As-Saksakiyah

As-Saksakiyah
السكسكية
Saksakiyeh
Municipality
Map of Saksakieh within Sidon District
As-Saksakiyah
Location in Lebanon
Coordinates: 33°26′13″N 35°17′05″E / 33.43694°N 35.28472°E / 33.43694; 35.28472
CountryLebanon
GovernorateSouth Governorate
DistrictSidon District
Area
[1]
 • Land1.08 sq mi (2.81 km2)
Elevation
[1]
330 ft (100 m)
Time zoneUTC+2 (EET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)

As-Saksakiyahn (Arabic: السكسكية) is a municipality in the Sidon District of the South Governorate in Lebanon. It is located 61 kilometres (38 mi) from Beirut and 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) south of Sidon, and covers an area of 2,44 km².[2] It has an elevation of 100m.[3][1]

Various discoveries were made in the town that point towards it being an ancient town.[2] The town has multiple archaeological features that can be inferred through the presence of a large number of ancient caves, in addition to an old water-powered mill that dates back to the 1800s.

Name

The name "Saksakiyeh" is said to have originated from the Yemeni tribe of al-Sakāsik (السكاسك),[4] who settled in Beit Lahia in southeastern Lebanon in 64 AH (683 CE). Al-Sakasik later moved to the fortified town of Sarafand, which was part of the coastal Thughur, and finally relocated to Saksakiyeh in the 8th century.[5][6][7]

Another theory is that the name originates from the word سكّ which in Aramaic and Hebrew has two meanings, either quarrel and dispute, or agate and siege. Thus, the meaning of the name would be “the walled” or “the fortified”.[2] The name could also originate from ܙܓܘܽܓܝܺܬܴܐ (zḡūḡīṯā): meaning glass or small bell in Aramaic, thus the town name would mean "the place where glass is made".[8]

Other theories is that the name originates from:

  • al-Sīsāʾiyya (السيسائيّة): from al-Sīsāʾ (السيساء), see Sīsūq (سيسوق). This is considered the most likely original form.
  • al-Suqsuqiyya (السقسقية): from suqsuqa (سقسقة), meaning “chirping” or “a great number of birds.”
  • al-Zaqzaqiyya (الزقزقيّة): from zaqzaqa (زقزقة), also meaning “birdsong” or “abundance of birds.”
  • al-Saksakiyya (السكسكيّة): from saksaka (سكسكة), referring to “weakness” or the stealthy gait of a hunter moving lightly and bent over in order to deceive and catch birds (colloquial usage).
  • al-Sāsāʾiyya (السأسأيّة): from sāsāsa (سأسأسة), meaning “the village of shepherds.”[9]

In an older reference, the town is referred to as Al-Thakthakiye (الثكثكية).[10]

Ludwig Noack (de) in his 1868 book, proposed that the modern town of As-Saksakiyah in southern Lebanon is the ancient biblical town of Zanoah. Noack traced the name’s evolution through historical forms, suggesting a progression from Zanoah → Zakanaim → Zekhzekhieh.[11]

History

In his 1860s visit, Liévin de Hamme describes (Zakhzekiyeh) as a beautiful village located on a mountain.[12]

In 1875, in the late Ottoman era, Victor Guérin traveled in the region, and noted about the village (which he called Zekzekieh): "This village, sitting on a height, is divided into two districts, one eastern, the other western. To the west of the latter, I am shown the location of an ancient fortress, now toppled from top to bottom, and from where the inhabitants extracted beautiful ashlars."[13]

World War I

During WWI, the Ottomans set up a gallows in the city center to execute deserters who were forcefully enrolled into the Ottoman army. One of these deserters was Houssein Mohammed Kahloun who had fled 13 times before he was caught after his sister who was threatened by death exposed his location. He was taken to the gallows and hanged. The town's Mukhtar at the time Haidar Mohammad Haidar was taken by Ottoman soldiers and forced to witness the hanging.[14]

World War II

In the summer of 1942 during WWII, a group of French soldier were wandering the street of Saksakiyeh when they were asked about their reason for being there, in which one of the soldiers is said to have replying disrespectfully.

Poet Mohamad Ali Wehbe then attacked the soldiers with a stick he was carrying, his friends (Abd al Azim Helmi, Mohamad Dieb Amer, Hassan Asaad Wehbe, Mohamad Chibli Baghdadi Mroueh, and Ali Hassan Dahi) then joined in the attack, forcing the soldiers to flee.

