List of ambassadors of Spain to Uruguay
| Ambassador of Spain to Uruguay | |
|---|---|
Incumbent since 22 January 2025Javier Salido Ortiz | |
| Ministry of Foreign Affairs Secretariat of State for Ibero-America | |
| Style | The Most Excellent |
| Residence | Montevideo |
| Nominator | The Foreign Minister |
| Appointer | The Monarch |
| Term length | At the government's pleasure |
| Inaugural holder | Pablo Soler y Guardiola |
| Formation | 1953 |
| Website | Mission of Spain to Uruguay |
The ambassador of Spain to Uruguay is the official representative of the Kingdom of Spain to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. In addition to the Embassy, Spain has a Consulate General in Montevideo.[1]
Spain recognized Uruguay as an independent state in 1845, supporting Manuel Oribe in the Uruguayan Civil War. A legation was established in Montevideo, arriving the first diplomats, led by Carlos Creus y Camps, consul general and chargé d'affaires, on 20 October 1845.[2] The first peace and friendship treaty was signed in 1870 and, in 1953, the legation in the Uruguayan capital was elevated to the rank of Embassy.[3]
List of ambassadors
| Ambassador | Rank | Term | Nominated by | Appointed by | Accredited to |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carlos Creus y Camps | Chargé d'affaires | 1845–1851[2] | Isabella II | Manuel Oribe | |
| Jacinto Albístur | Chargé d'affaires | 1851 | |||
| José María de Alós | Chargé d'affaires | 1851–1854[4] | The Marquess of Miraflores | ||
| Antonio Cuyás y Sampere | Chargé d'affaires | 1854–1855 | |||
| Jacinto Albístur[a] | Minister | 1855–1859[5] | Claudio Antón de Luzuriaga | Venancio Flores | |
| Carlos Creus y Camps | Chargé d'affaires | 1859–1861[6] | |||
| Minister | 1861–1864[7] | Bernardo Prudencio Berro | |||
| Juan Pío de Montúfar y García-Infante, Marquess of Selva Alegre |
Minister | 1864[8] | Joaquín Francisco Pacheco | Venancio Flores | |
| Carlos Creus y Camps | Minister | 1864–1873[9] | Alejandro Llorente y Lannas | Atanasio Aguirre | |
| José Mellado | Minister | 1873–1874[10] | José Muro y López-Salgado | Francesc Pi i Margall | |
| Tiburcio Rodríguez y Muñoz | Minister | 1874–1875[11] | Augusto Ulloa y Castañón | The Duke of the Tower | José Eugenio Ellauri |
| Mariano Potestad | Chargé d'affaires | 1875–1877[12] | Alejandro de Castro y Casal | Alfonso XII | Pedro Varela |
| Lorenzo de Castellanos | Chargé d'affaires | 1877–1879[13] | Manuel Silvela y Le Vielleuze | Lorenzo Latorre | |
| Manuel Llorente y Vázquez | Chargé d'affaires | 1879–1883 | |||
| Emilio de Ojeda y Perpiñán | Minister | 1883–1884 | Máximo Santos | ||
| Manuel del Palacio | Minister | 1884–1886[14] | The Marquess of the Pazo de la Merced | ||
| Julio de Arellano y Arróspide | Minister | 1886–1888[15] | Francisco Antonino Vidal | ||
| Enrique Dupuy de Lôme | Minister | 1888–1890 | The Marquess of Vega de Armijo | Alfonso XIII | Máximo Tajes |
| José Brunetti y Gayoso, Duke of Arcos |
Minister | 1890–1891 | The Duke of Tetuán | Julio Herrera y Obes | |
| José Delavat y Áreas | Minister | 1891 | |||
| José de la Rica y Calvo | Minister | 1891–1894 | |||
| Ramiro Gil y Uribarri Ossorio | Minister | 1894–1898[16] | Segismundo Moret | Juan Idiarte Borda | |
| Juan Pérez-Caballero y Ferrer | Minister | 1898–1900[17] | The Duke of Almodóvar | Juan Lindolfo Cuestas | |
| Felipe García-Ontiveros y Serrano | Minister | 1900–1905 | Juan Lindolfo Cuestas | ||
| Fernando Osorio y Elola | Minister | 1905–1907 | José Batlle y Ordóñez | ||
| Germán María de Ory y Morey | Minister | 1907–1910[18] | Juan Pérez-Caballero y Ferrer | Claudio Williman | |
