0.
  5. ^ 少便弓馬，精果膽決. Sanguozhi vol.64.
  6. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). p. 376. ISBN 9780731509010.
  7. ^ 權患之，謂侍中孫峻曰：「子弟不睦，臣下分部，將有袁氏之敗，為天下笑。一人立者，安得不亂？」於是有改嗣之規矣。Tongyu annotation in Sanguozhi vol.59
  8. ^ 吳書曰：權寢疾，意頗感寤，欲徵和還立之，全公主及孫峻、孫弘等固爭之，乃止。Wushu in Sanguozhi vol. 59
  9. ^ 吳書曰：權寢疾，議所付託。時朝臣咸皆注意於恪，而孫峻表恪器任輔政，可付大事。權嫌恪剛很自用，峻以當今朝臣皆莫及，遂固保之，乃徵恪。Wushu in Sanguozhi vol.64.
  10. ^ 權臨薨，受遺輔政，領武衛將軍，故典宿衛，封都鄉侯。Sanguozhi vol.64.
  11. ^ 權疾困，召恪、弘及太常滕胤、將軍呂據、侍中孫峻，屬以後事。Sanguozhi vol.64
  12. ^ 翌日，權薨。弘素與恪不平，懼為恪所治，祕權死問，欲矯詔除恪。峻以告恪，恪請弘咨事，於坐中誅之，乃發喪制服。Sanguozhi vol. 64
  13. ^ 孫盛評曰：然恪性強梁，加素侮峻，自不信，Sun Sheng commentary in Sanguozhi vol.64
  14. ^ 恪征行之後，曹所奏署令長職司，一罷更選，愈治威嚴，多所罪責，當進見者，無不竦息。又改易宿衛，用其親近，復敕兵嚴，欲向青、徐。Sanguozhi vol.64
  15. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). p. 398. ISBN 9780731509010.
  16. ^ 孫峻因民之多怨，眾之所嫌，搆恪欲為變，與亮謀，置酒請恪 Sanguozhi vol.64
  17. ^ 及將見，駐車宮門，峻已伏兵於帷中，恐恪不時入，事泄，自出見恪曰：「使君若尊體不安，自可須後，峻當具白主上。」欲以嘗知恪。恪答曰：「當自力入。」Sanguozhi vol.64
  18. ^ 恪躊躇而還，劍履上殿，謝亮，還坐。設酒，恪疑未飲，峻因曰：「使君病未善平，當有常服藥酒，自可取之。」恪意乃安，別飲所齎酒 Sanguozhi vol. 64
  19. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). pp. 435, 436. ISBN 9780731509010.
  20. ^ 孫盛評曰：恪與胤親厚，約等疏，非常大事，勢應示胤，共謀安危。然恪性強梁，加素侮峻，自不信，故入，豈胤微勸，便為之冒禍乎？吳歷為長。Sun Sheng commentary in Sanguozhi vol.64
  21. ^ 吳歷曰：張約、朱恩密疏告恪，恪以示滕胤，胤勸恪還，恪曰：「峻小子何能為邪！但恐因酒食中人耳。」乃以藥酒入。Wu li annotation in Sanguozhi vol.64.
  22. ^ 吳歷云：峻先引亮入，然後出稱詔 Wu li annotation in Sanguozhi vol.64
  23. ^ 酒數行，亮還內。峻起如廁，解長衣，著短服，出曰：「有詔收諸葛恪！」恪驚起，拔劍未得，而峻刀交下。張約從旁斫峻，裁傷左手，峻應手斫約，斷右臂。武衛之士皆趨上殿，峻云：「所取者恪也，今已死。」悉令復刃，乃除地更飲 Sanguozhi vol.64
  24. ^ De Crespigny, Rafe (1997). Generals Of The South: The Foundation And Early History Of The Three Kingdoms State Of Wu (2018 ed.). pp. 434, 435. ISBN 9780731509010.
