Richard II's gyration

'Richard II's gyration was a tour of England by Richard II in 1387 to muster support against oversight by a commission of three Lords appointed by the Wonderful Parliament.

The word gyrare is used by the contemporary chronicler Henry Knighton.[1]

Despite a fear of a French invasion in October 1386 the Wonderful Parliament, with the support of senior Lords,[2] refused a high request for a very high tax request[3] until the chancellor Michael de la Pole was removed.[4] The King initially replied that he would not dismiss as much as a kitchen scullion at parliament's request.[5] and only when threatened with deposition did Richard remove Pole.[6] A commission was set up to review and control royal finances for a year.[7]

Richard saw this commission as an affront to the royal prerogative,[8] and from February to November 1387 went on a "gyration" of the country to muster support for his cause.[9] This prolonged absence from London[10] was intended to allow the King to consolidate his popular support[11] in areas where loyalty to the Crown was particularly strong.[12] By installing Robert de Vere as Justice of Chester, he began the work of creating a loyal military power base around the Midlands[13] and in Cheshire.[14] Much of the funding came from Nicholas Brembre, a rich wool merchant and recent Mayor of London.[13] He also secured a legal ruling from Chief Justice Robert Tresilian that parliament's conduct had been unlawful and treasonable.[15]

It ended with the formation of the Lords Appellant to oppose Richard's move which they did in the Merciless Parliament.

References

  1. ^ Roskell 1984, p. 55, n. 10.
  2. ^ Saul 1997, p. 160.
  3. ^ Saul 1997, p. 157.
  4. ^ McKisack 1959, p. 443.
  5. ^ Saul 1997, pp. 157–158.
  6. ^ Saul 1997, p. 158.
  7. ^ Harriss 2005, p. 80.
  8. ^ Tuck 2004.
  9. ^ Tuck 1985, p. 189.
  10. ^ Given-Wilson et al. 2005.
  11. ^ Sanderlin 1988, pp. 171–84.
  12. ^ Bennett 1999, pp. 192–193.
  13. ^ a b Saul 1997, pp. 171–5.
  14. ^ Goodman 1971, p. 22.
  15. ^ Chrimes 1956.

Sources

  • Bennett, M. J. (1999). "Richard II and the Wider Realm". In Goodman, A.; Gillespie, J. L. (eds.). Richard II: The Art of Kingship. Oxford: Clarendon. pp. 187–204. ISBN 978-0-19820-189-2.
  • Chrimes, S. B. (1956). "Richard II's questions to the judges". Law Quarterly Review. lxxii: 365–390.
  • Given-Wilson, C.; Brand, P.; Phillips, S.; Ormrod, M.; Martin, G.; Curry, A.; Horrox, R., eds. (2005). "Introduction: Richard II: October 1386". British History Online. Parliament Rolls of Medieval England. Woodbridge. Archived from the original on 8 March 2018. Retrieved 12 Jun 2018.
  • Goodman, Anthony (1971). The Loyal Conspiracy: The Lords Appellant under Richard II. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-7100-7074-8.
  • Harriss, Gerald (2005). Shaping the Nation: England, 1360–1461. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-1982-2816-3.
  • McKisack, May (1959). The Fourteenth Century: 1307–1399. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-1982-1712-9. {{cite book}}: ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)
  • Roskell, J. S. (1984). The Impeachment of Michael de la Pole, Earl of Suffolk in 1386: In the Context of the Reign of Richard II. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-71900-963-1.
  • Sanderlin, S. (1988). "Chaucer and Ricardian Politics". The Chaucer Review. 22: 171–184. OCLC 43359050.
  • Saul, Nigel (1997). Richard II. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-07003-3.
  • Tuck, Anthony (1985). Crown and Nobility 1272–1461: Political Conflict in Late Medieval England. London: Fontana. ISBN 0-0068-6084-2.
  • Tuck, Anthony (2004). "Richard II (1367–1400)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23499.
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