| Joaquín Gutiérrez Valcárcel, Marquess of Medina |
Minister | 1911–1914[19] | The Marquess of Alhucemas | ||
| Silvio Fernández-Vallín y Alfonso | Minister | 1914–1919[20] | The Duke of Ripalda | José Batlle y Ordóñez | |
| Tomás de Rueda y Osborne, Viscount of Fuente de Doña María |
Minister | 1919–1922[21] | The Count of | Baltasar Brum | |
| Manuel García de Acilu y Benito | Minister | 1922–1925[22] | Joaquín Fernández Prida | ||
| Gonzalo del Río y García | Minister | 1925–1926 | José Serrato | ||
| Alfonso Danvila | Minister | 1926–1930[23] | The Viscount of Santa Clara de Avedillo | ||
| Antonio Pla y da Folgueira | Minister | 1930–1933[24] | The Duke of Alba | Juan Campisteguy | |
| Enrique Díez Canedo | Minister | 1933–1934[25] | Luis de Zulueta | Niceto Alcalá-Zamora | Gabriel Terra |
| Antonio de la Cruz Marín | Minister | 1934[26] | Juan José Rocha García | ||
| Carlos Malagarriga y Munué | Minister | 1934–1935[27] | |||
| Plácido Álvarez-Buylla | Minister | 1935–1936[28] | |||
| Augusto Barcia Trelles | Minister | 1936–1939[29] | Bernardo Giner de los Ríos | Manuel Azaña | |
| José María Doussinague | Minister | 1939–1940[30] | Francisco Gómez-Jordana Sousa | Francisco Franco | Alfredo Baldomir |
| Luis Martínez de Irujo y Caro | Minister | 1940–1943[31] | Juan Luis Beigbeder | ||
| Teodomiro de Aguilar y Salas | Minister | 1943–1944[32] | Francisco Gómez-Jordana Sousa | Juan José de Amézaga | |
| Juan Pablo de Lojendio e Irure | Minister | 1944–1951[33] | José Félix de Lequerica y Erquiza | ||
| Carlos Cañal y Gómez-Imaz, Marquess of Saavedra |
Minister | 1951–1953[34] | Alberto Martín-Artajo | Andrés Martínez Trueba | |
| Ambassador | 1953–1959[35] | Andrés Martínez Trueba | |||
| Francisco Javier Conde | Ambassador | 1959–1964[36] | Fernando María Castiella | Martín Echegoyen | |
| Rafael Ferrer Sagreras | Ambassador | 1964–1970[37] | Luis Giannattasio | ||
| Juan Serrat y Valera | Ambassador | 1970–1972[38] | Gregorio López-Bravo | Jorge Pacheco Areco | |
| Ramón Sáenz de Heredia y de Manzanos | Ambassador | 1972–1976[39] | Juan María Bordaberry | ||
| Román Oyarzun Marchesi | Ambassador | 1976–1980[40] | Adolfo Martín-Gamero (acting) |
Juan Carlos I | |
| Rafael Gómez-Jordana y Prats | Ambassador | 1980–1983[41] | José Pedro Pérez-Llorca | Aparicio Méndez | |
| Félix Guillermo Fernández-Shaw Baldasano | Ambassador | 1983–1987[42] | Fernando Morán | Gregorio Conrado Álvarez | |
| Federico Garayalde Emparan | Ambassador | 1988–1991[43] | Francisco Fernández Ordóñez | Julio María Sanguinetti | |
| Salvador Bermúdez de Castro y Bernales, Marquess of Lema |
Ambassador | 1991–1995[44] | Luis Alberto Lacalle | ||
| Ricardo Peidró | Ambassador | 1995–1996[45] | Javier Solana | Julio María Sanguinetti | |
| Joaquín María de Arístegui Laborde | Ambassador | 1996–2001[46] | Abel Matutes | ||
| Fernando Martínez Westerhausen | Ambassador | 2001–2004[47] | Josep Piqué | Jorge Batlle | |
| Fernando Valderrama Pareja | Ambassador | 2004–2008[48] | Miguel Ángel Moratinos | ||
| Aurora Díaz-Rato Revuelta | Ambassador | 2008–2012[49] | Tabaré Vázquez | ||
| Roberto Varela | Ambassador | 2012–2017[50] | José Manuel García-Margallo | José Mujica | |
| Javier Sangro | Ambassador | 2017–2019[51] | Alfonso Dastis | Felipe VI | Tabaré Vázquez |
| José Javier Gómez-Llera | Ambassador | 2019–2022[52] | Josep Borrell | ||
| Santiago Jiménez Martín | Ambassador | 2022–2025[53] | José Manuel Albares | Luis Lacalle Pou | |
| Javier Salido Ortiz | Ambassador | 2025–pres.[54] |
See also
Notes
- ^ Accredited to all the Río de la Plata states.
