Paleofauna of the Mazon Creek fossil beds

This is a list of the fauna of the Mazon Creek fossil beds, a Carboniferous lagerstätte located in Grundy County, Illinois. The site is famous for its exceptional preservation of soft bodied fossils inside of ironstone concretions, and was one of the first fossil sites discovered to preserve soft bodied fossils.

The Mazon Creek fossil beds are around 309-307 million years old, being approximately Moscovian in age. During the Carboniferous, this area was a lush, tropical delta system, about 10° north latitude of the equator. This ecosystem was formed by at least one river system that flowed in from the northeastern united states and met the ocean to form an Estuarine environment. This large amount of habitat led to the creation of a very diverse ecosystem, which has been divided into two main sections, the marine Essex fauna, and the terrestrial/freshwater Braidwood fauna. Since the site's discovery in the early 20th century, more than 700 species of flora and fauna have been discovered, some of which have only been found at this site. Because of the diverse habitat types, many different groups, such as arthropods, mollusks, hemichordates, cnidarians, chondrichthyans, actinopterygians, tetrapods and various other groups are represented.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

Fauna

Cnidaria

A number of Cnidarians are known from Mazon Creek, and show the diversity of taxa in the ecosystem.^[6]

Cnidaria
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Essexella	Cnidaria	Actiniaria	E. asherae	One of the most abundant taxa from Mazon Creek, Originally described as a scyphozoan in 1979, but was later re-described as an actiniarian in 2023^[7]
Reticulomedusa	Cnidaria	Incertae sedis	R. greenei	Another cnidarian once described as a scyphozoan, but most likely represents a synonym of Essexella
Anthracomedusa	Cnidaria	Cubozoa	A. turnbulli	A jellyfish, though not a member of the Scyphozoa (true jellyfish) but instead a cubozoan (box jellyfish)
Octomedusa	Cnidaria	Coronatae?	O. pieckorum	A bizarre scyphozoan, originally considered to be a basal coronatan (crown jellyfish), however this has been questioned by later studies
Drevotella	Cnidaria	Hydroidolina	D. proteana	A cnidarian, and a member of the Hydroidolina within the Hydrozoa
Mazohydra	Cnidaria	Hydroidolina	M. megabertha	Another hydrozoan, and one of the first fossil taxa from the class to be discovered^[8]

Annelida

A number of annelid worms are known from Mazon Creek.^[9]^[6]

Annelida
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Coprinoscolex	Annelida	Echiura	C. ellogimus	Originally considered to be the oldest definitive echiuran (spoon worms), before the discovery of taxa from Castle Bank^[10]^[11]
Rhaphidiophorus	Annelida	Amphinomida	R. hystrix	A member of the Amphinomida, and one of the earliest known members of the group, nicknamed the 'Oliver Hardy Worm'^[12]
Esconites	Annelida	Eunicida	E. zelus	A member of the Eunicida, showing the distinctive mouthparts, of the group, and reaches around 14 cm.^[13]
Mazopherusa	Annelida	Terebellida	M. prinosi	A member of the Flabelligeridae family (fan worms), and one of the few known fossil taxa from the family^[14]
Didontogaster	Annelida	Phyllodocida	D. cordylina	A phyllodocid often nicknamed the 'Tummy Tooth Worm', named after the swollen section of its body containing the worms mouthparts
Levisettius	Annelida	Phyllodocida	L. campylonectus	A phyllodocid often nicknamed the 'Riccardo Worm'
Astreptoscolex	Annelida	Phyllodocida	A. anasillosus	A phyllodocid often nicknamed the 'Plain Worm'
Rutellifrons	Annelida	Phyllodocida	R. wolfforum	A phyllodocid often nicknamed the 'Shovel Nose Worm'
Pieckonia	Annelida	Phyllodocida	P. helenae	A phyllodocid often nicknamed the 'Fish Worm'
Fossundecima	Annelida	Phyllodocida	F. konecniorum	A phyllodocid often nicknamed the 'Simple Jaw Worm', one of the most common worms of the Essex Fauna
Dryptoscolex	Annelida	Phyllodocida	D. matthiesae	A phyllodocid often nicknamed the 'Rat Worm'
Hystriciola	Annelida	Phyllodocida	H. delicatula	A phyllodocid often nicknamed the 'Baby Tooth Worm'
Fastuoscolex	Annelida	Phyllodocida	F. gemmatus	A phyllodocid often nicknamed the 'Papillae Worm'

