Sneath Glass Company

Sneath Glass Company
IndustryGlass
PredecessorTiffin Glass Company
Founded1892 (1892)
Defunct1952 (1952)
HeadquartersHartford City, Indiana
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Ralph Davis Sneath, Henry Crimmel
ProductsLantern globes
Glassware
Specialty glass
RevenueUSD $1.055 Million (1951)
Number of employees
240 (1936)

The Sneath Glass Company /sniːθ/ was an American manufacturer of lantern globes and glassware. It began in Tiffin, Ohio, in 1892 when businessman Samuel B. Sneath purchased the Tiffin Glass Company and renamed it. Additional owners were his son Ralph Davis Sneath, and John W. Geiger. Mr. Theodore J. Creighton provided glass–making expertise and was plant manager. Production began during February 1892. Original products were mainly lantern globes and other lighting merchandise.

The Sneath Glass works in Tiffin was destroyed by a fire in 1894. The company was enticed to rebuild its factory in Hartford City, Indiana, and resumed production later in the year. The company was reorganized with five stockholders, including the two Sneaths, Geiger, and experienced glass men Henry Crimmel and his son A.C. Crimmel. Products were lantern globes and founts, and many customers were railroad companies. In 1905 the factory was moved to a site on another side of Hartford City that had better railroad service and a bigger facility. Over the next decade, the company began a transition from lantern globes to glassware for food preservation, as the U.S. railroad industry stopped growing and Americans began using electricity for lighting their homes. Many of the company's jars and glassware were used in Hoosier cabinets, which were especially popular in residential kitchens during the 1920s.

When homes began being built with kitchen cabinetry during the 1930s, the popularity of Hoosier cabinets declined and the company again made a product transition. The use of electric refrigerators in homes during the 1930s enabled the company to transition to making related products such as defroster trays, cold water pitchers, and butter dishes. In the early 1950s, glass manufacturers faced competition from the new plastics industry, and the company did not make enough product transitions. During 1952, the nation had a system of price controls that attempted to control war–time inflation, but the company's workers held a strike demanding better wages and fringe benefits. Already losing money, the company could not raise prices, and closed permanently.

Beginning in Ohio

Predecessor

The Tiffin Glass Company was organized as a cooperative in April 1888. It was the first glass company in Tiffin, Ohio. Samuel B. Sneath, a local businessman with no glassmaking experience, was president.[1] Construction of a glass works began during May, and the facility with a 12-pot furnace was completed by September.[1][Note 1] Production began September 10, and the main products were tableware. Lamps and lantern globes were expected to eventually join the product portfolio.[5][Note 2]

By the Fall of 1889, the company was not performing well financially—and its approximately 120 employees were unhappy with management.[11] In an attempt to pause and resolve differences, the factory shut down on November 30, 1889. By January 1891, nothing had been resolved, the factory was still shut down, and creditors (employees, shareholders, tax collectors, and vendors) wanted money. An application to dissolve the company was approved in February, and the facility was leased for about four months to another glassmaker. To pay debts, the county sheriff conducted an auction of the glass works on January 7, 1892.[12] The winning bidder was Samuel B. Sneath, who had been president of the company. The Tiffin Glass Company was officially dissolved on January 11, 1892. Years later, an unrelated Tiffin Glass Company would come into existence.[13]

Sneath Glass in Tiffin

After Sneath's purchase of the Tiffin Glass factory, it was revealed that prior to the purchase, a new firm called Sneath Glass Company had been formed—and Sneath's purchase had been as a representative of that company.[14] The new firm was organized by Samuel B. Sneath, his son Ralph D. Sneath, and J.W. Geiger. The elder Sneath was the new company's president and treasurer, Geiger was secretary, and Theodore J. Creighton was plant manager. Production began on February 20, 1892. Products were jars and lantern globes.[14]

In nearby Fostoria, Ohio, the Novelty Glass Company shut down in January 1892 because of a lack of orders. Although it planned to restart in April, it still remained closed during May.[15] At that time, plant manager Henry Crimmel left the company to become manager of Sneath Glass—replacing Theodore Creighton.[16] Crimmel was an experienced glass worker. In addition to Novelty Glass Company, he had also worked at J. H. Hobbs, Brockunier and Company, Belmont Glass Works, and Fostoria Glass Company.[17] He was involved with the startup, and had been a manager, at all of those companies except the Hobbs works.[18] Under the leadership of its new manager, Sneath Glass prospered.[14]