References
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs. "Embassy of Spain to Uruguay - Consulates". www.exteriores.gob.es. Archived from the original on May 18, 2025. Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ a b Ministry of State (January 8, 1846). "Arrival of the Legation of Spain to Uruguay in October 1845" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (May 23, 1953). "Decreto de 4 de mayo de 1953 por el que se eleva a Embajada la Representación Diplomática de España en Uruguay" [Decree of May 4, 1953, elevating the Diplomatic Representation of Spain in Uruguay to an Embassy.] (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (December 18, 1851). "Royal decree appointing Mr. José María de Alós as Chargé d'affaires and Consul General in Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (February 9, 1855). "Royal Decree appointing Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Río de la Plata states to Mr. Jacinto de Albistur" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (March 12, 1859). "Jacinto Albístur has delivered his letter of recall and Carlos Creus y Camps will continue acting as consul general in Montevideo and chargé d'affaires" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 1, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (June 15, 1861). "Mr. Carlos Creus y Campos had the honor of being received by His Excellency the President of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, in order to deliver his credentials as Resident Minister of Her Majesty the Queen" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (July 6, 1864). "Royal decrees appointing the Minister resident in the Republic of Uruguay, First Secretary of the Embassy of Saint Petersburg, Ministers plenipotentiary in the Netherlands and in the Sublime Porte to the subjects mentioned" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (January 13, 1865). "By Royal Decree of November 1 of the aforementioned year [1864], Mr. Carlos Creus, Minister resident in the Argentine Republic, was transferred to the Republic of Uruguay" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (June 22, 1873). "Royal Decree retiring Carlos Creus from active service and appointing Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Montevideo to José Mellado" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (July 22, 1874). "Decree ordering that Mr. Tiburcio Rodríguez y Muñoz, Chargé d'Affaires of Spain in Japan, shall take up the post of Legation of Spain in the Republic of Uruguay" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (March 24, 1875). "Royal Decree appointing Chargé d'Affaires at the Legation of Spain in Uruguay to Mariano Potestad" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (June 20, 1877). "Royal order promoting Mr. Lorenzo de Castellanos, and assigning him, with the rank of Chargé d'Affaires, to the Legation of Spain in the Oriental Republic of Uruguay" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (January 12, 1885). "Movement of diplomatic and consular personnel from January 1 to December 31, 1884" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (January 24, 1887). "Rankings of the diplomatic, consular and interpreter careers. 31 December 1886" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (October 5, 1894). "Royal decree rendering ineffective the decree destined for Mr. Ramiro Gil Uribarri as Minister resident in Lima and assigning him to Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (July 3, 1898). "Royal Decree promoting Juan Pérez Caballero to Resident Minister and appointing him as such in Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (January 12, 1907). "Royal decree promoting Don Germán María de Ory y Morey to Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of the second class, assigning him to the Legation of Spain in Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (January 3, 1911). "Royal decree promoting Mr. Joaquín Gutiérrez y Valcárcel, Marquess of Medina, First Class Secretary in this Ministry, to Resident Minister, assigning him to the Legation in Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (September 17, 1914). "Royal Decree appointing Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Montevideo to Mr. Silvio Fernández-Vallín y Alfonso" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (January 4, 1919). "Royal Decree appointing Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary in Montevideo to Mr. Tomás de Rueda y Osborne, Viscount of Fuente de Doña María" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (June 28, 1922). "Royal decree ordering that Mr. Manuel García de Acilu y Benito, Resident Minister, Counsellor of the Embassy in Berlin, shall continue his services with that rank at the Legation in Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (May 6, 1926). "Royal decree ordering that Mr. Alfonso de Danvila y Burguero, Resident Minister, Counselor of the Embassy in Buenos Aires, shall continue his services with said rank at the Legation in Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (April 19, 1930). "Royal decree assigning to the Legation of His Majesty in Montevideo the Minister Plenipotentiary of the first class Mr. Antonio Plá y Da Folgueira, current Head of the Central Section and Deputy Secretary General of the General Secretariat of Foreign Affairs" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (January 8, 1933). "Decree appointing Mr. Enrique Díez-Canedo y Reixa as Minister Plenipotentiary in Montevideo, with the category of Minister Plenipotentiary of the first class" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (June 10, 1934). "Decree ordering that Mr. Antonio de la Cruz Marín, Minister Plenipotentiary of the third class, Consul General of the Nation in New York, shall continue his services, with that category, to the Legation of Spain in Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (July 4, 1934). "Decree appointing Mr. Carlos Malagarriga Munné as Minister Plenipotentiary of the first