Mollusca

A very large number of Mollusks are known from Mazon Creek, with Multiple classes being represented.^[5]

Polyplacophora and Gastropoda

Various polyplacophorans (chitons) and gastropods (snails and their relatives) are known from the area.^[5]

Polyplacophora and Gastropoda
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Glaphurochiton	Polyplacophora	Lepidopleuridae	P. concinnus	A chiton found with a very well-preserved radula, which is almost identical to that of modern species^[15]
Euphemites	Gastropoda (?)	Euphemitidae	E. richardsoni	A bizarre mollusk belonging to the Bellerophontida, whose taxonomy has not yet been fully resolved^[16]
Hypeselentoma	Gastropoda	Gosseletinidae	H. cf. perhumerosa	A gosseletinid gastropod known from various other localities^[17]
Straparollus^[17]	Gastropoda	Straparollinidae	S. sp.
Naticopsis	Gastropoda	Neritopsidae	N. sp.	A gastropod who still has modern relatives in the same family^[18]
Strobeus^[17]	Gastropoda	Soleniscidae	S. cf. primigenius

Bivalvia

A large number of bivalves are known from Mazon Creek, and by far represent the most diverse and abundant group of mollusks from the area.

Bivalvia
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Mazonomya	Solemyida	Solemyidae	M. mazonensis	A solemyid, and one of the most abundant bivalves from Mazon Creek, known from the Chowder Flats locality among others, and often nicknamed 'Clam-Clam'^[19]
Acharax	Solemyida	Solemyidae	A. radiata A. trapezoides	Members of the still living genus Acharax, and both known from the Essex Fauna
Myalina	Pteriida	Myalinidae	M. meeki M. sp.	Originally described as 'Myalinella', and like modern relatives, are known for their elongated, wing-like shells^[20]
Anthraconaia	Pteriida	Myalinidae	A. ohioensis	Known for its superficial resemblance to some modern mussels^[21]
Anthraconauta	Pteriida	Myalinidae	A. sp.	Known for its resemblance to Anthraconaia^[21]
Leptodesma	Pteriida	Myalinidae	L. ohioensis	A myalinid with a fossil record going back to the Silurian^[22]
Posidonia^[23]	Pteriida	Myalinidae	P. fracta
Aviculopecten	Pectinida	Aviculopectinidae	A. mazonensis	A wide ranging, and diverse genus of scallop, with the youngest record being in the upper Triassic^[24]
Acanthopecten	Pectinida	Aviculopectinidae	A. sp.	A similar scallop to the contemporary Aviculopecten, and a member of the same family^[23]
Heteropecten	Pectinida	Aviculopectinidae	H. exemplarius	Originally considered a synonym of Aviculopecten, before being recognized as a distinct taxon^[23]
Euchondria	Pectinida	Aviculopectinidae	E. pellucida	This species usually attains lengths of 9–10 mm, while other species in the genus have been known to exceed 25 mm^[25]
Dunbarella	Pectinida	Pterinopectinidae	D. striata D. sp.	Some species in this genus may have been able to swim away from predators like extant taxa^[26]
Palaeolima	Limida	Limidae	P. retifera	An early member of the limidae, also known as file shells^[27]
Schizodus	Trigoniida	Schizodidae	S. cf. wheeleri S. cf. affinis	An example of a schizodont, bivalves possessing reverse v-shaped scissurate hinge teeth^[28]
Permophorus	Venerida	Permophoridae	P. spinulosa P. sp.	Known for its elongated, and thick valves, and known throughout the Carboniferous^[29]
Edmondia	Adapedonta	Edmondiidae	E. ovata E. oblonga E. aspinwallensis	A distant relative of modern razor shells^[30]
Sedgwickia	Adapedonta	Edmondiidae	S. sp.	Another member of the Edmondiidae, and is rather uncommon at Mazon Creek^[23]
Grammysioidea	Adapedonta	Edmondiidae	G. hayi	A rarely found bivalve at Mazon Creek^[23]

Cephalopoda

A number of cephalopods are known from Mazon Creek, including shelled taxa, and basal coleoids.