The soldiers reported the incident to Sergent Dawoud, who later visited the town and threaten the town's leading figures (Mohamad Haj Haidar Haidar, Houssien Al Haj Ali Abass, Chibli Baghdadi Mroue, Mohamad Baker Al Ibrahim). The town's leading figures refused to expose the location of the attackers who had to spend about a year hiding in caves until Lebanon got its independence on 22 November 1943.[15]

Lebanese civil war

A list of Saksakieh Martyrs:

# Name Date of birth Died Location/Cause of death
1 Mustapha Mahmoud Dahi (Abo Adnan) 20-Apr-47 04-Nov-75[16] Saksakieh, shot by Houssien Ossaily by a submachine gun[16]
2 Youssef Fadel Siblini 1958 06-Sep-80[17] Saida, ambushed and shot while on his way as an Amal representative for the Joint Coordination Committee of Saida[17]
3 Commander Hassan Ali Siblini 1965 19-Apr-81[18][19] Saida, during random strikes by Saad Haddad (Israel backed militia)[18][19]
4 Mahmoud Hassan Badran (Abo Malek) 1948 28-Jan-82 Jisr Al Kasmiyye, killed by Palestinian Arab Front
5 Commander Abo Hassan Nehmeh Mroueh 1942 12-Apr-82 Daawdiyye, ambush after a security meeting in Zefta
6 Commander Mohammad Hassan Abdo 1960[20] 12-Sep-82[20] Madina Riyadiya Beirut, got hit my Israeli tank missile during planting of anti missile trap near
7 Houssien Ahmad Dahi 1960[21] 29-Mar-84[21] Saksakieh, Israeli ambush while loading weapons and ammunitions to his car[22]
8 Hassan Mohamad Kawtharani 1965[23] 16-Nov-84[23] Asaymiyye, during a direct fight with Israeli forces in Asaymiyye (Between Saksakieh and Sarafand), alongside Nabil Hijazi
9 Hassan Shaker Siblini (Abo Ali) 07-Mar-56 18-Apr-85[24] Near Central Military Club, Beirut. After two days of engagements in West Beirut[24]
10 Helmi Abd Al-Azim Helmi 02-Nov-66 18-Apr-85[24] Near Central Military Club, Beirut. After two days of engagements in West Beirut[24]
11 Hani Ali Fakih 1965 26-Oct-86 Tanbourit, during the War of Camps, by a missile that hit an SUV he was in
12 Adnan Hassan Kawtharani 1956 26-Oct-86 Tanbourit, during the War of Camps, by a missile that hit an SUV he was in
13 Abbas Mohammad Shaaban (Kamal) 10-Feb-67 18-Feb-87 Beirut
14 Asaad Mohammad Tanana 1970 11-Oct-87
15 Mohammad Houssien Amer 1966 08-May-88 Beirut
16 Mahmoud Ahmad Adib Amer 1970 16-Jan-89[25][26] Jbaa, during engagements during the War of Brothers[25][26]
17 Nabil Fouad Tanana 1974 23-Dec-89
18 Abdallah Mohamad Haidar 1967 24-Dec-89
19 Houssien Mahmoud Alloul 01-Jun-66 17-Apr-90 Barbora, Beirut[27]
20 Hani Siblini
21 Ali Amer
22 Ali Amer
23 Abbas Amer
24 Mohammad Ali Amer
25 Hassan Badran

2006 Lebanon War

On 15 July 2006, an Israeli plane destroyed three bridges, one in Sarafand, one in Saksakieh, and one in Loubiyeh. The Saksakieh bridge attack led to death of the civilian Mohammad Hassan Mustapha Haidar.[28][29] It took multiple years for the Saksakieh Bridge to be rebuilt completely.[30]The bridge had an estimate cost to repair of 690,000 dollars which was planned to be paid for by Iran.[31]

On 5 August 2006, an Israeli warplane fired two missiles at a two-story residential building in Al-Ghassaniyeh, it led to the death of 7 civilians doing a visit from their town of Saksakieh.[32]

Geography and geology

Al-Saksakiya is located at an elevation of around 150 meters above sea level. About 6% of its land lies on a low plain ranging from sea level to 5 meters. The largest portion, 42%, is situated between 5 and 50 meters in elevation. Land between 50 and 100 meters accounts for 11%, while 34% lies between 100 and 150 meters. The remaining 7% of the area is above 150 meters.

