Scam centers in Cambodia

Scam centers in Cambodia are clandestine fraud operations, known as scam centers, controlled by international and organized criminal networks specializing in online fraud and operating in Cambodia. The operations of organized crime in the country is a serious regional issue, and their activities are estimated to generate between $12.5 and $19 billion annually, a figure that could represent up to 60% of the Cambodia's gross domestic product (GDP). According to a 2024 United Nations (UN) report, an estimated 100,000 to 150,000 people, many of them foreign nationals deceived by fraudulent job offers, are believed to have been trafficked and held in Cambodian compounds where they are forced to engage in online scam operations under exploitative conditions.

Several non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and eyewitness accounts report cases of human trafficking, forced labor, torture, child exploitation and other forms of abuse from Cambodian scam centers. While these centers operate de jure in violation of Cambodian law, they are reportedly based openly in casinos, hotels, office buildings, or residential areas, including in cities such as Sihanoukville and the country's capital of Phnom Penh. According to various international reporting bodies, they appear to benefit from a degree of impunity, or even complicity, from various Cambodian officials.

Cambodia under Prime Minister Hun Sen and the Cambodian People's Party (CPP) has remained plagued by systemic and deeply entrenched corruption, which persisted even after the formal establishment of a democratic framework.^[1] In 2024, Cambodia ranked among the 25 most corrupt countries in the world, placing 22nd on Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index.^[2]

Hun Sen rose to power in 1988—and subsequently of his son Hun Manet in 2023—was characterized by the consolidation of executive power, the centralization of economic resources among political elites, and the cultivation of close ties between senior government officials and criminal syndicates operating across Southeast Asia, particularly in the spheres of gambling, casino operations, and human trafficking.^[3] The United States Department of State has repeatedly denounced the Cambodian government's complicity with these networks, alleging that officials have shielded and financially profited from their activities.^[4][5][6]

This environment of corruption and political patronage has created fertile ground for the expansion of transnational criminal networks, including Chinese triads that have fled increased crackdowns in China since 2018. Many of these groups have established operations in special economic zones such as Sihanoukville, where lax regulation and political protection have enabled them to thrive.^[1]

Historically concentrated in the casino sector, criminal networks operating in Cambodia were severely impacted by the 2019 adoption of a law tightening gambling regulations—specifically banning online gambling—and the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to a sharp decline in tourism, especially from China.^[1][7] Faced with economic losses, crime organizations involved in the Cambodian casino industry began collaborating with long-standing human trafficking networks in the country and gradually shifted their operations to online scams and the exploitation of forced labor.^[1] Following Cambodia’s 2019 ban on online gambling, casino and hotel revenues in casino towns declined and scam operations expanded as an alternative revenue stream. During the COVID-19 pandemic, travel restrictions and the departure of many voluntary scam workers were associated with increased reliance on trafficked foreign nationals to staff scam compounds, including in repurposed casino- and hotel-linked facilities.^[8]

From 2021, several Cambodian establishments previously linked to online gambling—such as casinos and hotels (including some in major urban centers), were converted into online scam compounds.^[1][9] That same year, videos filmed inside some scam compounds showing employees subjected to physical abuse and torture were made public, drawing international media attention and concern.^[10]

In 2022, several Cambodian police operations were conducted against scam compounds across the country.^[11] Further raids took place in Sihanoukville in 2024, resulting in the arrest of 450 individuals involved in online gambling and scam operations.^[12] These operations did not succeed in permanently dismantling these networks or ending ongoing allegations of government complicity and tolerance, which have been denounced by numerous NGOs and international institutions.^[13][14] In June 2025, a report by Amnesty International brought renewed global media attention on Cambodian scam compounds.^{[15][16][17][18]} In July 2025, the Prime Minister announced a "task force" dedicated to combating online scam centers.^[19]