Factory burns

Elsewhere, the discovery of natural gas in Eaton, Indiana, during the late 1880s started an economic boom period in East Central Indiana.[19] Like many East Central Indiana communities during the gas boom, Hartford City's leaders sought to take advantage of their newfound energy resource. The Hartford City Land Company was formed in 1891 as part of the effort to attract manufacturers. The company offered "free sites, free gas, excellent switching facilities, and reasonable cash subsidies" as enticements for manufacturers to locate in the boom town.[20]

During mid-March 1894, the Sneath Glass plant in Tiffin was destroyed by fire.[14] The company's warehouses were saved.[21] The destruction of the main works was so complete that it was said that the only things remaining were the building's side walls and smokestack. The facility would never be rebuilt.[14] An offer was made by the Hartford City Land Company to the Sneaths and Geiger, which would enable them to restart their glass making in Hartford City, Indiana. Already with insurance money, management was enticed by low cost natural gas, free land, a relocation bonus, and railroad facilities.[22]

Beginning in Indiana

In June 1894, plans for the new factory in Hartford City were underway. The new plant was located on the north side of town, and had access to natural gas and a belt railway.[23] By September, portions of the plant were operating, and lantern globes were the product being produced.[24] During December 1894, the company filed articles with the Indiana Secretary of State for incorporation with capital stock of $30,000.[25] The firm's officers were Ralph Davis Sneath, president; John W. Geiger, treasurer; Alvie Clyde Crimmel, secretary; and Henry Crimmel, plant manager.[26] In addition to the three owners (J.W. Geiger, Ralph and Samuel Sneath) of the Ohio version of the company, the Indiana version of the company included the two Crimmels. Each of the five men owned one fifth of the company's stock.[27] The Crimmels provided the glass making expertise, as A.C. Crimmel had been secretary of Novelty Glass Company and Henry Crimmel had managed several works.[28] The other three men were successful businessmen.[29] Both Ralph and Samuel Sneath kept their homes in Tiffin, while Geiger and the Crimmels moved to Hartford City.[30]

The company made all types of lantern globes, especially those used by railroads and ships. It also made semaphore glass for signaling. At one time during the 1890s, it was one of only three factories in the United States that made copper ruby globes.[31] In addition to lantern globes, the company made founts (a.k.a. fonts) that held the lantern's fuel.[32][Note 3] Over a decade later, globes made by Sneath were used in the construction of the Panama Canal.[33] By 1897, Sneath Glass had over 60 employees.[34] In 1899, the company was the only American manufacturer listed, in a directory of over 1,000 pages, that manufactured semaphore globes and bulls–eye lenses.[35] Ruby, green, and blue globes became specialty items.[36] The company had begun to slowly diversify its product line. Other products listed in the same directory for Sneath were "Fancy Colored Glassware", "Fruit Jars", "Globes and Shades", "Lantern Globes", and "Glass Smoke Bells".[37]

Factory relocation

By early January 1903 the company was discussing a gas shortage. Plans were made to use coal as a fuel for the furnaces when the natural gas supply was exhausted, contingent upon satisfactory railroad service.[38] At the time, the company did not have direct access to railroad service, and all freight (inbound and outbound) had to be hauled to the rail station by wagon.[39]

Focusing on improving the situation at the current glass works, plant manager Henry Crimmel received a patent in 1904 for a “Glass Drawing Machine” that was an improvement for glass blowing and prevented irregularities in the thickness of the glass.[40] By the end of 1904, the lack of direct rail service had become more important because the natural gas shortage made it necessary to use coal for fuel. Coal would be too expensive with a branch line from the railroads that could be used for delivery. The company was receiving offers from states such as New York and Colorado to move their plant to a better location.[41]

During May 1905 it was announced that the Sneath Glass works would move to an unused window glass plant located along railroad line on the city's west side. The plant was owned by the American Window Glass Company, was known as Plant number 32, and had been the plant of the Jones Glass Company. The new plant would more than double Sneath's capacity, and the adjacent railroad began construction of coal docks.[42][Note 4]