On the coast, exists a sub-marine spring with a semi-rounded shape, extruding 150 m feed by a eocene rock formation, from Nsarieh, 1-2 km away, due to karstic faults (conduits).[33]

As for the geological formation around the area, a transition from recent coastal deposits to older sedimentary rocks can be seen. The shoreline is mainly covered by Quaternary marine and alluvial sediments. Moving slightly inland towards Dauodiyye, the formation is made up mainly of Eocene to Miocene nummulitic limestones. Early geological surveys from the 1926 and 1940s show some variation in the interpretation. However more recent mapping confirms this general stratigraphic sequence.[34]

The soils in and around the town are classified as Inceptisols, mainly belonging to the Xerochrepts great group. They include Typic Xerochrepts, fine-textured Calcixerollic Xerochrepts, Vertic Xerochrepts, and Entic Chromoxererts, which occur on level to sloping terrain.[35]

Demographics

The population has grown significantly throughout this last century.

The estimate population was 595 in 1927, all being Shia Muslims.[36] The population increased to reach 1,775 in 1965, to 2,840 in 1981,[37] 5,223 in 1997, and to 6,231 in 2002.[38] Other estimate is 7,000 in 2002 with 3,200 eligible voters.[2]

In 2014, Muslims made up 99.58% of registered voters in As-Saksakiyah. 98.36% of the voters were Shiite Muslims.[39]

Education

Education in the town only properly started in around 1920, where Shiekh Khalil Helmi (Known as Al-Masri) educated children in one of the town's leading figure's house (Salim Mohammad Al-Arab). He had 45 students at the time including ones from neighboring towns. Education mostly consisted of learning the Quran and basic algebra. He was preceded by Shiekh Youssif Al-Masri who had about 40 students and educated at the same location until he later moved to Haje Chariefe Tawbi's house.

In 1930, Mohammad Baker Al-Ibrahim took over for about 20 years. He was followed by Sheikh Khalil Mahmoud Asaad Yehya.[41]

Schools were constructed later. Currently the town has 3 schools with 1 of them being a private school and the other 2 being public schools.

Saksakieh Official School

Saksakieh Official School is an English-based school that opened in 1963.[42]

School #: 1093
K.G Grade 1–6 Grade 7–9 Total Admins Teachers Ratio Students:Teachers
2001–2002[43] 94 503 205 802 – – –
2002–2003[43] 99 440 167 706 – – –
2012–2013[44] 42 271 159 472 5 36 13.11
2013–2014[45] 72 266 158 496 5 34 14.59
2015–2016[46] 99 225 139 463 5 35 13.23
2017–2018[47] 129 259 163 551 7 34 16.21
2020–2021[48] 141 331 174 646 8 33 19.56

Takamol School

Takamol School opened in 1980 and is a private English-based school with classes from preschool to middle school.[49]

School #: 5343–7868
K.G Grade 1–6 Grade 7–9 Total Admins Teachers Ratio students–teachers
2001–2002[50] 94 228 93 415 – – –
2002–2003[50] 116 250 68 434 – – –
2012–2013[44] 140 362 79 581 5 30 19.37
2013–2014[45] 183 379 91 653 4 34 19.21
2015–2016[46] 192 334 109 635 3 29 21.90
2020–2021[48] 66 183 58 307 5 17 18.06

Martyr Nehme Mroueh Official High School

Originally named Saksakieh Official High School, the school changed its name to Martyr Nehme Mroueh Official High School by a municipal decision in decree 763/16 issued on 18 October 2016.[51]

School #: 1539
Students Admins Teachers Ratio students–teachers
2012–2013[44] 144 5 23 6.26
2013–2014[45] 157 4 27 5.81
2015–2016[46] 204 2 34 6.00
2017–2018[47] 215 4 40 5.38
2020–2021[48] 224 4 36 6.22

Agriculture

14.78% of the town's population work in agriculture.

The administrative and services aspect

The official latin town name is "Saksakiyeh". It is identified by the geographic code 61461. Within its cadastral area, it holds the serial number 1 and belongs to property zone number 20. The town spans an area of 288 hectares.[52]

The town has a police station, two mosques, a Hussainiya for men and another for women, a dispensary, a governmental hospital and private hospital, a sports club, multiple charitable foundations, the Imam al-Mahdi Scouts, the Islamic Risala Scouts.

