List of active separatist movements in Asia

This is a list of active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism can include autonomism and secessionism,[1] despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country.

Criteria

What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:

  1. They are active movements with active members.
  2. They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
  3. They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.

Under each region listed is one or more of the following:

Afghanistan

See also: Balkhab uprising, Hazara nationalism, and Pashtun nationalism

South Turkestan[2][3]

Hazarajat/Hazaristan

Azerbaijan

See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Azerbaijan

Territory of the former Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast

Main article: Nagorno-Karabakh conflict

Territory of the short-lived Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic

Lezgistan

Nij & Oğuz

Guba-Khachmaz

  • Ethnic group: Tats
    • Proposed: Autonomy or outright independence for Tatistan

Bangladesh

Chittagong Hill Tracts[14]

Main article: Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict

Zale'n-gam

Zogam (Parts of Chittagong hill tracts)

Bandarban district[20]

Sylhet Division[21][22]

China

Main article: Secession in China
See also: One country, two systems; Ethnic minorities in China; and Cathaysianism

Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region

Main articles: East Turkestan independence movement, Uyghur nationalism, and Xinjiang conflict

Hong Kong

Main articles: Hong Kong independence and Sino-British Joint Declaration

Tibet

Main article: Tibetan independence movement

Minor movements

Georgia

Main article: Russo-Georgian war

Territory of the former Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Main article: Abkhaz–Georgian conflict

Territory of the former South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast

Main article: Ossetian–Georgian conflict

Javakheti

Adjara

  • Ethnic group: Adjarians
    • Proposed: Autonomy for Adjara
    • Political Party: Adjara Party

India

Main articles: Separatist movements of India, Autonomous administrative divisions of India, and Northeast India
Further information: Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir, Insurgency in Punjab, Insurgency in Northeast India, and United National Liberation Front of Western South East Asia
Separatist movements

Assam

Main article: Assamese nationalism

Nagaland[53]

Main article: Naga nationalism

Kashmir[54]

Kamtapur[55]

Kukiland

Manipur[60][61]

Main article: Meitei nationalism

Meghalaya

Main article: Insurgency in Meghalaya


Mizoram

Zogam (In India the claimed territories are: Barak Valley, Tripura, East Jaintia Hills, Dima Hasao district and Karbi Anglong district of Assam)

Punjab, India

Sikkim

Ethnic groups: Drejongpas, Lepcha

Tripura

Arunachal Pradesh[67]

  • Ethnic group: Tani people
    • Proposed: creation of Taniland
    • Militant organization: National Socialist Council for Taniland, United Tani Army

Jharkhand

Ethnic group: Adivasi

Autonomist or statehood movements

Main article: Proposed states and union territories of India

Rabha Hasong

Gorkhaland

Ladakh

Garo Hills

Bundelkhand

Vidarbha

Main article: Vidarbha movement

Goa

Jammu region

Bodoland

Rayalaseema[92]

  • Ethnic group: Telugu people
    • Proposed: turning Rayalaseema into a state of India
    • Political party: Rayalaseema Rashtra Samithi

Bhil Pradesh[93]

  • Ethnic group: Bhil people
    • Proposed: creation of Bhil Pradesh as a state of India

Kosi-Seemanchal[94]

Kodagu district[95]

Barak Valley[96]

Indonesia

Main article: Separatism in Indonesia
See also: List of active separatist movements in Oceania § Indonesia

Aceh

Bali

Banten and West Java

Kalimantan[107]

Maluku[109][110]

Minahasa Peninsula

Riau

Sumbawa

Iran

Main article: Separatism in Iran

Khūzestān Province

Further information: Arab separatism in Khuzestan

Iranian Kurdistan

Further information: Iran–PJAK conflict, Kurdish separatism in Iran, and West Iran clashes (2016-present)

Iranian Azerbaijan

Further information: Azerbaijani separatism in Iran

Sistan and Baluchestan

Further information: Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency and Insurgency in Balochistan

Iraq

Further information: Minorities in Iraq and 2017 Kurdistan Region independence referendum
See also: Languages of Iraq, Demographics of Iraq, Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq

Proposed state: Kurdistan

Main article: Iraqi Kurdistan independence referendum, 2017

Assyria

Main articles: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Assyrian genocide