The company began using its new facility during November 1905.[44] It increased its capital stock from $30,000 to $100,000 in early 1906. Ralph Sneath was still president and A.C. Crimmel was still secretary.[45] For the next few years, the company continued to make improvements to its facility, including concrete walls and electric lighting. By January 1907 it employed 175 people.[46]

Loss of the founders

Original investor Samuel Baugher Sneath died on January 7, 1915, at the age of 86 years. Sneath was well known as a banker, manufacturer, and railroad owner. He was also involved in the produce business and grain trade.[47] John W. Geiger, part of the original company ownership and management as treasurer, retired in 1907 and moved back to Ohio. He continued to be a company stockholder. He died at his home in Tiffin on June 23, 1915, at the age of 74 years.[48] Henry Crimmel suffered a stroke in 1916, forcing him into full retirement. He died about one year later at the age of 73 years.[49]

After the deaths of three of the five founders of the Indiana version of the company, their stock went to their heirs, which kept the company closely owned. In 1917, the company had about 15 stockholders. Henry's son (and company co-founder) Alvie Clyde Crimmel owned the most stock, and in 1917 was vice-president and treasurer.[50] A.C. Crimmel's son, Henry Hays Crimmel, would later join the company and eventually rise to vice president and co-manager of the factory.[51]

Transition from globes to other products

Originally, the company devoted its production exclusively to lighting and lantern-related products such as lantern globes and founts. It made more globes than any two companies combined.[31] Several factors contributed to the need for a transition from globe manufacturer, and all were related to declining demand. First, around the end of the 19th century, electrification and the incandescent light bulb began replacing oil lamps, causing less need for lamp globes and fonts in cities.[52] Next, railroads in the United States (major customers for globes) stopped expanding. Miles of railroad line owned peaked in 1916, and the number of railroad employees peaked in 1920.[53] Since the railroad industry was shrinking, its demand for lantern globes would diminish. Finally, in the 1930s, rural electrification decreased farmers' need for oil lamps.[54]

Sneath began diversifying as early as 1908, when they announced they would be making fruit jars because of an unusually large crop that season.[55] Around 1914, Sneath started making glassware for portable kitchen cabinets known as Hoosier cabinets.[56][Note 5] This began the gradual transition from manufacturer of lantern globes to manufacturer of glass products for portable kitchen cabinets. Cabinet products included salt and sugar bins, spice jars, and coffee and tea jars.[56] Another product was a dispensing jar, with a design patented November 2, 1915.[59]

World War I and after

The company used its experience with lighting and lenses to assist the United States government during World War I. Almost 10 percent of Sneath's production was devoted to a contract with the United States Navy to manufacture signal and masthead lights. Red, green, and white lights were produced for Navy ships.[60] Fresnel deck lights were also produced.[61] By 1918, the company's main products (in addition to the lenses and lamps) were lantern globes, colored and crystal specialties, and food preservation ware such as canisters and fruit jars.[62]

In August 1920, the company changed operations to two ten–hour shifts each day instead of three eight–hour shifts. This was the procedure preferred by the workforce. The plant used coal to produce producer gas for its furnaces because of shortages of natural gas.[63] Management in the early 1920s consisted of Ralph Sneath, president; A.C. Crimmel, vice president and treasurer; Ray Pruden, superintendent, and H.C. Hill, secretary.[64]

Sneath Glass continued making glassware for kitchen cabinet manufacturers such as Hoosier and Sellers, and the 1920s were peak years for that cabinet style. The company was the state's leading manufacturer of glassware for kitchen cabinets.[65] Sneath management also patented more of its products used in kitchen cabinets, such as a sugar bin and a holder for condiment jars.[66] The company also continued to improve its manufacturing process, as two employees were granted a patent for a means to remove glass from molds.[67]

In 1920, the company added a very different item to its product portfolio: a wall-mounted mailbox. These mailboxes were made of glass, enabling one to easily see if mail had been delivered. Sneath employee William Chapman, working under the supervision of Ray Pruden, was granted a patent for the glass mailbox in 1921.[68][Note 6] Chapman, a well-known glass blower, was also granted a patent for the design of an ash tray.[70] Management patented other products during the 1920s, including a caster for furniture, a drawer pull, a measuring cup, and a chick fount.[71] Years later, the glass mailbox was shown in Popular Mechanics magazine.[72]

