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Introduction
Buddhism, also known as Buddha-dharma and Dharmavinaya, is an Indian religion and philosophy based on teachings attributed to the Buddha, a śramaṇa and religious teacher who lived in the 6th or 5th century BCE. It is the world's fourth-largest religion, with about 320 million followers, known as Buddhists, who comprise 4.1% of the global population. It arose in the eastern Gangetic plain as a śramaṇa movement in the 5th century BCE, and gradually spread throughout much of Asia. Buddhism has subsequently played a major role in Asian culture and spirituality, eventually spreading to the West in the 20th century.
According to tradition, the Buddha instructed his followers in a path of cultivation that leads to awakening and full liberation from dukkha (lit. 'suffering'; 'unease', 'unsatisfactoriness') by attaining nirvana, the 'blowing out' (extinguishing) of the passions. He regarded this path as a Middle Way between extreme asceticism and sensory indulgence, and also between the extremes of eternalism and nihilism. Teaching that dukkha arises alongside attachment or clinging, the Buddha advised meditation practices and ethical precepts rooted in non-harming. Widely observed teachings include the Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path, and the doctrines of dependent origination, karma, and the three marks of existence. Other commonly observed elements include the Triple Gem, the taking of monastic vows, and the cultivation of perfections (pāramitā). (Full article...)
Selected Articles
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Image 2A kōan ( KOH-a(h)n; Japanese: 公案; Chinese: 公案; pinyin: gōng'àn [kʊ́ŋ ân]; Korean: 화두; Vietnamese: công án) is a story, dialogue, question, or statement from Chinese Chan Buddhist lore, supplemented with commentaries, that is used in Chan, Zen, Seon and Thiền Buddhist practice in different ways. The main goal of kōan practice in Zen is to achieve kenshō (Chinese: jianxing 見性), to see or observe one's buddha-nature. Extended study of kōan literature as well as meditation ( zazen) on a kōan is a major feature of modern Rinzai Zen. They are also studied in the Sōtō school of Zen to a lesser extent. In Chinese Chan and Korean Seon Buddhism, meditating on a huatou, a key phrase of a kōan, is also a major Zen meditation method. ( Full article...)
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Image 3Buddhism is the largest-religion in Thailand, followed by around 92.5% of the country's population as per 2021. By sheer numbers, it has the world's largest Buddhist population followed by China and Myanmar, with more than 67 million Buddhists. The Theravada branch is practiced by most Buddhists and shares many similarities with Sri Lankan Buddhism. Buddhism in Thailand has also become integrated with Hinduism from millennia of Indian influence, and Chinese religions from the large Thai Chinese population. Buddhist temples in Thailand are characterized by tall golden stupas, and the Buddhist architecture of Thailand is similar to that in other Southeast Asian countries, particularly Cambodia and Laos, with which Thailand shares cultural and historical heritages. Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Laos are countries with Theravada Buddhist majorities. Buddhism is believed to have come to what is now Thailand as early as the 3rd century BCE, in the time of the Indian Emperor Ashoka. Since then, Buddhism has played a significant role in Thai culture and society. Buddhism and the Thai monarchy have often been intertwined, with Thai kings historically seen as the main patrons of Buddhism in Thailand. Although politics and religion were generally separated for most of Thai history, Buddhism's connection to the Thai state would increase in the middle of the 19th century following the reforms of King Mongkut that would lead to the development of a royally-backed sect of Buddhism and increased centralization of the Thai sangha under the state, with state control over Buddhism increasing further after the 2014 coup d'état. Thai Buddhism is distinguished for its emphasis on short-term ordination for every Thai man and its close interconnection with the Thai state and Thai culture. The two official branches, or Nikayas, of Thai Buddhism are the royally backed Dhammayuttika Nikaya and the larger Maha Nikaya. ( Full article...)