Saksakieh Governmental Hospital

The governmental hospital was built in the 1964 as a schistosomiasis center as part of the Litani River Project. However, it was used during the Lebanese Civil War as a military command center by some Lebanese parties and Palestinian organizations, it was then used a field hospital, and later as a police station by the town of Aadloun. It remained a police station for 7 years when it was later used as hospital under the name Musa Al Sadr Hospital, but that only lasted two-year, as in August 1992 it was handed over to the Ministry of Public Health.[53][54][55]

In 1988, legal decree 5215/88 issued on 16 September 1988 stated that the schistosomiasis center of Property 496 would become a health center in addition to doing schistosomiasis research.[56]

In 1993, legal decree 3379/93 issued on 7 April 1993 stated that the health center on Property 496 would become the Saksakieh Governmental Hospital (described as a middle sized hospital), this is due to the fact that based on 159/83 issued on 16 September 1983 a middle sized hospital with 70–100 beds at least is required for every 30,000 people.Algeria then provided fund to complete the hospital and purchase the required equipment. Dr Ali Jaber was put in charge.[57][58][55]

In 1994, legal decree 5170/94 issued on 25 May 1994 would set hospital employees and staff as such:[59]

Salary paid employees:
Position # Hours
Head of hospital 1 Full-time
Full-time medical foctor 4 Full-time
Full-time obstetrician durgeon 2 18
Gynecologist, snesthesiology, and reanimation doctor 1 1
General surgery doctor 2 18
Pediatrician 2 18
Ophthalmologist 1 18
Otolaryngologist (ear, nose, and throat) 1 18
Dermatologist 1 18
Gastroenterologist 1 18
Cardiologist 1 18
Radiologist 1 18
Hematologist 1 18
Dentist 1 18
Pharmacist 1 36
Registered nurse (head nurse) 1 48
Registered nurse (branch nurse) 4 48
Registered nurse 5 48
Anesthesia and resuscitation nurse 2 36
Midwife 2 48
X-ray technician 1 36
Chef 1 36
Hourly paid employees
Position #
Assistant nurse 20
Pharmacist 1
Chef assistant 1
Maintenance worker 1
Seamstress 1
Clerk 1
Climacteric 2
Gatekeeper 1
Guard 4
Call 3
Receptionist 10
Car driver 3
Driver assistant 3

Dr. Hani Shgari was put in charge, and the hospital began to receive patients and provide health services. After less than a year, the hospital closed due to the lack of funding from the Ministry of Public Health and the lack of staff.[55]

In 2005, legal decree 14159/05 issued on 8 February 2005 stated that a general organization is to be established to run the hospital. In article 2, it is stated that a 3-year board of directors of the organization would be headed by Eng. Ali Haidar Khalifeh with both Dr Faisal Mohammad Baghdadi Mroue and Dr Ibrahim Houssien Matar as board members.[60]

The hospital was meant to operate as an independent entity able to fund itself; however that didn't work as it wasn't able to open, even after being given a sum of 2 million dollar by the Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development.[55][61]

In 2007, legal decree 3/07 issued on 20 September 2007 stated that a new government hospital would be established in the neighboring town of Sarafand and would be approved as the Al-Zahrani district's government hospital, the decree also asks the Lebanese Council for Development and Reconstruction (CDR) to take the necessary steps to implement, construct, and prepare the hospital, the CDR was also given a loan of 10 million dollars to construct the new hospital. In addition, the Saksakieh Governmental Hospital on Property 496 returned to being a health center, as according to the decree the Saksakieh hospital has limited space and beds and can't be considered the district's hospital and the new Sarafand hospital was enough to meet the needs of the citizens in the district.[62]

In 2009, legal decree 1564/09 issued on 26 March 2009 stated that Enayah Ghosn, the head of the Secretariat department at the Ministry of Public Health, would be appointed as a government commissioner at the General Organization for the Management of the Saksakieh Governmental Hospital for a period of one year.[63]

The hospital remained closed until 8 February 2008 when a law degree to transfer it to a public organization by a request from the then minister of public health Jawad Khalifeh.

Politics

The town has 15 municipal councils seats and 4 mukhtar seats. The town had a presence in the 2018 Lebanese general elections with 5,256 voters (5,250 Shia & 6 Sunni).[64]

1963 municipal elections

The first municipal election took place in 1963 after the Municipals Law of Lebanon 29/63 was issued on 29 May 1963, requesting all town have their own municipality, thus legal decree 1217/63 was issued on 27 December 1963 titled "Establishing a municipality in the village of Saksakieh- Sidon District", and stated that Saksakieh would have 8 municipal members.[65] As such these 8 municipal members were elected:

  • Khalil Mohamad Haidar (elected mayor)
  • Hossien Yousif Younes
  • Mohamad Hassan Abbass
  • Hossien Abdo Aliahmad
  • Mohamad Ahmed Nasrallah
  • Hossien Ahmad Fakih
  • Fadel Yousif Siblini
  • Mohamad Chibli Baghdadi Mroue

Little to no record is present of the work done by this municipality.[66]

1998 municipal elections

The second election took place on 7 June 1998 after revision law 665/97 issued on 30 December 1997 (Revising Municipal Act Decree 118 issued on 30 June 1977). 15 Members were elected out of the 34 candidates. 2,383 voted out of the 3,112 eligible voters (76.57% turnout). The members met on 29 June 1998 and elect Mahmoud Ahmed Dahi as town mayor with Mahmoud Ahmad Moussa as deputy mayor.[67]