The Great Depression and World War II

In 1930, management consisted of Ralph D. Sneath, president; Alvie Clyde Crimmel, vice president; Henry Hays Crimmel, treasurer and general manager; Harry C. Hill, secretary and sales manager; and Ray Pruden, factory manager.[73] During the Great Depression of the 1930s, Sneath kept a workforce of over 200. In late summer 1936, the company announced it would add extra pay to the paychecks of 240 employees in appreciation for their production during the extremely hot summer.[74] The company had 231 employees in 1940.[75]

Transition to refrigerator products

By the mid-1930s, the Hoosier style cabinets, many of which contained glassware made by Sneath Glass, had lost their popularity. New houses typically contained built-in cabinetry.[76] Like the company's transition from lantern globes to glassware for kitchen cabinets, a transition away from Hoosier cabinet glassware was important for the company's survival. Household ownership of electric refrigerators in the United States increased from about 10 percent in 1930 to 85 percent in 1944.[77][Note 7] Sneath Glass Company began transitioning to products related to mechanical refrigerators, and secured at least six patents related to mechanical refrigerators between 1933 and 1941.[80]

It has been claimed that Sneath Glass, at one time, produced almost 90 percent of the glassware used in consumer refrigerators in the United States.[81] Some of the consumer refrigeration products produced were defroster trays, cold water pitchers, and butter dishes.[81] Although the company had transitioned to refrigerator products as a focal point, it still made other merchandise such as sundae dishes, ink wells, and fish tanks.[81]

Ralph Sneath and World War II

On June 9, 1940, millionaire Ralph Sneath died at the age of 76 from injuries received in a May 29 auto accident.[82] Sneath bequeathed $160,000 to institutions and individuals—including $1,000 (equivalent to $22,444 in 2024) to each employee of the bank where he was chairman.[83] The company was reorganized in 1941 with A.C. Crimmel as president and H.C. Hill as secretary.[84] Product sales for 1941 were $1.69 million (equivalent to $36,125,216 in 2024).[84] The mid-1940s management team was A. C. Crimmel, president; Henry Hays Crimmel, Vice President; H.C. Hill, Secretary and Sales Manager; S.B. Sneath Jr., Treasurer; John Richard Crimmel, Assistant Treasurer and Purchasing Agent; and Ray Pruden, Superintendent.[85]

The company continued with an aging workforce and aging infrastructure. Employee James A. Lewis received three patents related to glassmaking during the early 1940s.[86] Refrigeration products continued to be the most important segment of the product portfolio at that time. During World War II, the company made water-tight globes and lenses for search lights. Since metals were scarce for the domestic market, the company also made glass irons, skillets, and kitchen sinks.[81] Another product that began in the 1940s was the company's own version of heat proof glass (borosilicate glass). This glass could be moved between a refrigerator and oven without breaking from the extreme temperature change. Heat proof glass was used for ovenware and coffee makers—and during World War II, it was used in searchlight products.[87] After the war, sales of all products declined in 1948 and 1949, but were back up to $1.03 million in 1950 and $1.055 million in 1951 (equivalent to $12,786,084 in 2024).[84]

The end of Sneath Glass

In the early 1950s, glass manufacturers faced competition from the new plastics industry, as refrigerator parts and glassware had begun being made using plastic instead of glass.[81] Glass companies needed to change with the times or face extinction, and Sneath Glass did not make enough changes. Sneath Glass Company was losing money during 1952, but the local labor union went on strike for higher wages and fringe benefits.[88] At the time, the nation's Office of Price Stabilization would not allow Sneath to increase prices.[88][Note 8] The plant was closed during September 1952, and approximately 125 families lost a source of income.[90] The remaining company founder, A.C. Crimmel, died within two years.[91][Note 9]

During March 1953 it was announced that Indiana Glass Company purchased the Sneath Glass Company. The purchaser planned to reopen the glass works, and both companies were making glassware for the table and oven.[93] This acquisition enabled the company to offer Sneath's heat proof glass as one of its many glassware products. Production at the Hartford City plant was restarted briefly, but eventually halted. Eventually the plant was sold to Sinclair Glass Company.[81]