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Tiger JK during an autograph event in Bundang, December 2018 ( Korean: 서정권; born July 29, 1974), also known as Tiger JK ( 타이거 JK), is a South Korea-born American rapper, record producer, and entrepreneur based in South Korea. He is best known as a founding member of Korean hip hop group Drunken Tiger. He has also founded two record labels, Jungle Entertainment and Feel Ghood Music. He is a member of the South Korean hip hop trio MFBTY. He is considered a highly influential figure in the development of Korean hip-hop and is credited with helping bring the genre into the Korean mainstream. The Los Angeles Times referred to him in 2011 as "perhaps the most popular Korean rapper in America, Asia and the world." ( Full article...)
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Beals at the 2008 at GLAAD Awards show (born December 19, 1963) is an American actress. She made her film debut in My Bodyguard (1980), before receiving critical acclaim for her performance as Alexandra Owens in Flashdance (1983), for which she won NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture and was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Comedy or Musical. Beals has appeared in several films including Vampire's Kiss (1988), Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle (1994), Devil in a Blue Dress (1995), The Last Days of Disco (1998), Roger Dodger (2002), The Book of Eli (2010), Before I Fall (2017), and Luckiest Girl Alive (2022). On television, she starred in shows such as The Chicago Code (2011), Proof (2015), Taken (2017), and The Book of Boba Fett (2021). Her portrayal of Bette Porter on the Showtime drama series The L Word (2004–2009) earned her a nomination for the Satellite Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama. She reprised her role as Bette Porter and served as an executive producer on the sequel series The L Word: Generation Q (2019–2023). ( Full article...)
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Image 6Michael Imperioli (born March 26, 1966) is an American actor. He is best known for his breakout, featured role in Martin Scorsese's Goodfellas (1990), his roles as Christopher Moltisanti in the HBO crime drama series The Sopranos (1999–2007), which earned him the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2004 and as Dominic DiGrasso in the HBO drama The White Lotus. In the early part of his career, he played the role of Spider in Goodfellas (1990). He went on to play many supporting roles in films such as Jungle Fever (1991), Bad Boys (1995), The Basketball Diaries (1995), Shark Tale (2004), The Lovely Bones (2009), and most recently, One Night in Miami (2020)and Song Sung Blue (film. Imperioli co-wrote the screenplay for Summer of Sam (1999) with Spike Lee, and wrote five episodes of The Sopranos. He made his directorial feature film debut with The Hungry Ghosts (2008), which he also wrote. For his role as Dominic Di Grasso in the second season of The White Lotus (2022) he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. On stage, he made his Broadway debut in the revival of the Henrik Ibsen play An Enemy of the People (2024). ( Full article...)
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Shandling in September 1987 (November 29, 1949 – March 24, 2016) was an American actor, comedian, writer, director, and producer. Shandling began his career writing for sitcoms, such as Sanford and Son and Welcome Back, Kotter. He made a successful stand-up performance on The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson where he became a frequent guest host. Shandling was, for a time, considered the leading contender to replace Johnny Carson. In 1986, he created It's Garry Shandling's Show, which aired on Showtime. It was nominated for four Emmy Awards (including one for Shandling) and lasted until 1990. Shandling's second show, The Larry Sanders Show, began airing on HBO in 1992. He was nominated for 18 Emmy Awards for the show and won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series in 1998, along with Peter Tolan, for writing the series finale. In film, he had a recurring role in the Marvel Cinematic Universe, appearing in Iron Man 2 and Captain America: The Winter Soldier. He also lent his voice to Verne the turtle in Over the Hedge. Shandling's final performance was as the voice of Ikki in the live-action remake of The Jungle Book. ( Full article...)
Featured Image
Maya Devi Temple at Lumbini
Selected Quote
“When we consider the way in which the human intellect has sought to grasp the universe, we cannot but be impressed with the close resemblance between modern physics and the ancient Indian philosophy, especially and Buddhism.”