class at the Legation of Spain in Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (July 3, 1935). "Decree ordering that Mr. Plácido Álvarez Buylla y de Lozana, Minister Plenipotentiary of the second class, Chargé d'Affaires of Spain in Dublin, shall continue his services, with said category, to the Legation of Spain in Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of State (September 20, 1936). "Decree appointing Mr. Augusto Barcia Trelles, Deputy to the Cortes, as Minister Plenipotentiary of the First Class in the Legation of Spain in Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (July 6, 1939). "Decree appointing Mr. José María Doussinague Texidor as Minister of Spain in Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (April 13, 1940). "Decree appointing Mr. Luis Martínez de Irujo y Caro as Minister of Spain in Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (June 27, 1943). "Decree of June 21, 1943, appointing Mr. Teodomiro de Aguilar y Salas as Extraordinary Envoy and Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain to His Excellency the President of the Republic of Uruguay" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (November 11, 1944). "Decree appointing Mr. Juan Pablo de Lojendio Irure as Extraordinary Envoy and Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain to His Excellency the President of the Republic of Uruguay" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (October 3, 1951). "Decree of September 28, 1951, appointing Mr. Carlos Cañal y Gómez-Imaz, Marquis of Saavedra, as Extraordinary Envoy and Minister Plenipotentiary of Spain to His Excellency the President of the Republic of Uruguay" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (May 23, 1953). "Decree of May 13, 1953, appointing Mr. Carlos Cañal y Gómez-Imaz, Marquis of Saavedra, as Ambassador of Spain in Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (December 30, 1959). "Decree 2309/1959, of December 17, appointing Mr. Francisco Javier Conde García as Ambassador of Spain in Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (April 6, 1964). "Decree 738/1964, of March 18, by which Mr. Rafael Ferrer Sagreras is appointed Ambassador of Spain in Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (April 4, 1970). "Decree 842/1970, of April 3, by which Mr. Juan Serrat y Valera is appointed Ambassador of Spain to Uruguay" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (August 21, 1972). "Decree 2190/1972, of August 18, by which Mr. Ramón Sáenz de Heredia y de Manzanos is appointed Ambassador of Spain to Uruguay" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (February 24, 1976). "Decree 279/1976, of February 20, by which Mr. Román Oyarzun Iñarra is appointed Ambassador of Spain in Montevideo" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (October 30, 1930). "Royal Decree 2329/1980, of October 24, by which Mr. Rafael Gómez-Jordana y Prats is appointed Ambassador of Spain to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (March 21, 1983). "Royal Decree 574/1983, of March 16, by which Mr. Félix Guillermo Fernández-Shaw y Baldasano is appointed Ambassador of Spain to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (February 6, 1988). "Royal Decree 77/1988, of February 5, by which Mr. Federico Garayalde Emparan is appointed Ambassador of Spain to Uruguay" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (December 25, 1991). "Royal Decree 1811/1991, of December 21, by which Mr. Salvador Bermúdez de Castro y Bernales is appointed Ambassador of Spain to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay" (PDF). Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (February 6, 1995). "Royal Decree 162/1995, of February 3, by which Mr. Ricardo Peidró Conde is appointed Ambassador of Spain to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay". Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (November 26, 1996). "Royal Decree 2425/1996, of November 22, by which Mr. Joaquín María de Aristegui y Petit is appointed as Ambassador of Spain to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay". Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (June 2, 2001). "Royal Decree 586/2001, of June 1, appointing Mr. Fernando Martínez Westerhausen as ambassador of Spain to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay". Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (July 10, 2004). "Royal Decree 1657/2004, of July 9, by which Mr. Fernando Valderrama Pareja is appointed Ambassador of Spain to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay". Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (June 14, 2008). "Royal Decree 1002/2008, of June 13, appointing Ms. Aurora Díaz-Rato Revuelta as Ambassador of Spain to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay". Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (March 6, 2012). "Royal Decree 461/2012, of March 5, appointing Mr. Roberto Varela Fariña as Ambassador of Spain to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay". Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (May 6, 2017). "Royal Decree 460/2017, of May 5, appointing Mr. Javier Sangro de Liniers as Ambassador of Spain to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay". Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (April 6, 2019). "Royal Decree 170/2019, of April 5, appointing Mr. José Javier Gómez-Llera y García-Nava as Ambassador of Spain to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay". Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (October 26, 2022). "Royal Decree 910/2022, of October 25, appointing Mr. Santiago Jiménez Martín as Ambassador of Spain to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay". Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.
- ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (January 22, 2025). "Royal Decree 39/2025, of January 21, appointing Mr. Javier Salido Ortiz as Ambassador of Spain to the Oriental Republic of Uruguay". Gaceta de Madrid (in Spanish). Retrieved November 2, 2025.