• Total revenue. According to the United States Institute of Peace and consulting firm Humanity Research Consulting, the Cambodian scam compound industry generates between $12.5 and $19 billion annually, which equates to more than half of Cambodia's gross domestic product.^{[16][51][52][53]}
• Number of forced workers. According to the UN and the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), between 100,000 and 150,000 people are exploited in scam compounds in Cambodia.^[2][54] Most of them are from China and other Southeast Asian countries. African nationals and children are also among the victims of these trafficking and recruitment networks.^[55][56]
• Number of compounds. In a report published in June 2025, Amnesty International stated that it had identified at least 53 active scam compounds across 13 different areas in Cambodia.^[15][57] The special economic zone of Sihanoukville is home to many of these centers, located in hotels, casinos, office buildings, and residential neighborhoods.^[12] Similar compounds exist in the capital Phnom Penh and in other special economic zones like Pailin, Anlong Veng, O Smach, Kandal, Pursat, Bavet, and Kampot.^[19]
• Number of scam victims. Estimating the total number of victims is difficult, as many do not report their cases to authorities out of shame, fear of retaliation, or lack of legal recourse. Most scam victims are Chinese nationals, but U.S. citizens and individuals from other countries have also been affected.^[2][58] A report from the Global Anti-Scam Organization indicated that at over 1,838 people of from 46 nationalities have lost an average of $169,000 each through so-called pig butchering scams, many of which are operated from Cambodian scam-centers.^[9]

Cambodian scam compounds heavily rely on the pig butchering scam, a romance fraud where the scammer poses as a romantic partner and builds an online relationship with the victim over several weeks or months. They use stolen photos from Chinese social media and create fake profiles on platforms like LinkedIn, OkCupid, Tinder, Instagram, or WhatsApp.^[9] Once trust is established, the victim is persuaded to invest in a fraudulent financial scheme, often involving cryptocurrency or fake trading platforms.^[59]

Scam-centre operations in Cambodia have been associated with human trafficking for forced labour and forced criminality, in which people are recruited for ostensibly legitimate employment and then compelled to conduct online fraud. Regional reporting has described the phenomenon as “human trafficking-fueled fraud”, in which trafficking victims are coerced into large-scale online scam operations based largely in Southeast Asia.^[22] A UN human-rights report on cyber scams and trafficking in Southeast Asia estimated that about 100,000 people in Cambodia were held in scam operations, and described victims being forced to carry out online scams under threats and other abuses, including torture and sexual violence.^[24] Some operations have been organised as multi-layered networks in which Chinese-led syndicates coordinate recruiters, managers and other accomplices of various nationalities.^[8]

Recruitment has been linked to online job advertisements and social-media approaches offering well-paid work, including purported office jobs at fake e-commerce or tech companies. Recruiters have posed as job intermediaries on social platforms and posted fraudulent offers advertising “simple” work with high salaries, including customer-service and information-technology roles (such as computer programming), and have targeted educated jobseekers with relevant skills.^[8] Advertisements and approaches have been reported on platforms including Facebook, Telegram, and WeChat.^[9][10][15] Victims have described travelling to Cambodia for employment and then being taken to secured compounds, including in casino-linked and special economic zone environments.^[23] Upon arrival, victims have been reported as having identity documents confiscated and being forcibly relocated and detained in scam compounds against their will.^[60][61]

Reported control methods have included restriction of movement, confiscation of passports and phones, constant monitoring by security staff, threats of violence, and the imposition of arbitrary fines and artificial debts (a form of debt bondage).^[23][9] Reported abuses have also included starvation and sexual abuse; some women were coerced into sex work or made to appear as “models” in video chats used to lure scam victims.^[8] Reported punishments for attempting to escape or for failing to meet work “quotas” have included beatings and other physical abuse, electrocution and electric shocks, and prolonged confinement.^[23][9]

Survivor accounts and human-rights reporting have described the use of small, dark, enclosed rooms used for punitive confinement and abuse, sometimes referred to as “torture rooms”.^[62][41] In September 2024, the U.S. Treasury sanctioned Cambodian senator and tycoon Ly Yong Phat and associated businesses for facilitating cyber scams and human trafficking, and described scam-centre operations linked to an O Smach resort complex in which victims’ passports and phones were confiscated and victims were forced to conduct online scams and subjected to physical abuse.^[31]

Victims and their families have reported being pressured to pay money for release, including demands described as “ransom” payments, and being told they owed a debt to the compound that had to be worked off.^[62] Travel costs have also been covered and treated as a “debt” to be repaid through scam work, and victims have described being sold to scam entities after arriving in Cambodia.^[8] Investigative reporting has also described victims being “sold” or transferred between compounds, including after attempting to escape, with prices negotiated between groups operating different sites.^[9][41]