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Selected Biographies
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Image 1Siddhartha Gautama, most commonly referred to as the Buddha ( lit. 'the awakened one'), was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in South Asia during the 6th or 5th century BCE and founded Buddhism. According to Buddhist legends, he was born in Lumbini, in what is now Nepal, to royal parents of the Shakya clan, but renounced his home life to live as a wandering ascetic. After leading a life of mendicancy, asceticism, and meditation, he attained nirvana at Bodh Gaya in what is now India. The Buddha then wandered through the lower Indo-Gangetic Plain, teaching and building a monastic order ( sangha). Buddhist tradition holds he died in Kushinagar and reached parinirvana ("final release from conditioned existence"). According to Buddhist tradition, the Buddha taught a Middle Way between sensual indulgence and severe asceticism, leading to freedom from ignorance, craving, rebirth, and suffering. His core teachings are summarised in the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path, a training of the mind that includes ethical training and kindness toward others, and meditative practices such as sense restraint, mindfulness, dhyana (meditation proper). Another key element of his teachings are the concepts of the five skandhas and dependent origination, describing how all dharmas (both mental states and concrete 'things') come into being, and cease to be, depending on other dharmas, lacking an existence on their own ( svabhava). While in the Nikayas, he frequently refers to himself as the Tathāgata; the earliest attestation of the title Buddha is from the 3rd century BCE, meaning 'Awakened One' or 'Enlightened One'. His teachings were compiled by the Buddhist community into the Vinaya Piṭaka, containing codes for monastic discipline, and the Sūtra Piṭaka, a collection of discourses attributed to him. These were passed down in Middle Indo-Aryan dialects through an oral tradition. Later generations composed additional texts, such as systematic treatises known as Abhidharma, biographies of the Buddha, collections of stories about his past lives known as Jataka tales, and additional discourses, i.e., the Mahāyāna sūtras. ( Full article...)
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Author of 1444 volumes: Yākini Mahattarā Sūnu Acharya Haribhadrasuri Maharaja was a Śvetāmbara mendicant Jain leader, philosopher, doxographer, and author. There are multiple contradictory dates assigned to his birth. According to tradition, he lived c. 459–529 CE. However, in 1919, a Jain monk named Jinvijay pointed out that given his familiarity with Dharmakirti, a more likely choice would be sometime after 650. In his writings, Haribhadra identifies himself as a student of Jinabhaṭasūri of the Vidyadhara Kula. There are several, somewhat contradictory, accounts of his life. He wrote several books on Yoga, such as the Yogadṛṣṭisamuccaya and on comparative religion, outlining and analyzing the theories of Hindus, Buddhists and Jains. ( Full article...)
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Vasubandhu as a founding master of the Yogācāra school in a Chinese woodblock print collection "Portraits of the Buddha and Ancestral Masters" 佛祖正宗道影 (1880) by the Chinese monk Shouyi 守一. ( traditional Chinese: 世親; ; pinyin: Shìqīn; Tibetan: དབྱིག་གཉེན་ Wylie: dbyig gnyen; fl. 4th to 5th century CE) was an influential Indian Buddhist monk and scholar. He was a philosopher who wrote commentary on the Abhidharma, from the perspectives of the Sarvastivada and Sautrāntika schools. After his conversion to Mahayana Buddhism, along with his half-brother, Asanga, he was also one of the main founders of the Yogacara school. Vasubandhu's Abhidharmakośakārikā ("Commentary on the Treasury of the Abhidharma") is widely used in Tibetan and East Asian Buddhism, as the major source for non-Mahayana Abhidharma philosophy. His philosophical verse works set forth the standard for the Indian Yogacara metaphysics of "appearance only" ( vijñapti-mātra), which has been described as a form of " epistemological idealism", phenomenology and close to Immanuel Kant's transcendental idealism. Apart from this, he wrote several commentaries, works on logic, argumentation and devotional poetry. Vasubandhu is one of the most influential thinkers in the Indian Buddhist philosophical tradition. Because of their association with Nalanda university, Vasubandhu and Asanga are amongst the so-called Seventeen Nalanda Masters. In Jōdo Shinshū, he is considered the Second Patriarch; in Chan Buddhism, he is the 21st Patriarch. ( Full article...)