Rank Name Votes Percentage
1 Hossien Kassem Alloul 1,350 56.65
2 Mahmoud Ali Amer 1,346 56.48
3 Ahmed Abbass Abass 1,328 55.73
4 Mohamed Mahmoud Mashlab 1,321 55.43
5 Ali Youssif Younnes 1,300 54.55
6 Hassan Radwan Nasrallah 1,292 54.22
7 Mahmoud Hossien Badran 1,231 51.66
8 Khalil Mohamad Haidar 1,225 51.41
9 Adnan Mohamad Siblini 1,225 51.41
10 Adnan Nehme Obeid 1,202 50.44
11 Mohamed Ahmed Haidar 1,191 49.98
12 Mahmoud Ahmed Moussa (Deputy Mayor) 1,190 49.94
13 Mahmoud Ahmed Dahi (Elected Mayor) 1,170 49.10
14 Ahmed Houssien Hawili 1,106 46.41
15 Asaad Abed Al Kassem Fakih 990 41.54

2004 municipal elections

2010 municipal elections

The fourth municipal elections were done on 9 June 2010, there were only 15 candidates and thus they won by default, with Ali Salman Haidar as town mayor.[68][69][70]

#
1 Ali Hassan Berjawi
2 Mohammad Najib Fakih
3 Mahmoud Ahmad Ossaily
4 Ali Salman Haidar (elected mayor)
5 Wassim Mustapha Kawtharani
6 Adnan Mustapha Dahi
7 Ali Abd Al Razzak Mashlab
8 Hassan Mohammad Yehia
9 Mohammad Asaad Kahloun
10 Youssef Houssien Younis
11 Hassan Ali Sohiel
12 Youssef Ali Amer (deputy mayor)
13 Houssien Sami Obied
14 Mahmoud Jamil Al Haj
15 Mohammad Ali Bandar

2016 municipal elections

The fifth municipal elections that were done on 6 June 2016 had 25 candidates, 15 of which were elected.[71]

Rank Name Votes
1 Mahmoud Ahmad Ossaily 2,028
2 Kassem Ahmed Badran 1,954
3 Adnan Ali Younis 1,910
4 Ali Ahmad Abass 1,862
5 Houssien Kassem Alloul 1,816
6 Ali Mahmoud Darwich 1,783
7 Bilal Ghazi Al Arab 1,775
8 Mohamad Kassem Amer 1,734
9 Houssien Wehbe Alloul 1,519
10 Fatima Nehme Baghdadi Mroue 1,494
11 Mohamed Ali Wehbe 1,483
12 Adnan Mustapha Dahi 1,457
13 Jihad Houssien Siblini 1,430
14 Mahmoud Ahmad Dahi 1,411
15 Ali Hassan Berjawi 1,367

Town mukhtars

The first mukhtar of the town was Mohamed Hossein Amer who was a mukhtar during the Ottoman Rule. Followed by Haidar Mohamed Haidar who was mukhtar during the end of the Ottoman Rule.[72] Followed by (in order):

  • Abed Al Kassem Fakih
  • Chibli Mohamad Baghdadi Mroue
  • Mohamed Kassem Ahmad Fakih (Abo Hasib) (For a short period of time)
  • Kassem Darwich Haidar (Who later resigned to pass it off to Chibli Mohamad Baghdadi Mroue)
  • Mohamed Houssien Abbass (Abo Najib), along with Mohamed Ali Moussa Siblini, Ahmed Hassan Dahi, Mustafa Ahmed Obied, and Mohamad Amin Shoumar in 1963
  • Mohamad Ali Sibini (Selected by the Mayor of South Lebanon) who later resigned
  • Ahmad Hassan Dahi (Selected by the Mayor of South Lebanon)
  • Najib Mohammad Abbass elected on 6 June 1998[72]

Mukhtar elections 2010

3 people were elected as the town's Mukhtars. Three candidates ran for the optional Mukhtar seats thus won by default.[73]

# Name Position
1 Mohsen Mahmoud Siblini Mukhtar
2 Amin Ali Shoumar Mukhtar
3 Najib Mohammad Abbass Mukhtar
– Asaad Mohammad Wehbe Optional Member
– Hassan Ahmad Al Houssieni Optional Member
– Kassem Hassan Haidar Optional Member

Mukhtar elections 2016

4 out of the 10 candidates were elected as the town's Mukhtars. One candidate ran up for the optional Mukhtar seat and won by default.[74]

Rank Name Votes Position
1 Amin Ali Shoumar 1,923 Mukhtar
2 Hassan Ali Fakih 1,451 Mukhtar
3 Najib Mohamad Abbass 1,398 Mukhtar
4 Mohsen Mahmoud Siblini 1,245 Mukhtar
– Ahmad Jamil Al Haj 0 Optional Member

Notes

^n It's also called Saksakieh, Saksakie, or Saksakiye. And also referred to as Alsaksakieh, Alsaksakie,or Alsaksakiye.