Scam-compound trafficking cases can involve blurred boundaries between victimisation and offending, including situations in which victims are coerced into facilitating operations or recruiting others, complicating victim identification and criminal investigations.^[8]

Reporting on Cambodian scam compounds has included accounts of people attempting to escape by jumping from upper floors, sometimes resulting in serious injuries.^[9][41] Human-rights reporting has also documented cases in which people died inside compounds, including a confirmed case involving a child, as well as deaths reported by witnesses and survivors.^[62][41]

Security measures and threats of violence have made escape difficult, and rescues have often relied on law-enforcement raids and consular intervention. In March 2024, India said it had rescued and repatriated about 250 citizens from Cambodia who had been lured by job offers and forced to participate in cyber fraud schemes.^[28] In February 2025, Thai and Cambodian police raided a building in Poipet and said they freed 215 foreign nationals from a scam centre, including nationals from Thailand, Pakistan, India, Taiwan, and Indonesia.^[35]

Victim-identification problems have also been reported, including cases in which people removed from compounds were treated as immigration offenders rather than trafficking victims, limiting access to protection and assistance.^[23] In March 2025, Thailand said it was studying construction of a wall along parts of its border with Cambodia after Thai authorities received nationals rescued from a Poipet compound.^[36]

A 2025 Amnesty International investigation described patterns of forced labour, deprivation of liberty, torture and other ill-treatment, and other abuses in Cambodian scam compounds, and linked these patterns to trafficking into forced criminality.^[62] The Cambodian government denied allegations of inaction and said it was addressing online scams through enforcement efforts.^[41]

Scam centres in Cambodia have been documented across multiple towns and cities, including large enclosed compounds used to detain trafficking victims and run online fraud operations. An 18-month investigation published in 2025 identified at least 53 active scam centres (and additional suspected sites) and described many compounds as operating in repurposed casinos and hotels; related public materials mapped sites across multiple towns and cities nationwide.^[63][64][41]

Locations have frequently overlapped with casino-linked developments and special economic zone environments. UNODC has linked scam-centre activity in Southeast Asia to casino and SEZ infrastructure and to trafficking for forced criminality, while enforcement pressure has been associated with displacement into more remote areas and border hubs, including sites along the borders with Thailand and Vietnam and in provinces such as Koh Kong.^[23][37]

The locations below are frequently mentioned in major coverage and official summaries and are not exhaustive.

• Sihanoukville (Preah Sihanouk province) – Raids and deportations linked to online scam and illegal gambling investigations have repeatedly been reported in the Sihanoukville area.^[29][23]
• Poipet (Banteay Meanchey province) – Thai and Cambodian police said they freed 215 foreign nationals from a scam centre during a raid in 2025.^[35][23]
• Bavet (Svay Rieng province) – UNODC has highlighted casino-linked development at the Cambodia–Vietnam border (including the Bavet–Mộc Bài casino zone) as part of the wider regional scam-compound ecosystem.^[23]
• Koh Kong (including the Botum Sakor area) – Border and coastal sites in Koh Kong province have been repeatedly referenced in discussion of scam-centre displacement and trafficking-linked operations.^[37][41]
• Ou Smach (Oddar Meanchey province) – U.S. sanctions action in 2024 designated O‑Smach Resort in connection with serious abuses linked to forced labour in online scam-centre operations, and described repeated rescue missions at the site.^[31]
• Phnom Penh and nearby sites in Kandal – The 2024 U.S. action also designated Cambodia-based Garden City Hotel and Phnom Penh Hotel in connection with the sanctioned network, while later Cambodian enforcement operations reported large-scale detentions in Kandal province.^[31][42]
• Kampot (Kampot province, including Bokor and Kampong Trach) – Reporting on scam-compound allegations has included cases linked to facilities near the Vietnam border in Kampong Trach district, including the WO Casino complex in Kampot province.^[65]
• Kampong Speu province (around Chbar Mon) – Cambodian police raided a housing complex in Kampong Speu province and detained around 1,000 foreign nationals amid allegations the site was linked to cyber-scam operations.^[33]
• Stung Treng – Cambodian enforcement operations in 2025 included detentions reported in Stung Treng province, among other locations.^[42]
• Thma Da (Pursat province) – Reporting during the 2025 Cambodia–Thailand fighting described Thai shelling striking sites described as scam-compound locations, including the Thma Da area and a special economic zone widely alleged to host scam-compound activity.^[66]