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Image 7Dhammapāla was the name of two or more great Theravada Buddhist commentators. The earlier, born in Kanchipuram, is known to us from both the Gandhavamsa and the writings of Xuanzang to have lived at Badara Tittha Vihara south of modern Chennai, and to have written the commentaries on seven of the shorter canonical books (consisting almost entirely of verses) and also the commentary on the Netti, perhaps the oldest Pali work outside the canon. Extracts from the latter work, and the whole of three out of the seven others, have been published in Pali by the Pali Text Society. These works show great learning, exegetical skill and sound judgment. But as to the meaning of words, or to discussions of the ethical import of his texts, very little can be gathered from his writings of value for the social history of his time. Though in all probability a Tamil by birth, he declares, in the opening lines of those of his works that have been edited, that he followed the tradition of the Great Monastery ( Maha Vihara) at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka, and the works themselves confirm this in every respect. Another writer, probably also called Dhammapala, since he was supposed by the 12th century to be the same, though scholars do not accept this, wrote subcommentaries on the commentaries on the Digha, Majjhima and Samyutta Nikayas. ( Full article...)
Images from various Buddhism-related articles on Wikipedia
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Image 1Apollo and Daphne. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 2Wat Phra Kaew, Bangkok, Thailand (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 3The Rinpung Dzong follows a distinctive type of fortress architecture found in the former and present Buddhist kingdoms of the Himalayas, most notably Bhutan (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 4Catching catfish with a gourd, (Hyōnen-zu, 瓢鮎図), ink on paper, 111.5 × 75.8 cm, Myōshin-ji temple, Taizō-in, Kyoto. (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 5The Tripiṭaka Koreana in South Korea, an edition of the Chinese Buddhist canon carved and preserved in over 81,000 wood printing blocks (from Buddhism)
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Image 6Buddhist expansion throughout Asia (from Buddhism)
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Image 8Avalokiteshvara on the wall of Plaosan temple ( Indonesia) , Javanese Sailendran art, 9th century. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 9The Buddhist flag flying at the Nan Tien Temple, Wollongong, Australia (from Buddhist flag)
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Image 10Nan Hua Main Temple, South Africa (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 11Left panel of the Pine Trees screen (松林図 屏風, Shōrin-zu byōbu) by Hasegawa Tōhaku, c.1595 (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 12Bodhisattva Lokesvara, Cambodia 12th century. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 13The Buddha in long, heavy robe, a design derived from the art of Gandhara, Ajanta Caves, 5th century AD. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 14The statue of Dhyani Buddha Vairocana, Avalokitesvara, and Vajrapani inside the Mendut temple (from Buddhist art)
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Image 15The Shakyamuni Daibutsu Bronze (4.8 metres) is the oldest known sculpture of Buddha in Japan cast by Tori Busshi in 609. (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 167th century Nara temple roof tile showing Greco-Buddhist influence (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 17A depiction of the supposed First Buddhist council at Rajgir. Communal recitation was one of the original ways of transmitting and preserving Early Buddhist texts. (from Buddhism)
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Image 18The Agusan image from Agusan del sur, now in Chicago. (from Buddhist art)
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Image 19Buddhists of various traditions, Yeunten Ling Tibetan Institute (from Buddhism)
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Image 20Kalasan, 8th-century Buddhist temple in Java island (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 21Art of Buddha in Sky lantern in Bangladesh (from Buddha in art)
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Image 22Buddhists fly lanterns during the Pavāraṇā ceremony in Bandarban, Bangladesh (from Buddhist holidays)
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Image 24The story of the Trojan horse was depicted in the art of Gandhara. British Museum. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 25Relief of a multi-storied temple, 2nd century CE, Ghantasala Stupa (from Buddhist temple)
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Image 26Seated Buddha in Hellenistic style, Tapa Shotor, 2nd century AD. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 27At Bharhut, the gateways were made by northern (probably Gandharan) masons using Kharosthi marks, while the railings were made by masons exclusively using marks in the local Brahmi script, now in Indian Museum. 150-100 BC. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 28Lhasa's Potala Palace, today a UNESCO World Heritage Site, pictured in 2019 (from Buddhism)