References

  1. ^ a b c "Saksakiyeh". Localiban. Centre de ressource sur le développement local au liban. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d Moufarrej, Tony (2002). موسوعة قرى ومدن لبنان [Encyclopedia of the Villages and Cities of Lebanon] (in Arabic). Vol. 13. Beirut, Lebanon: Noblis Publishing House. pp. 207–208. Retrieved 19 September 2025.
  3. ^ Fahour (فاعور), Ali (علي) (1985). South Lebanon: The Nature & Human (جنوب لبنان الطبيعة والانسان) (in Arabic). Beirut: Dar el Bahith (دار الباحث). ISBN 0000279234.
  4. ^ Murad Al Dabagh (مراد الدبّاغ), Mustapha (مصطفى) (1986). Arab Tribes and Their Descendants in Our Country Palestine (القبائل العربية وسلائلها في بلادنا فلسطين) (in Arabic) (2 ed.). Arab Institute for Research & Publishing (المؤسسة العربية للدراسات والنشر). p. 71. The Sakaseks...(clan name) was printed in the town of Saksakieh in South Lebanon {السكاسك..طبعت اسمها في قرية السكسكية في الجنوب اللبناني}
  5. ^ ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Muhammad (915). Yar-Shater, Ehsan (ed.). History of the Prophets and Kings: The collapse of Sufyānid authority and the coming of the Marwānids (in Arabic). Vol. XX. Translated by Hawting, G.R. Albany, N.Y: State University of New York Press. p. 59. Marwan then journeyed with the people toward al-Jabiyah and pitched camp at Marj Rahit among the men of Jordan of the Bani Kalb over against al-Dahhak. The Sakasik, the Sakun, and the Ghassan joined him while Hassan b. Malik b. Bahdal rode off to the Jordan district.
  6. ^ Dawoud Jaber (داود جابر), Ali (علي) (2005). The Lost Piece From The History of Jabal Amel (الحلقة الضائعة من تاريخ جبل عامل: من الفتح الاسلامي حتى السيطرة العثمانية) (in Arabic). Beirut: Dar Al Hadi (دار الهادي). p. 76. و وكانت جبال عاملة الجنوبية تتبع جند الأردن كما عرفت سابقا ، ما يقوي الظن بنزولهم في هذه المنطقة ، ومما يقوي ما ذهبنا إليه وجود قرية يقال لها السكسكية إلى الجنوب من الصرفند ، يقول الدباغ : «السكاسك من حمير والنسبة إليها سكسكي ، طبعت اسمها في قرية السكسكية في الجنوب اللبناني» And in Marwan's Era in the year of 64 AH, Al-Sakasik went to Jordan as stated by Al Tabari. And Jabal Amel Al Janoubia supported the Jordan army (as stated before) which supports this actually happening. Further support of this fact is that there exists a town called Saksakieh south of Sarafand in Lebanon.
  7. ^ Abd Al Salam Tadmuri (عبد السلام تدمري), Omar (عمر) (1992). Lebanon from the establishment of the Abbasid state until the fall of the Ikhshidid state (لبنان من قيام الدولة العباسية حتى سقوط الدولة الإخشيديّة) (in Arabic). Jarrous Press Tripoli (جروس برس طرابلس). pp. 45–46, 300.
  8. ^ Frayha, Anis (1956). أسماء المدن والقرى اللبنانية وتفسير معانيها [The Names of Lebanese Cities and Villages and the Explanation of Their Meanings] (in Arabic). Beirut, Lebanon: American University of Beirut. p. 175.
  9. ^ Abu Muslih, Kamal (1987). معجم العربي المستعجم في أسماء المدن والقرى [A Lexicon of Arabic Mustaʿjam Place-Names (Cities & Villages).] (in Arabic) (1 ed.). Beirut, Lebanon: Al-Dar al-Taqaddumiyya. OCLC 1158683762. I lean with near certainty that the original is al-Sīsāʾiyya (from al-Sīsāʾ; see "Sīsūq"), though other possibilities remain: al-Saqsaqiyya (from al-saqsaqa, abundance of birds), al-Zaqzaqiyya (from al-zaqzaqa, abundance of birds), al-Saksakiyya (from al-saksaka, weakness or the hunter's stealthy gait when deceiving birds; colloquial), and al-Saʾsaʾiyya (from al-saʾsaʾa, village of shepherds).أرجح ترجِيحاً يقرب من اليقين أنه في الأصل : السيسائيّة: أي المنسوبة إلى السيساء (انظر "سيسوق"). لكننا لا نستطيع إلا رد الاحتمالات الأخرى: السقسقية: المنسوبة إلى السقسقة، والمقصود: الكثبر الطيور. الزقزقيّة: المنسوبة إلى الزقزقة، والمقصود: الكثيرة الطيور أيضاً. السكسكيّة: المنسوبة إلى السكسكة، أي الضعف أو مشية الصيّاد إذ يحاول التخفي بتخفيف الوطء، وبالإنحناء لخدع الطير واصطياده (عامّي). السأسأيّة: المنسوبة إلى السأسأسة، والمقصود: بلدة الرّعاة.