Proposed state: Basra[139][140][141]

  • Current de jure and de facto autonomous region: Basra Governorate
    • Proposal: Basra has proposed uniting with the Dhi Qar and Maysan governorates as an autonomous region or total independence[142]

Turkmeneli

Sinjar District

Sunnis in Iraq[149][150]

  • Religious group: Sunnis
    • Proposed: creation of a autonomous Sunni region within Iraq

Al-Zubair District[151]

South Iraq[152]

  • Religious group: Shiites
    • Proposed: autonomy for south Iraq

Japan

Okinawa

Further information: Ryukyu Kingdom, History of the Ryukyu Islands, and Disposition of Ryukyu

Kansai region[154]

Kyushu[155]

Kazakhstan

North Kazakhstan Region and other ethnic Russian parts of Kazakhstan[156]

Mangystau Region[157]

  • Ethnic group: Kazakhs
    • Proposed state: Adaistan

Kyzylorda Region[158]

Kyrgyzstan

Osh Region and Batken Region[159]

  • Ethnic group: Uzbeks
    • Proposed state: Osh

Laos

Northern Laos

Malaysia

Main articles: States and federal territories of Malaysia, Divisions of Malaysia, and Districts of Malaysia
Further information: North Borneo, Malaysia Agreement, 18-point agreement, 20-point agreement, Proposed 2019 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia, 2021 amendment to the Constitution of Malaysia, and Premier of Sarawak
See also: East Malaysia, Languages of Malaysia, and Ethnic groups in Malaysia

Johor[163][164]

Kelantan[165][166]

Sabah[168][169]

Sarawak[168][169][171][172]

Myanmar

Further information: Myanmar Civil War

Arakan

Chin State

Kachin[175]

Main article: Kachin conflict

Kawthoolei

Karenni

Kokang

Mon State

Nagaland

Main article: Naga nationalism

Northern Rakhine State

Shan States

Pa'O

Palaung

Wa State[181]

Zale'n-gam

Zogam

Shanni[182]

Magway Region[183]

Danu Self-Administered Zone[184]

Lahu people[185]

Kayan people[186]

Daai Chin[187]

  • Ethnic group: Daai Chin
    • Proposed: autonomy for the Daai Chin
    • Advocacy group: Daai regional council

Nepal

Further information: Languages of Nepal

Kirat Autonomous State

Madhesh

Tharuhat[191]

Kathmandu Valley[192]

Pakistan

Main article: Separatist movements of Pakistan
Further information: Independence War of Bangladesh
See also: Languages of Pakistan and Demographics of Pakistan

Azad Kashmir

Further information: 1955 Poonch uprising and PC Pak Search Sudhan Operation

Gilgit Baltistan

Main article: Balawaristan

Balochistan[196][197]

Main articles: Baloch Nationalism and Insurgency in Balochistan
See also: Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency

Sindh[199][200]

Main articles: Sindhi nationalism and Sindhudesh movement
Further information: Insurgency in Sindh

Punjab

Main article: Saraikistan province movement

Khyber Pakhtoonkhwa

Main articles: Pashtun nationalism and Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Karachi

Main articles: Jinnahpur and Muhajir nationalism
Further information: MQM militancy and MQM violence (1994–2016)

Hazarewals[206]

See also: Hazara Province Movement
  • Ethnic group: Hazarewals
    • Proposed: establishment of a separate Hazara province in Pakistan
    • Advocacy group: Hazara province movement

Kalasha Valleys[207]

Bahawalpur[208]

Palestine

Hebron Hills[209][210]

  • Proposed: independence for Hebron

The Philippines

Main article: Separatism in the Philippines

Sulu archipelago and parts of Zamboanga Peninsula

Cordillera Administrative Region

Mindanao[220][221]

  • Ethnic group: Mindanaoans
    • Proposed: independence for Mindanao
    • Advocacy group: Mindanao Independence Movement

Bangsamoro[222]

Russia

Main articles: Separatism in Russia and Proposed federal subjects of Russia
See also: List of active separatist movements in Europe § Russia, Free Nations of Post-Russia Forum, and Indigenous peoples of Siberia

Siberia or Siberian Federal District[223]