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Image 29Wall Painting on South door of Byōdō-in (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 30Ancient kingdoms and cities of South Asia and Central Asia during the time of the Buddha (c. 500 BCE)—modern-day India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan (from Buddhism)
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Image 32Kōdō Sawaki practising Zazen ("sitting dhyana") (from Buddhism)
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Image 33A Chinese wooden Bodhisattva from the Song dynasty (960–1279 CE), in the position of royal ease (from Buddhist art)
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Image 34Muara Takus temple, an 11th century Buddhist temple in Sumatra. (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 35The Buddha teaching the Four Noble Truths. Sanskrit manuscript. Nalanda, Bihar, India (from Buddhism)
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Image 36The Great Stupa in Sanchi, India is considered a cornerstone of Buddhist architecture (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 37Thikse Monastery is the largest gompa in Ladakh, built in the 1500s (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 38Serindian art, 6th–7th century terracotta, Tumshuq (Xinjiang) (from Buddhist art)
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Image 39Nepalese Buddhist flag (from Buddhist flag)
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Image 40Jetavanaramaya stupa is an example of brick-clad Buddhist architecture in Sri Lanka (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 41Mongolian statue of Avalokiteśvara (Mongolian name: Migjid Janraisig), Gandantegchinlen Monastery. Tallest indoor statue in the world, 26.5-meter-high, 1996 rebuilt, (1913) (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 42A common variant with the dharmachakra (from Buddhist flag)
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Image 43Buddhist expansion in Asia: Mahāyāna Buddhism first entered the Chinese Empire ( Han dynasty) through Silk Road during the Kushan Era. The overland and maritime "Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism". (from Buddhist art)
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Image 44Candi tinggi, a temple within the Muaro Jambi temple compound (from Buddhist temple)
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Image 45Great Stupa at Drala Mountain Center, United States (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 46Ramabhar Stupa in Kushinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, is regionally believed to be Buddha's cremation site. (from Buddhism)
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Image 47The Kamakura Daibutsu, a 13th-century bronze statue of the Buddha Amitābha in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. (from Buddhism)
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Image 48Flag depicted in Sky lantern in Bangladesh (from Buddhist flag)
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Image 49An Ichthyo-Centaur, 2nd century Gandhara, Victoria and Albert Museum. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 51Five-storied Pagoda of Hōryū-ji (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 52Buddhist temple of Kinkaku-ji, declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO (from Buddhist temple)
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Image 53Seated Buddha, 300-500 AD, from near Jamal Garhi, Pakistan, now Asian Art Museum in San Francisco. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 54The Berenike Buddha, discovered in Berenice, Egypt, in 2022. (from Buddhist art)
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Image 57Couple with sea serpent. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 59India's Mahabodhi Temple, built under the Gupta Empire, 6th century CE (from Buddhism)
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Image 60An early Mahayana Buddhist triad. From left to right, a Kushan devotee, the Bodhisattva Maitreya, the Buddha, the Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara, and a Buddhist monk. 2nd-3rd century AD, Gandhara. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 61Bodhisattva, Asuka period, 7th century. Tokyo National Museum. (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 63Traditional Tibetan Buddhist Thangka depicting the Wheel of Life with its six realms (from Buddhism)
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Image 64The Relic Stupa of Vaishali in Bihar, India which is likely the earliest archaeologically known stupa (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 66The Goryeo era Gyeongcheonsa Pagoda sits on the first floor of the National Museum of Korea. (from Buddhist art)
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Image 67An ordination ceremony at Wat Yannawa in Bangkok. The Vinaya codes regulate the various sangha acts, including ordination. (from Buddhism)