Notes

Footnotes

  1. ^ A pot was essentially a measure of a glass plant's capacity. Each ceramic pot was located inside the furnace. The pot contained molten glass created by melting a batch of ingredients that typically included sand, soda, and lime.[2] Stationed around each pot was a team of laborers that extracted the molten glass and began the process of making the glass product.[3] For comparison purposes, the Fostoria Glass Company was incorporated in 1887, and its original furnace was also 12 pots.[4]
  2. ^ Because electric lighting did not begin until the late 1880s, many homes used kerosine lamps for lighting.[6] Lamps consisted of a stand, font, chimney, and often a shade.[7] The font (also spelled "fount") held the kerosine for the lamp.[8] The chimney was a glass tube placed around the lamp's flame that had a bulge at the base that kept drafts away from the flame and added extra illumination.[9] A lamp's shade was a glass object that surrounded the light source and diffused it.[10]
  3. ^ A Sneath sales brochure shows a "Cold Blast Globe" on page 6. It fit Blizzard or Cold Blast lanterns, and came in ruby, green, blue, and crystal colors. Page 30 of the same brochure shows its No. 2 Crescent Fount, that fit all standard No. 2 cups or rings. The front of a Sneath brochure states "Lantern Globes, Lamps, Lamp Founts".[32]
  4. ^ The Jones Glass Company operated a window glass plant beginning December 1898. The factory operated for about one year until it was sold to the American Window Glass trust and became known as the trust's Factory Number 32. The factory was unable to secure natural gas for its furnace during February 1904, and it was closed permanently.[43]
  5. ^ Very few homes had built-in kitchen countertops and kitchen cabinets during the 19th century, and it was not until the late 1920s that built-in cabinets became a standard kitchen furnishing.[57] The Hoosier Manufacturing Company began making a piece of furniture that was a workstation and kitchen cabinet. The company's product was so popular that "Hoosier cabinet" became a generic term for that style of kitchen cabinet.[57] Hoosier cabinets, made by Hoosier Manufacturing or its competitors, were very popular from 1900 to 1930.[58] Eventually houses were built with modern kitchens that included built-in cabinets, counter tops, and other fixtures—making the Hoosier cabinet obsolete.[58]
  6. ^ Although the local newspaper listed both Ray Pruden and William Chapman as the patentees of the glass mailbox, both glass mailbox-related patents from that period list only William Moses Chapman as the inventor.[69]
  7. ^ At the beginning of the century, ice boxes were used for food preservation. Electric refrigerators were available as early as the 1910s, but they were very expensive. The first electric refrigerator to become popular in the United States was made by General Electric in 1927. Its price was $520 (equivalent to $9,413 in 2024).[78] The electric refrigeration industry thrived during the Great Depression, and the average price of a home refrigerator dropped from $275 (equivalent to $5,176 in 2024) in 1930 to $152 (equivalent to $3,412 in 2024) in 1940.[79]
  8. ^ In the United States, prices were frozen on January 26, 1951, as part of an effort to stabilize inflation during the Korean War.[89]
  9. ^ Ironically, Henry Crimmel helped found a company that lasted 60 years, and his brother Jacob helped found a union that contributed (along with management) to the company's demise.[92]