  25. ^ 吳錄曰：峻提刀稱詔收恪，亮起立曰：「非我所為！非我所為！」乳母引亮還內。Wu lu in Sanguozhi vol.64
  26. ^ 吳歷云：峻先引亮入，然後出稱詔。與本傳同。臣松之以為峻欲稱詔，宜如本傳及吳歷，不得如吳錄所言。Pei Songzhi commentary in Sanguozhi vol.64
  27. ^ 中子竦，長水校尉。少子建，步兵校尉。聞恪誅，車載其母而走。峻遣騎督劉承追斬竦於白都。建得渡江，欲北走魏，行數十里，為追兵所逮。恪外甥都鄉侯張震及常侍朱恩等，皆夷三族。 Sanguozhi vol.64
  28. ^ 恪既誅，遣無難督施寬就將軍施績、孫壹、全熙等取融。融卒聞兵士至，惶懼猶豫，不能決計，兵到圍城，飲藥而死，三子皆伏誅 Sanguozhi vol.52
  29. ^ 恪果以葦席裹其身而篾束其腰，投之於此岡。Sanguozhi vol. 64
  30. ^ 於是亮、峻聽恪故吏斂葬，遂求之於石子岡 Sanguozhi vol.64
  31. ^ a b 吳錄曰：群臣上奏，共推峻為太尉，議胤為司徒。時有媚峻者，以為大統宜在公族，若滕胤為亞公，聲名素重，眾心所附，不可貳也。乃表以峻為丞相，又不置御史大夫，士人皆失望矣。Wu Lu annotation in Sanguozhi vol.64
  32. ^ 既誅諸葛恪，遷丞相大將軍，督中外諸軍事，假節，進封富春侯。滕胤以恪子竦妻父辭位，峻曰：「鯀禹罪不相及，滕侯何為？」峻、胤雖內不沾洽，而外相包容，進胤爵高密侯，共事如前。Sanguozhi vol.64
  33. ^ 又恪有徙都意，使治武昌宮，民間或言欲迎和。及恪被誅，孫峻因此奪和璽綬，徙新都，又遣使者賜死。Sanguozhi vol.59
  34. ^ 峻素無重名，驕矜險害，多所刑殺，百姓囂然。又姦亂宮人，與公主魯班私通 Sanguozhi vol.64
  35. ^ 五鳳元年，吳侯英謀殺峻，英事泄死。Sanguozhi vol.64
  36. ^ 五鳳元年，英以大將軍孫峻擅權，謀誅峻，事覺自殺，國除。Sanguozhi vol.59
  37. ^ 吳歷曰：孫和以無罪見殺，眾庶皆懷憤歎，前司馬桓慮因此招合將吏，欲共殺峻立英，事覺，皆見殺，英實不知 Wu li annotation in Sanguozhi vol.59
  38. ^ 閏月壬辰，峻及驃騎將軍呂據、左將軍留贊率兵襲壽春，軍及東興，聞欽等敗。Sanguozhi vol.48
  39. ^ a b c Sanguozhi vol.4
  40. ^ 二年，魏將毌丘儉、文欽以眾叛，與魏人戰於樂嘉，峻帥驃騎將軍呂據、左將軍留贊襲壽春，會欽敗降，軍還。Sanguozhi vol.64
  41. ^ 二月，及魏將軍曹珍遇於高亭，交戰，珍敗績。Sanguozhi vol.48
  42. ^ 壬寅，兵進於橐臯，欽詣峻降，淮南餘衆數萬口來奔。魏諸葛誕入壽春，峻引軍還。Sanguozhi vol.48
  43. ^ 吳大將孫峻、呂據、留贊等聞淮南亂，會文欽往，乃帥眾將欽徑至壽春；時誕諸軍已至，城不可攻，乃走 Sanguozhi vol.28
  44. ^ 留贊為誕別將蔣班所敗於菰陂，贊及將軍孫楞、蔣脩等皆遇害。Sanguozhi vol.48
  45. ^ 誕遣將軍蔣班追擊之，斬贊，傳首，收其印節。Sanguozhi vol.28
  46. ^ 三月，使鎮南將軍朱異襲安豐，不克 Sanguozhi vol.48
  47. ^ (休耻与峻、綝同族。特除其属籍，称之曰故峻、故綝云。) Sanguozhi vol. 64.
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