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Image 68Statues on the architraves of the torana gateway, associated with Kharosthi marks. 100-75 BC. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 69Taizokai (Womb World) mandala, second half of ninth century. Hanging scroll, color on silk. The center square represents the young stage of Vairocana Buddha. (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 70Avukana Buddha statue, 5th century, technically a rock relief (from Buddhist art)
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Image 72Tejaprabhā Buddha and the Five Planets, 897 CE (from Buddhist art)
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Image 73Over life-size figure of the bodhisattva Padmapani, cave 1, Ajanta Caves, 5th century (from Buddhist art)
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Image 74The Sewu temple compound, second largest Buddhist temple complex in Indonesia (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 75An aniconic depiction of the Buddha's spiritual liberation ( moksha) or awakening ( bodhi), at Sanchi. The Buddha is not depicted, only symbolised by the Bodhi tree and the empty seat (from Buddhism)
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Image 76Lotus Lantern Festival (연등회, Yeon Deung Hoe) in Seoul, South Korea. (from Culture of Buddhism)
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Image 77Variant six stripe flag with the Dharma-wheel in front (from Buddhist flag)
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Image 78A Bodhisattva, 2nd century, Mathura (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 79Muchaku by Unkei, Kōfuku-ji, 1212, National Treasure (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 80A Cambodian Buddha, 14th century (from Buddhist art)
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Image 81Burmese and Vietnamese Buddhist flag (from Buddhist flag)
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Image 82The main hall of a Japanese Buddhist temple with flags depicting the sect emblem (mon) of the Honganji sect of Jōdo Shinshū. The emblem is the Nishi Rokujō Fuji (Western Rokujō Wisteria). (from Buddhist flag)
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Image 83The Buddha, Tapa Shotor monastery in Hadda, Afghanistan, 2nd century CE (from Buddhism)
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Image 84The Great Stupa in Sanchi (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 85Large Gautama Buddha statue in Buddha Park of Ravangla, Sikkim, India (from Buddha in art)
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Image 86Nereid goddess riding a Ketos sea-monster, 2nd century BC, Sirkap. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 87A Jōdo-shū priest in Fukui prefecture (Japan) chanting on behalf of a deceased parishioner at their family home. (from Buddhism)
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Image 88Kumarakanda temple (from Buddhist temple)
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Image 89Ashoka's Mahabodhi Temple and Diamond throne in Bodh Gaya, built circa 250 BCE. Bharhut frieze (from Buddhist temple)
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Image 90"Heroic gesture of the Bodhisattva", 6th-7th century terracotta, Tumshuq (Xinjiang). (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 91An 18th century Mongolian miniature which depicts the generation of the Vairocana Mandala (from Buddhism)
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Image 92Wine-drinking and music (Detail from Chakhil-i-Ghoundi stupa, Hadda, 1st–2nd century AD). (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 93Bangasayusang, semi-seated contemplative Maitreya probably from Silla, circa early 7th century (from Buddhist art)
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Image 94Buddha Preaching his First Sermon, from Sarnath, Gupta period (c. 475 CE), India. The hands of the Buddha, in the dharmachakra pravartana mudra ("teaching position"), show the moment that is represented. (from Buddha in art)
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Image 95Fresco describing Emperor Wu (156–87 BC) worshipping two statues of the Buddha, Mogao Caves, Dunhuang, c. 8th century AD (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 96Tile with seated Buddha (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 97Indian relief of probable Indo-Greek king, with Buddhist triratana symbol on his sword. Bharhut, 2nd century BC. Indian Museum, Calcutta. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 98Kannon(Avalokitesvara) or Guze Kannon, wood plated with gold, crown: bronze openwork gilt. Early CE 7th century, Horyu-ji, Nara (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 101Golden Temple of Shakyamuni Buddha, Kalmykia, Russian Federation (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 102Greek scroll supported by Indian Yaksas, Amaravati, 3rd century AD (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 103The Titan Atlas, supporting a Buddhist monument, Hadda. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 105International Buddhist flag of the World Fellowship of Buddhists (from Buddhist flag)
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Image 106Sewu, an eighth century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Central Java, Indonesia (from Buddhist temple)
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Image 108Reclining Buddha in Wat Pho, Bangkok (from Culture of Buddhism)