Citations

  1. ^ a b Paquette 2002, p. 409
  2. ^ United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce 1917, p. 67
  3. ^ United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce 1917, pp. 71–74
  4. ^ Paquette 2002, pp. 179–180
  5. ^ Paquette 2002, p. 410
  6. ^
    • "History of the Kerosene Lamp". Iowa State University – University Museums. 24 April 2020. Archived from the original on August 21, 2023. Retrieved August 21, 2023.;
    • "Shining a Light on Oil Lamps". Boylston Historical Society (Massachusetts). 2020. Archived from the original on April 13, 2024. Retrieved August 6, 2024.;
    • "Camphene to Kerosene Lamps". American Oil & Gas Historical Society. 2024. Retrieved August 6, 2024.
  7. ^ Shotwell 2002, pp. 290–291
  8. ^ Shotwell 2002, p. 189
  9. ^ Shotwell 2002, p. 85
  10. ^ Shotwell 2002, p. 494
  11. ^ Paquette 2002, pp. 411–412
  12. ^ Paquette 2002, pp. 412–413
  13. ^
    • Paquette 2002, p. 413;
    • "Tiffin Glass–Works Sold (lower left corner)". Cincinnati Commercial Gazette (Newspaper Archive). January 9, 1892. p. 11. This afternoon Judge J.F. Bunn, receiver of the Tiffin Glass Company, sold the factory building to S.B. Sneath....
  14. ^ a b c d e Paquette 2002, p. 439
  15. ^ Paquette 2002, p. 206
  16. ^
    • Paquette 2002, p. 439;
    • "Untitled (2nd column from left, near bottom)". Wheeling Daily Intelligencer. October 3, 1892. p. 3. Henry Crimmel...now managing a glass factory at Tiffin.
  17. ^
  18. ^
  19. ^
  20. ^ Unlisted (Hartford City Illustrated) 1896, p. 4
  21. ^ "Glass works Burned (page 1 column 4, 2/3 down)". Evening Bulletin (Maysville, Kentucky) (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress). March 15, 1894.
  22. ^
  23. ^
    • "The New Factory Located (top of column 2)". Hartford City Telegram (Newspaper Archive). June 20, 1894. p. 4. ...one mile north. Work on the belt railroad....;
    • "Untitled in column 5, close to bottom". Hartford City Telegram (Newspaper Archive). August 1, 1894. p. 1. A. H. Crannell, who is drilling the gas well for the Sneath glass works....
  24. ^ "The New Glass Works (top of column 3)". Hartford City Telegram (Newspaper Archive). September 19, 1894. p. 8. Hundreds of people found their way out to the Sneath glass works....
  25. ^ "City News Notes (page 6, column 4, near bottom)". Indianapolis Journal (from Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress). December 25, 1894.
  26. ^ Unlisted (Hartford City Illustrated) 1896, pp. 18–19
  27. ^ United States Board of Tax Appeals 1926, p. 736
  28. ^ Paquette 2002, pp. 205–206
  29. ^
  30. ^
    • Dale 1899, pp. 39, 47, 80;
    • Unlisted (Hartford City Illustrated) 1896, p. 38;
    • "Personal and Local Chat (column 5, 2/3 down)". Newton Record (Newton, Iowa) (Newspaper Archives). January 20, 1898. p. 1. Ralph D. Sneath, of Tiffin, Ohio, visited....;
    • "House for Indigent Old Ladies to be Established at Tiffin (column 5, near bottom)". Cincinnati Commercial Gazette (Newspaper Archives). January 25, 1889. p. 1. Samuel B. Sneath...one of Tiffin's wealthiest men....
  31. ^ a b Unlisted (Hartford City Illustrated) 1896, p. 18
  32. ^ a b
  33. ^ Bennett 1915, p. 456
  34. ^ McAbee 1898, p. 34
  35. ^ Unlisted (Seeger and Guernsey) 1899, pp. 318, 1082
  36. ^ Crimmel 1903, p. 691
  37. ^ Unlisted (Seeger and Guernsey) 1899, pp. 172, 174, 317–318, 329
  38. ^ "(Untitled column 3 toward bottom)". Hartford City Telegram (Newspaper Archive). January 7, 1903. p. 5. The Sneath Glass company's board....
  39. ^ "(Untitled column 5 toward bottom)". Hartford City Telegram (Newspaper Archive). January 14, 1903. p. 7. The question of the Sneath factory remaining here....
  40. ^ US 759159, Henry Crimmel, "Glass–Drawing Machine", issued May 3, 1904  Archived January 23, 2025, at the Wayback Machine
  41. ^ "Talking of Moving (Column 3 toward bottom)". Hartford City Telegram (Newspaper Archive). December 14, 1904. p. 2. The Sneath glass company has been receiving propositions....