Buryatia

Ural Federal District[227][228]

Sakha Republic[231]

Main article: Yakut Nationalism

Tuva[233]

Koryak Okrug[235]

Green Ukraine[236]

Khakassia[237]

Altai[238]

Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug

Krasnoyarsk Krai[239]

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug[240]

Taymyr Autonomous Okrug[241]

Agin-Buryat Autonomous Okrug[242]

Evenkia[243]

Jewish Autonomous Oblast[244]

Chukotka Autonomous Okrug

Kamchatka Krai

Yukaghir people[245]

Amur Oblast

Zabaykalsky Krai

Far Eastern Federal District

Irkutsk Oblast

Saudi Arabia

Hejaz[246][247]

  • Ethnic group: Arabs
    • Proposed: independence for Hejaz
    • Advocacy group: Hejaz Parliament

Eastern Province[248]

Sri Lanka

Tamil Eelam

Main article: Sri Lankan Civil War

Syria

Main article: Syrian civil war
Further information: Sectarianism and minorities in the Syrian Civil War, Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon, and Federalization of Syria
See also: Alawites § Alleged attempt to establish an Alawite State
See also: Languages of Syria and Demographics of Syria

De facto autonomous region:

Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)

Autonomist movements:

Druze[254]

Assyria

See also: Proposals for Assyrian autonomy in Iraq and Assyrian independence movement

Latakia Governorate and Tartus Governorate[258]

  • Ethnic group: Alawites
    • Proposed: establishment of an autonomous Alawite state in Syria
    • Advocacy group: Alawite Party

Taiwan

Main article: Taiwan independence movement

The Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state that has diplomatic relations with 11 United Nations member states (as well as the Holy See, an observer).

Taiwanese indigenous peoples

Tajikistan

Hisar Valley[261]

Thailand

See also: Languages of Thailand and Demographics of Thailand

Patani

Main article: South Thailand insurgency

Isan[268]

  • Ethnic group: Isan people
    • Proposed: autonomy for Isan
    • Advocacy group: New Isan Movement

Northern Thailand[269][270]

Turkey

See also: Minorities in Turkey and Secession in Turkey
See also: Languages of Turkey and Demographics of Turkey
Further information: Human rights of Kurdish people in Turkey, Turkish Kurdistan, Kurds in Turkey, Zazas, Kurds in Istanbul, Turkish nationalism, Turkish War of Independence, Greek genocide, Armenian genocide, Republic of Hatay, Western Armenia, Western Armenia Government in Exile, Treaty of Sèvres, Treaty of Lausanne, and Syrian Resistance

Northern Kurdistan[271]

Main articles: Kurdish nationalism, United Kurdistan, and Kurdish Question

Assyria

Main articles: Assyrian nationalism, Assyrian struggle for independence, and Assyrian genocide

Western Armenia

Main articles: Western Armenia, Armenian question, and Armenian genocide

Zazaistan

Main article: Zaza nationalism

Pontus[273]

Turkmenistan

Balkan Region[274]

United Arab Emirates

Sharjah[275]

  • Ethnic group: Arabs
    • Proposed: secession of Sharjah from the UAE
    • Advocacy group: Ruler of Sharjah

Umm al-Quwain[276]

Uzbekistan

Karakalpakstan[277][278]

Main article: 2022 Karakalpak protests

Vietnam

Central Highlands (Vietnam)

  • Ethnic group: Montagnard[279]
    • Proposed: autonomy[280] or independence of the [281]
    • Political organisations: Montagnard Foundation, Inc., Montagnard Dega Association, Montagnard Human Rights Organization, United Montagnard People, M'Nong Bu-dang, Movement for the Unity of Ethnic Groups of South Viet-Nam[282]

Hmong state

Mekong Delta and South East Vietnam

Yemen

Further information: Southern Movement, Yemeni unification, Greater Yemen, South Yemen, South Yemen insurgency, and Federation of South Arabia
See also: List of active separatist movements in Africa § Yemen

Tihamah[292][293]

See also

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  293. ^ "Century-old grievances continue to fester in Yemen's Tihama region".
  1. ^ The Tibetan independence movement can either encompass the smaller Tibetan Autonomous Region (Xizang) or the larger "Greater Tibet".
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