Scam centres in Cambodia have been described as scaling through a wider criminal service economy that connects fraud operations to cross-border payment collection, underground banking and money laundering. UNODC has linked scam-centre operations in Cambodia and elsewhere in Southeast Asia to casino-linked and special economic zone environments, human trafficking for forced criminality, and the laundering of proceeds into the formal economy. UNODC has also warned that crackdowns can displace operations into more remote and border areas within Cambodia, including Koh Kong and areas bordering Thailand and Vietnam.^[67][37]

Many Cambodia-linked scam operations use “investment” or “romance-investment” fraud models (including pig butchering scams) to induce targets to transfer funds via wire transfers or in cryptocurrency—often stablecoins—to accounts or wallet addresses controlled by the network. U.S. Treasury sanctions actions against Cambodia-linked actors described “confidence” scams in which victims were induced to invest in virtual currency or over-the-counter foreign exchange. FinCEN has described similar typologies in which victims purchase and transfer virtual currency to fraudulent investment platforms and scam-controlled addresses.^[31][68]

Once collected, proceeds can be routed through multiple bank accounts and crypto wallets to obscure origin and enable cross-border movement and conversion. Documented methods include using intermediaries such as virtual asset service providers and informal or unlicensed money-transmission services associated with scam-centre ecosystems.^[68][67]

Cambodia-linked online marketplaces have been described as providing both “fraud infrastructure” (such as stolen data and scam tooling) and laundering services for scam networks. In July 2024, blockchain-analytics firm Elliptic reported that the Telegram-based “Huione Guarantee” marketplace offered money-laundering services, including cross-border fund movement and conversion to cash, stablecoins and Chinese payment apps. The same reporting described payments as being accepted primarily in the USDT stablecoin, and described the platform as providing escrow-like “guarantee” services between buyers and sellers.^[69][70] In May 2025, Telegram blocked “Huione Guarantee” and “Xinbi Guarantee” channels after reporting linked them to cryptocurrency scams and money laundering.^[71]

In May 2025, FinCEN identified Cambodia-based Huione Group as a financial institution of “primary money laundering concern” and described a network of affiliated businesses providing payment services (Huione Pay), virtual-asset services (Huione Crypto) and an online marketplace (Haowang Guarantee, previously Huione Guarantee) used by cyber-scam networks. FinCEN said Huione Group laundered at least US$4 billion in illicit proceeds between August 2021 and January 2025.^[72] In October 2025, the United States and the United Kingdom announced coordinated actions targeting Cambodia-linked cyber-scam networks and money-laundering facilitators. The U.S. Treasury described the “Prince Group” network as laundering illicit revenues through offshore shell companies and using methods including large wire transfers and bulk cash smuggling. FinCEN issued a final rule intended to sever Huione Group from the U.S. financial system, effective 17 November 2025.^[44][45][73]

Scam-centre operations in Cambodia are illegal, but multiple investigations and institutional assessments have described compounds operating in plain sight in casinos, hotels and large commercial developments, alongside persistent allegations that corruption and political protection have enabled the industry to function with relative impunity. These accounts have described influential business figures as central to scam-compound ecosystems, and as difficult to target in practice in a broader environment of patronage and weak enforcement. Cambodian officials have rejected claims of state complicity and have pointed to raids, arrests and other enforcement measures as evidence of action against scam operations.^[74][75][76]

Cyber-fraud and trafficking-for-forced-criminality ecosystems in Southeast Asia have been described as benefiting from corruption and complicity by some public officials, and from alliances with politically connected and private-sector elites that can help normalize and expand illegal operations. Scam operations have also been described as embedding within legitimate-looking developments (including casino-linked environments), and enforcement pressure alone has been associated with displacement of activity without removing the enabling conditions that allow it to reconstitute elsewhere.^[74]

A June 2025 Amnesty International investigation into abuses in Cambodian scam compounds argued that the persistence and scale of violations, alongside the continued operation of numerous sites, indicated more than isolated criminality and “pointed towards state complicity”; the Cambodian government disputed the allegation. Amnesty documented patterns of severe abuse in compounds, including torture and other ill-treatment, and said these abuses were facilitated by the continued functioning of the sites over time. Cambodian officials rejected Amnesty’s findings and said enforcement operations were ongoing.^[77][76]