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Image 110A Buddhist triad depicting, left to right, a Kushan, the future buddha Maitreya, Gautama Buddha, the bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara, and a monk. Second–third century. Guimet Museum. (from Buddhism)
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Image 111Footprint of the Buddha, 1st century BCE, Gandhara (from Buddhist art)
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Image 112Heracles depiction of Vajrapani as the protector of the Buddha, 2nd century AD, Gandhara, British Museum. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 113A vegetarian restaurant in Taipei, Taiwan serving Buddhist cuisine in buffet style. (from Culture of Buddhism)
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Image 114Head of Buddha, Afghanistan (probably Hadda), 5th–6th century (from Buddhist art)
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Image 115The variant Japanese flag in Kyoto (from Buddhist flag)
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Image 116Buddha teaching. Kushan period. National Museum, Delhi (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 117Buddha Maitreya, Northern Wei dynasty, AD 443 (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 118Vatadage Temple, in Polonnaruwa, is a uniquely Sri Lankan circular shrine enclosing a small dagoba. The vatadage has a three-tiered conical roof, spanning a height of 40–50 feet, without a center post, and supported by pillars of diminishing height (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 120The Buddhist flag alongside Dharmachakra flags (Thai Buddhist flag) and Thai flags in Wat Hiranyawat, Thailand (from Buddhist flag)
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Image 121Shakyamuni Triad by Tori Busshi depicts the Buddha Shakyamuni in the traditional sixth-century Chinese style with an elongated head and in front of a flaming mandorla – a lotus petal shaped cloud. (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 122Percentage of Buddhists by country in 2020, according to the Pew Research Center (from Buddhism)
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Image 123The Bodhisattva Maitreya, 2nd century, Mathura, 2nd-century AD. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 124A Buddhist coin of Kanishka I, with "Boddo" (= Buddha) in Greek script. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 125Gandhara frieze with devotees, holding plantain leaves, in purely Hellenistic style, inside Corinthian columns, 1st-2nd century AD. Buner, Swat, Pakistan. Victoria and Albert Museum. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 126Giant Amida Buddha of Kamakura, Japan, 1252. This represents Amitābha, not the historical Buddha, though the depiction is very similar. (from Buddha in art)
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Image 127 Candi Gumpung, a Buddhist temple at Muaro Jambi of Malayu Kingdom. (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 128Map of the Buddhist missions during the reign of Ashoka according to the Edicts of Ashoka (from Buddhism)
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Image 129Bodhisattva Lokesvara, Cambodia, 12th century (from Buddhist art)
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Image 130Detail of "Reading in a Bamboo Grove", 1446, Shūbun (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 131Mathura school Buddha, Northern Satraps, end of 1st century CE (from Buddhist art)
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Image 132Jetavanaramaya tallest stupa in the ancient world (from Buddhist temple)
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Image 133Maya Devi Temple marking the Buddha's birthplace in Lumbini, Nepal (from Buddhism)
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Image 134Reclining Buddha statue, this is the largest Buddha statue in Indonesia and Southeast Asia (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 135Tibetan Buddhist flag (from Buddhist flag)
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Image 136The Phoenix Hall of Byōdō-in. This architecture in "Japanese" (和様, wayō) that is Japanese original design. It was built in 1059.It was registered as part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site " Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto". (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 137Head of a Bodhisattva, 6th-7th century terracotta, Tumshuq (Xinjiang). (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 138Borobudur, 9th-century Mahayana Buddhist temple in Magelang Regency, in Central Java, Indonesia. It is decorated with 2,672 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues. (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 139Friendly animals. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 140Angkor Thom build by Khmer King Jayavarman VII ( c. 1120–1218) (from Buddhism)
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Image 142Mihintale Buddha Statue, one of the tallest stupa in the ancient world (from Buddhist temple)
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Image 144Asura. 734, Kofuku-ji in Nara (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 145Gandhara birchbark scroll fragments ( c. 1st century) from British Library Collection (from Buddhism)