  42. ^
    • "New Sneath Factory to be a Big Concern (Column 5 at top)". Hartford City Telegram (Newspaper Archive). May 31, 1905. p. 6. More than Double the Size of the Present Factory—Work on New Plant Begins;
    • Castelo et al. 2013, p. 152
  43. ^ Castelo et al. 2013, p. 143
  44. ^ "Untitled (upper right corner)". Hartford City Telegram (Newspaper Archive). November 1, 1905. p. 8. The Sneath Glass company expects....
  45. ^ "Incorporations (at bottom)". Indianapolis Sun (Newspaper Archive). March 6, 1906. p. 8. The Sneath Glass company, Hartford City, has increased its capital....
  46. ^ "New Sneath is Still Growing (upper right corner)". Hartford City Telegram (Newspaper Archive). January 30, 1907. p. 1. Increasing its Facilities for Making Lantern Globes
  47. ^
    • "Nearby Towns (column 4 around middle)". Van Wert Daily Bulletin (Newspaper Archive). January 9, 1915. p. 2. ...one of the oldest and most highly esteemed residents of Tiffin....;
    • Unlisted (National Cyclopaedia) 1920, pp. 22–23
  48. ^ Unlisted (National Glass Budget July) 1915, p. 14
  49. ^
    • "H. Crimmel Drops Dead on Street". Hartford City News. October 10, 1917. p. 1.;
    • "Dies in Street (column 3 around middle)". Fort Wayne Sentinel (Newspaper Archive). October 11, 1911. p. 7.;
    • Unlisted (National Glass Budget October) 1917, p. 1
  50. ^ United States Board of Tax Appeals 1926, pp. 736–737
  51. ^
    • "Funeral of H. Hays Crimmel Set Friday Chapel at Largo, Fla". Hartford City News–Times. May 5, 1965. He was former vice-president and co-manager with his father of the Sneath Glass company here.;
    • Unlisted (American Glass Review) 1943, p. 10
  52. ^
  53. ^ United States Interstate Commerce Commission Bureau of Transport Economics and Statistics 1952, pp. 155, 159
  54. ^ "Rural Electrification Act". U.S. National Park Service. 2021. Archived from the original on July 22, 2025. Retrieved August 15, 2025.
  55. ^ "Untitled (column 3, second paragraph)". Hartford City Telegram (Newspaper Archive). June 3, 1908. p. 2. Mason fruit jars are to be manufactured by the Sneath Glass company.
  56. ^ a b
  57. ^ a b Hiller 2009, p. 6.
  58. ^ a b Hiller 2009, p. 81.
  59. ^
  60. ^ Unlisted (National Glass Budget May) 1917, p. 3
  61. ^ Unlisted (National Glass Budget June) 1917, p. 1
  62. ^ Unlisted (National Glass Budget January) 1918, p. 1
  63. ^
    • "Untitled (column 6, 2/3 down)". Fort Wayne Journal Gazette (Newspaper Archive). August 4, 1920. p. 13. The Sneath Glass factory, which has been operating on the three trick....;
    • "Coal Men Cite Wilson's Stand (Continued) (left column, near bottom)". Indianapolis Indiana Daily Times (Newspaper Archive). March 29, 1920. p. 3. ...entered into a contract with the Sneath Glass Company...about 650 tons of coal....
  64. ^
  65. ^
    • Castelo et al. 2013, p. 153;
    • "Wonderful Co-operation has been Gained (Continued) – Sneath Glass Company (far right column)". Fort Wayne Journal Gazette (Newspaper Archive). April 2, 1922. p. 44. The company is the largest manufacturer in Indiana of kitchen cabinet glassware.
  66. ^
  67. ^ US patent 1,478,126, James Alfred Lewis & Alvie C. Crimmel, "Means for Removing Articles from Molds", issued December 18, 1923 
  68. ^
    • "Hartford City Men are Patentees of New Glass Mailbox". Hartford City News. July 7, 1921. Ray Pruden, superintendent and William Chapman, well known glass blower, of the Sneath Glass company....;
    • Castelo et al. 2013, pp. 58–59
  69. ^
  70. ^
    • "Hartford City Men are Patentees of New Glass Mailbox". Hartford City News. July 7, 1921. Ray Pruden, superintendent and William Chapman, well known glass blower, of the Sneath Glass company....;
    • US patent 61,267, William M. Chapman, "Ash Tray", issued July 25, 1922 
  71. ^
  72. ^ Unlisted (Popular Mechanics Magazine) 1943, p. 48
  73. ^ Unlisted (American Glass Review) 1930, p. 125