Reporting by investigative journalist Jack Adamović Davies has examined how politically connected business figures linked to casino and property developments overlap with allegations about scam-compound activity, and how those links intersect with the institutions responsible for public security. In one series for Radio Free Asia, a 2017 royal decree was reported to have named Chen Zhi (founder of the Prince Group) as an adviser to the Ministry of Interior, and the same reporting described Chen as holding adviser titles to senior political figures including Hun Sen and Hun Manet, as well as to former interior minister Sar Kheng. The reporting also described Chen and Sar Sokha—who became interior minister in 2023—as having entered a joint venture in 2017, citing Cambodian corporate records; the company was later dissolved.^[78]

Allegations of protection have also appeared in localized accounts around specific compounds. In a separate Radio Free Asia investigation into a scam compound in Kandal province, local residents alleged that local police had worked as security guards at the site, while a local police chief said he was unaware of the compound’s operation. The same report said a senior official at the interior ministry had not been informed of the allegations and stated that the ministry would look into them; the Prince Group rejected wrongdoing in that reporting and other coverage.^[79]

In September 2024, the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) sanctioned Cambodian businessman and senator Ly Yong Phat, his conglomerate L.Y.P. Group, and O‑Smach Resort over what the U.S. government described as serious human-rights abuses linked to trafficking victims subjected to forced labour in online scam operations. The designation also covered multiple hotels and resorts described as being owned or controlled by Ly Yong Phat, including Garden City Hotel, Koh Kong Resort and Phnom Penh Hotel, and cited U.S. government assessments describing corruption and official complicity as obstacles to effective law enforcement in trafficking cases linked to scam operations.^[80]

In October 2025, the United States and the United Kingdom announced coordinated actions against a Cambodia-linked cyber-scam network associated with Chen Zhi and the Prince Group. The U.S. government announced sanctions against Chen and related entities, and the U.S. Department of Justice announced an indictment alleging that Chen led scam-compound operations involving human trafficking and forced labour, with additional allegations including coercion and torture of workers; the Prince Group has denied wrongdoing. A subsequent analysis by Adamović Davies in Foreign Policy framed the measures as potentially testing how far Cambodia’s political patronage networks could continue to accommodate the scam-compound economy under heightened international pressure.^[81][82][83]

Investigative reporting has described scam compounds operating in highly visible locations, including within major casino and tourism zones. A 2022 ProPublica investigation into trafficking into cyber-scam operations reported that a large compound in Sihanoukville stood diagonally across from then-prime minister Hun Sen’s summer residence, as part of a broader account of compounds operating openly while victims were trafficked and coerced into scam work.^[84]

Separate investigations into scam-economy “service” infrastructure have examined corporate links between Cambodia-based companies used by scammers and politically connected individuals. Blockchain-analytics firm Elliptic reported that the “Huione Guarantee” marketplace was linked to Cambodia-based Huione Group companies used by scammers and said corporate records showed links involving members of the Hun family, including Hun To as a director of Huione Pay; Wired reported on the same marketplace as enabling large-scale scam activity tied to cryptocurrency flows and support services for fraud operations.^[85][86]

Cambodian journalist Mech Dara, who investigated scam-centre networks and related corruption, was arrested in 2024 and charged with incitement in connection with social-media posts; the case drew condemnation from journalists and press-freedom advocates.^[87] After his release on bail, a pro-government outlet aired video of Dara apologising to Cambodia’s leaders. Dara later said he would leave journalism and become a farmer, citing pressure and the broader contraction of space for independent reporting in Cambodia.^[88] Several other Cambodian journalists who have reported on scam compounds have also described threats, retaliation and intimidation linked to their reporting.^[89]