  10. ^ Wadieh, Abu Fadel (1910). دليل لبنان لسنة ١٩٠٩ [Guide to Lebanon for the Year 1909] (in Arabic). Cairo: مطبعة المعارف. p. 185. عن يسار الطريق من تلك الجهة مغارة كبيرة تسمى مغارة البزيز، وإلى جهة الشمال مكان يوجد فيه عدة رسوم وصور حيوانات وغير ذلك، وامام البحر حوض كبير منحوت في الصخر، ومن هذه الجهة من عدلون يشاهد المسافر عن يمينه (قرية النصارية) ثم بعد (٣٨د) م يقطع نهر اليزراني ويصل الى الثكثكية وبالقرب منها كهوف فيها رسوم عديدة وآثار مختلفة وبعد (٢٢ د) يشاهد عن اليسار خرابات كثيرة عن يمينها قرية الصرفند.On the left side of the road in that direction, there is a large cave called the Bziz Cave. To the north, there is a place with several drawings and images of animals and other figures. Facing the sea, there is a large basin carved into the rock. From this side of Adloun, the traveler sees on his right the village of al-Nassariyah, then after 38 minutes he crosses the al-Yazrani River and reaches al-Thakthakiyah, near which there are caves with many drawings and various remains. After 22 minutes, on the left, one sees many ruins, with the village of Sarafand to their right.
  11. ^ Noack, Ludwig (1868). Von Eden nach Golgatha : Biblisch-geschichtliche Forschungen. Mit einer Karte von Galilea [From Eden to Golgotha: Biblical-Historical Research] (in German). Leipzig: Verlag von Otto Wigand. p. 298.
  12. ^ Liévin (de Hamme) (1869). Guide indicateur des sanctuaires et lieux historiques de la Terre-Sainte [Guide to the Shrines and Historical Sites of the Holy Land] (in French). Imp. des PP. Franciscains. pp. 661–662. A 17 minutes plus loin , on voit à droite le petit village Adloun , assis sur la petite chaîne , puis 6 minutes après , on passe sur un pavé en mosaïque encore très-visible ; tout au tour jusqu'à une assez grande distance on aperçoit chemin faisant des débris de constructions que l'on croit appartenir à l'ancienne Ornithopolis (ville des oiseaux) Sur le versant de la petite chaîne , on voit le village d'Ensarîyeh . Après 10 minutes de marche , on remarque un puits d'eau potable sur la gauche près du chemin; 15 minutes après , on aperçoit Zakhzekiyeh, assez beau village situé à droite sur la montagne ; 10 minutes de marche plus loin , par une route sablonneuse , on traverse un ruisseau appelé Nahr- el-Khaisarani / Seventeen minutes further on, one sees on the right the small village of Adloun, perched on the small ridge; then, six minutes later, we pass over a mosaic-paved road that is still very visible. All around, for quite a distance, one can see along the way the remains of structures believed to belong to the ancient Ornithopolis (city of birds). On the slope of the small ridge, the village of Ensarîyeh is visible. After a ten-minute walk, a drinking water well is noticed on the left near the path; fifteen minutes later, Zakhzekiyeh, a rather beautiful village, appears on the right on the mountain. Ten minutes further along, via a sandy road, we cross a stream called Nahr el-Khaisarani.
  13. ^ Guérin, 1880, p. 482: "A huit heures, je monte à Zekzekieh. Ce village, assis sur une hauteur, est divisé en deux quartiers, l'un oriental, l'autre occidental. A l'ouest de ce dernier, on me montre l'emplacement d'une ancienne forteresse, aujourd'hui renversée de fond en comble, et d'où les habitants ont extrait de belles pierres de taille."
  14. ^ Haidar, Ahmad. Al Saksakieh: Nature and Forefront (in Arabic). Beirut: Dar Aoun. pp. 31–32. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  15. ^ Haidar, Ahmad. Al Saksakieh: Nature and Forefront (in Arabic). Beirut: Dar Aoun. pp. 55–57. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
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  17. ^ a b "Ambush for Amal Sidon Joint Committee Representatives". Al-Anwar. 7 September 1980. p. 1. Retrieved 16 February 2022. An ambush for representatives of the joint committee in Saida. Yesterday evening, a car carrying members of the Amal Movement in the Joint Coordination Committee of Saida was hit by gunfire leading to the death of Youssef Siblini, and wounding others.