  74. ^ "Hot–Weather Bonus Goes to Employees (top of column 6)". Logansport Press (Newspaper Archive). August 22, 1936. p. 2. The Sneath Glass company....
  75. ^ "Untitled (column 3 near bottom)". Rushville evening Daily Republican (Newspaper Archive). September 20, 1940. p. 7. ...the 231 employees and officers of the Sneath Glass company have petitioned...
  76. ^ Pulos 1988, p. 130
  77. ^
  78. ^ "The Icebox, the Predecessor of Modern Refrigeration". National Park Service, U.S. Department of the Interior. Archived from the original on July 16, 2025. Retrieved August 22, 2025.
  79. ^ "The Refrigerator's Cool Century". American Enterprise Institute. Archived from the original on August 20, 2025. Retrieved August 21, 2025.
  80. ^
    • US patent 1,915,849, Alvie C. Crimmel & Henry H. Crimmel, "Glass Defrosting Tray for Mechanical Refrigerators", issued June 27, 1933 ;
    • US patent 1,915,647, Alvie C. Crimmel & Henry H. Crimmel, "Glass Defrosting Tray for Mechanical Refrigerators", issued June 27, 1933, assigned to Sneath Glass Company ;
    • US patent 1,920,359, Alvie C. Crimmel, "Vessel and Track Construction for Refrigerators", issued August 1, 1933 ;
    • US patent 1,949,453, Alvie C. Crimmel & Henry H. Crimmel, "Receptacle and Combination Tray and Cover", issued March 6, 1934 ;
    • US patent 2,199,195, Henry Hays Crimmel, "Multiple Compartment Tray", issued April 30, 1940, assigned to Sneath Glass Company 
    • US patent 2,242,903, Henry Hays Crimmel, "Refrigerator and Tray Construction", issued May 20, 1941, assigned to Sneath Glass Company 
  81. ^ a b c d e f Castelo et al. 2013, p. 154
  82. ^
    • Banking Publicity Assn. of the United States 1940, p. 24;
    • "Tiffin Business Executive Dies (top of column 6)". Findley Republican–Courier (Newspaper Archive). June 10, 1940. p. 3. Ralph D. Sneath, 76, Tiffin business and civic leader, died....
  83. ^ "Gives $160,000 (middle of column 3)". Mansfield News Journal (Newspaper Archive). June 18, 1940. p. 13. Tiffin Banker Leaves $15,000 to His Chauffeur in Will
  84. ^ a b c "Ball State University, University Libraries - Sneath Glass Company records - Collection Box 1". Ball State University. Retrieved August 22, 2024.
  85. ^
  86. ^
    • US patent 2,216,318, James A. Lewis, "Glass Machine Operating Cam", issued October 1, 1940, assigned to Sneath Glass Company ;
    • US patent 2,251,847, James A. Lewis, "Glass Machine", issued August 5, 1941, assigned to Sneath Glass Company ;
    • US patent 2,301,892, James A. Lewis, "Glass Machine", issued November 10, 1942, assigned to Sneath Glass Company 
  87. ^
  88. ^ a b "What's Wrong at Sneath? (advertisement)". Hartford City News–Times. October 2, 1952. We are therefore caught between a governmental agency, regulating the price of our product, and an unrelenting demand of the national union and a few of our employees, who do not or will not understand our cost of operation problems.
  89. ^ "Memorandum Urging Agency Cooperation in Enforcing Price and Wage Stabilization Orders". National Archives and Records Administration, Harry S. Truman Library and Museum. Archived from the original on May 19, 2025. Retrieved August 24, 2025.
  90. ^
    • "Hartford City Glass Plant Changes Hands (bottom of column 3)". Logansport Press (Newspaper Archive). March 17, 1953. p. 8. Indiana Glass Co. of Dunkirk announced....;
    • "What's Wrong at Sneath? (advertisement)". Hartford City News–Times. October 2, 1952. We are therefore caught between a governmental agency, regulating the price of our product, and an unrelenting demand of the national union and a few of our employees, who do not or will not understand our cost of operation problems.
  91. ^ "Rites A. C. Crimmel Set for Saturday at Funeral Chapel Here". Hartford City News Times. February 26, 1954.
  92. ^
  93. ^ "Hartford City Glass Plant Changes Hands (bottom of column 3)". Logansport Press (Newspaper Archive). March 17, 1953. p. 8. Indiana Glass Co. of Dunkirk announced....

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