Cross-border law-enforcement operations and consular interventions have been a recurring feature of regional responses to scam compounds operating in Cambodia. Thai and Cambodian police have conducted joint actions in border areas, including a 2025 raid in Poipet in which authorities said they freed 215 foreign nationals, while Thailand has also weighed border infrastructure measures framed as part of efforts to disrupt trafficking-linked scam activity.^[90][91] During Cambodia’s 2025 crackdown and related tensions with Thailand, Thai measures reported in coverage included restrictions at some crossing points and cuts to cross-border electricity supplies, described by Thai authorities as part of anti-scam efforts.^[92] Other governments have reported large-scale repatriations of nationals from Cambodia linked to scam-compound cases, including India’s rescue and return of about 250 citizens in 2024 and China–Cambodia actions that included repatriations of Chinese suspects in 2024, alongside other bilateral cooperation and detentions involving foreign nationals.^[93][94][95] While many reported rescues and repatriations involve Asian nationals, reporting and NGO documentation have also described victims from outside the region, including African nationals, among those trafficked into scam-compound environments in Cambodia.^[96][56]

South Korea has been a prominent source of diplomatic and policing pressure tied to scam-compound cases. In October 2025, South Korea issued a heightened travel restriction for parts of Cambodia (including Poipet and Kampot) and deployed officials to assist nationals trapped in scam centres, and later said dozens of South Koreans detained in Cambodia in connection with alleged online scams had returned to South Korea where most were expected to face investigation. In November 2025, Cambodia and South Korea announced plans for strengthened cooperation against online scams, including a joint police task force discussed by their national police chiefs.^[97][98][99]

Regional coordination has been discussed through ASEAN-linked channels alongside bilateral crackdowns. In 2023, Southeast Asian leaders publicly pledged coordinated action against online scams and the trafficking that supplies forced labour to scam operations, amid reporting on jobseekers lured into work in countries including Cambodia.^[100] Policy analysis has framed ASEAN responses as spanning law-enforcement cooperation, judicial coordination, and victim protection, including work associated with mechanisms described as the ASEAN Working Group on Anti-Online Scams and ASEAN policing cooperation, while also emphasising gaps in implementation and cross-border disruption of trafficking and scam finance.^[101]

UN bodies and NGOs have emphasised a “prevention, protection, prosecution” approach alongside financial disruption, including measures aimed at preventing recruitment, improving victim identification and assistance, and targeting the proceeds of scam operations. UNODC and other UN-linked reporting has described the integration of scam compounds with trafficking for forced criminality and casino-linked infrastructure, and has warned that enforcement pressure can displace operations geographically rather than eliminate them.^[23] UN recommendations and reporting have also highlighted shortcomings in victim screening and the risk that people removed from compounds are treated as immigration offenders rather than trafficking victims in need of protection, while other analysis has described the International Organization for Migration (IOM) as supporting repatriation efforts for victims of forced criminality in Southeast Asia.^{[24][102][101]}

International responses have also included sanctions, prosecutions and specialised enforcement initiatives aimed at disrupting scam networks and their finances. In October 2025, the United States and the United Kingdom announced coordinated actions targeting a Cambodia-linked scam network, including sanctions designations, while the U.S. Justice Department announced an indictment of Chen Zhi tied to alleged forced-labour scam compounds and related fraud schemes.^[44][46][47]

In Thai public discourse, the term “Scambodia” has been used to refer to Cambodia in connection with scam-centre activity and the 2025 Cambodian–Thai border crisis.^{[103][104][105]} During the 2025 Cambodian–Thai conflict, Thai forces shelled sites described in reporting as scam centres in Cambodia.^[106]

In November 2025, the United States Attorney’s Office for the District of Columbia announced the creation of a “Scam Center Strike Force” focused on Southeast Asia-linked cryptocurrency investment fraud and associated trafficking and money laundering, describing scam-centre operations as combining forced labour with large-scale online fraud targeting victims abroad. The announcement described the strike force as intended to coordinate investigations, pursue prosecutions and forfeiture actions, and strengthen cooperation with foreign partners and private-sector entities involved in payments and communications.^[107]

The strike force combines asset-seizure priorities with international coordination, including the deployment of FBI personnel in Bangkok to work with Thai police initiatives described as a “war room” against scam networks, and pursuing seizure and forfeiture actions aimed at disrupting proceeds and operational capacity. It has also sought to target enabling infrastructure used by scam operations, including satellite internet terminals, as part of a broader strategy to constrain compound connectivity and scale.^{[108][109][107]}

• Human trafficking in Cambodia
• Scam center

• "Cambodia: 'I was someone else's property': slavery, human trafficking and torture in Cambodia's scamming compounds". Amnesty International. 26 June 2025. Retrieved 2025-07-17.