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Image 147Descent of Amitabha over the Mountain. Hanging scroll. Color on silk. Located at Eikan-dō Zenrin-ji, Kyoto. (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 148A painting by G.B. Hooijer (c. 1916–1919) reconstructing the scene of Borobudur during its heyday (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 149 Mahabodhi temple, Gaya (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 150Site of Nalanda University, a great centre of Mahāyāna thought (from Buddhism)
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Image 151Balustrade-holding Yaksa with Corinthian columns, Madhya Pradesh (?), Shunga period (2nd-1st century BC). Musee Guimet. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 152Remains of the circular rock-hewn circular Chaitya with columns, Tulja Caves (from Buddhist temple)
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Image 153The Mani Hall of the Longxing Temple, Hebei, China. (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 154Winged Cupids holding a wreath over the Buddha (left:detail), Hadda, 3rd century. Musée Guimet. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 155Buryat Buddhist monk in Siberia (from Buddhism)
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Image 156Golden Hall of Hōryū-ji (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 158The Buddhist gods Pancika (left) and Hariti (right), 3rd century, Takht-i Bahi, Gandhara, British Museum. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 159Splashed-ink Landscape (破墨山水, Haboku sansui), Sesshū, 1495, ink on silk, 148.6 × 32.7 cm (from Buddhist art in Japan)
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Image 160Tawang Monastery in Arunachal Pradesh, was built in the 1600s, is the largest monastery in India and second largest in the world after the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 163Buddha figure, Japan, Asuka period, 7th century (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 164An Indo-Corinthian capital from the Butkara Stupa under which a coin of Azes II was found. Dated to 20 BC or earlier ( Turin City Museum of Ancient Art). (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 166Buddhist monks collect alms in Si Phan Don, Laos. Giving is a key virtue in Buddhism. (from Buddhism)
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Image 167Mythological scene with Athena and Herakles. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 169The Indo-Greek Kingdoms in 100–150 BC. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 170Borobudur in Central Java, the world's largest Buddhist temple (from Buddhist temple)
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Image 171Japanese Buddhist flag (五色幕, goshikimaku) (from Buddhist flag)
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Image 172Yama, 18th century, Tibet (from Buddhist art)
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Image 173Silver coin depicting the Greco-Bactrian king Demetrius I (200–180 BC) wearing an elephant scalp, symbol of his conquest of India. Back: Herakles, holding a lion skin and a club resting over the arm. The text reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΗΜΗΤΡΙΟΥ – BASILÉŌS DĒMĒTRÍOU "of King Demetrius". (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 174Buddhist expansion in Asia: Mahayana Buddhism first entered the Chinese Empire ( Han dynasty) through Silk Road during the Kushan Era. The overland and maritime "Silk Roads" were interlinked and complementary, forming what scholars have called the "great circle of Buddhism". (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 175Minar-i Chakri in 1836, Afghanistan (from Buddhist architecture)
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Image 177Tall circular Buddhist temple, early 1st Century CE, Mathura Museum (from Buddhist temple)
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Image 178Bodhi tree temple depicted in Sanchi, Stupa 1, Southern gateway (from Buddhist temple)
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Image 179Aphrodite at her bath. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 180Man with cup in hand, riding a Ketos sea-monster. (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 181Ajanta Caves, Cave 10, a first period type chaitya worship hall with stupa but no idols (from Buddhism)
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Image 182A terracotta head of Buddha Shakyamuni, inspired by Greco-Buddhist art, Devnimori, Gujarat (375-400 AD). (from Greco-Buddhist art)
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Image 183Laotian Buddhist flag (from Buddhist flag)
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Image 185Buddhist monks and nuns praying in the Buddha Tooth Relic Temple of Singapore (from Buddhism)
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Image 186Living at the root of a tree ( trukkhamulik'anga) is one of the dhutaṅgas, a series of optional ascetic practices for Buddhist monastics. (from Buddhism)
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Image 187Vajrayana adopted deities such as Bhairava, known as Yamantaka in Tibetan Buddhism. (from Buddhism)
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