  18. ^ a b "Death and Injury of 50 in Saida. Fights rising again in Beirut". Al-Rai. No. 4000. 20 April 1981. p. 1. Retrieved 16 February 2022. Reports in the South Lebanon report that 20 people dead and 30 other injured during sustained missile attacks by traitor Saad Haddad in Saida
  19. ^ a b "Rightist shelling hits 30 in Sidon". Arab News. No. 143. 20 April 1981. p. 4. Retrieved 16 February 2022. At least 30 people were killed or wounded in Sidon Sunday when Maj. Saad Haddad's right-wing Christian militia shelled the center of the town, correspondents reports.
  20. ^ a b Haidar, Ahmad. Al Saksakieh: Nature and Forefront (in Arabic). Beirut: Dar Aoun. p. 106. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  21. ^ a b Haidar, Ahmad. Al Saksakieh: Nature and Forefront (in Arabic). Beirut: Dar Aoun. p. 99. Retrieved 16 December 2025.
  22. ^ Schechla, Joseph. "Palestine Chronology, March 1 to May 15, 1984" (PDF). Journal of Palestine Studies. 13 (4): 232. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2025. Arab World: Israeli troops open fire on car at road block near Saksakiyah, S. Lebanon, killing driver
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  24. ^ a b c d "Cross clashes and barriers in West Beirut. Burning Abdel Nasser Mosque and robbing Al-Mourabitoun Radio.The number of dead and injured rose to 45 and 185 respectively". Al-Anwar. 19 April 1985. p. 4. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  25. ^ a b "Amal Shiites 11 in the region and held a funeral Ceremony". Annahar. No. 17232. 17 January 1989. p. 4. Retrieved 16 February 2022. And Amal arranged a funeral for Rida Siklawi in Dir Kanon – Ras Al Ain, Mohammad Misilmani in Al-Shaaytiyye, Mahmoud Amer in Al-Saksakieh, and Salem Hamzeh in Al-Jmayzme
  26. ^ a b "Funeral of 17 militants who fell in Jbaa". Al-Anwar. No. 10024. 17 January 1989. p. 4. Retrieved 16 February 2022. "Amal" and the people of the town of Saksakieh arrange a large funeral for Mahmoud Amer, in which a number of the movement's officials in the south and citizens chanted slogans supporting the Amal movement and denouncing what happened.
  27. ^ "Remembering three members, Amal: On the homeland, what is happening aims to remove us". Al-Anwar. 1 May 1990. p. 4. Retrieved 14 February 2022.
  28. ^ "Diaries of the Israeli aggression on Lebanon: Day 4". Alreaaya. 16 July 2006. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022. The Israeli air force would then return and target the Zahrani Bridge at dawn, but the remarkable thing was that the Israeli planes destroyed three consecutive bridges on the highway of the southern highway between Sarafand, Saksakiah and Ansariyah, which led to its collapse and the martyrdom of a citizen from the town of Saksakiah.
  29. ^ "Martyrs of Lebanon: 28-7-2006". Khiyam. 29 July 2007. Archived from the original on 11 February 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022. The names of the martyrs of the July war, according to the data of the High Relief Commission / Saksakieh: Mohamed Hassan Haider / Hussien Haidar Amer
  30. ^ Dahsah, Mohammad (27 July 2009). "Since the Israeli aggression: Al-Saksakiyeh Bridge..destroyed until further notice". Al Balad (Sada Al Balad) (1950 ed.). Archived from the original on 30 July 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2022. The bridge of the town of Al-Saksakiyeh in the Sidon-Zahrani district has become "old news" despite the passage of three years since the Israeli aggression on Lebanon in July 2006.
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  51. ^ Municipal Decree 763/16 issued on 18 October 2016 https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Saksakieh_HighSchool_Name_Change.jpg
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Bibliography

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