Cephalopoda
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Jeletzkya	Coleoidea	Belemnoidea	J. douglassae	A genus of basal coleoid within the Belemnoidea, however it is too poorly understood for a more specific placement, known from arms and radulas^[31]
Bactrites	Neocephalopoda	Bactritidae	B. sp.	A straight shelled (orthoconic) cephalopod, and a member of the Bactritida^[32]
Wiedeyoceras	Ammonoidea	Wiedeyoceratidae	W. sp.	A member of the Ammonoidea, more specifically a goniatite. Fossils of this genus have been tentatively reported from Mazon Creek^[32]
Unidentified schistoceratid	Ammonoidea	Schistoceratidae	Schistoceratid. sp	Fossils from this site have been placed within the goniatite family Schistoceratidae, however genus level identification has not been found^[32]
Stearoceras	Nautiloidea	Grypoceratidae	S. sp.	A coil-shelled nautiloid, and a distant relative of modern nautilids^[32]
Titanoceras	Nautiloidea	Grypoceratidae	T. sp.	A fairly large sized member of the Grypoceratidae, with a shell diameter of around 8 in (20 cm) being recorded^[32]
Paleocadmus	Cephalopoda	Incertae sedis	P. herdinae P. pohli P. sp.	A cephalopod from mazon creek only known from isolated radulas and a potential beak, often placed within the Nautiloidea, but the lack of body fossils renders even an order level identification as problematic^[32]

Brachiopoda

A small number of brachiopods are known from Mazon Creek.^[33]

Brachiopoda
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Lingula (?)	Brachiopoda	Lingulida	L. sp.	A common brachiopod in the fossil record, however the majority of specimens most likely represent unrelated species, and definitive specimens of the genus are only known from the Cenozoic^[34]
Orbiculoidea	Brachiopoda	Discinida	O. sp.	Another common brachiopod in the fossil record, known for its near circular, disk-shaped shell^[33]
Unidentified chonetoids	Brachiopoda	Strophomenida	Various species	Several undescribed brachiopods in Strophomenida order are known from the site^[33]

Echinodermata

Echinoderms are an undiverse faunal component of Mazon Creek.^[33]

Brachiopoda
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Achistrum	Holothuroidea	Achistridae	A. sp.	A taxon of footless (without tube feet) sea cucumber known from various species from both North America and Europe^[35]
Unidentified crinoids	Crinoidea	Various groups	Various species	A number of undescribed crinoids with stalks (sea lilies) are known from the area^[33]

Non-Arthropod Panarthropoda

A small number of non-arthropod panarthropods (notably onychophorans and similar taxa) are known from Mazon Creek.

Non-Arthropod Panarthropoda
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Carbotubulus	Panarthropoda	Hallucigeniidae (?)	C. waloszeki	One of the youngest known lobopodians in the fossil record, originally assigned to Hallucigeniidae, however this has been questioned by later studies^[36]
Helenodora	Panarthropoda	Onychophora (stem-group)	H. inopinata	One of the oldest known onychophorans (velvet worms), originally considered a synonym of the contemporary Ilyodes^[37]^[38]
Ilyodes	Panarthropoda	Incertae sedis	I. divisa I. elongata	Originally named as a myriapod in 1890, however, it may represent a nomen dubium, due to neither species being properly diagnosed
Palaeocampa	Panarthropoda	Aysheaiidae	P. anthrax	First known freshwater and toxic lobopodian, and the youngest known aysheaiid. Bears spines unlike any other known animal^[39]

Artiopoda

The artiopoda (including trilobites and their close relatives) are very rare from Mazon Creek, with only a singular taxon represented.

Artiopoda
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Tardisia	Artiopoda	Vicissicaudata	T. broedeae	Latest known non-trilobite artiopod, and a close relative of the Cheloniellida^[40]

Chelicerata

A high number of arthropods belonging to the chelicerata subphylum are known from Mazon Creek.^[33]^[41]

Chelicerata
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Adelophthalmus	Eurypterida	Adelophthalmidae	A. mazonensis	The only eurypterid from Mazon Creek, and the youngest member of the Eurypterina
Euproops	Xiphosura	Belinuridae	E. danae	A genus of xiphosurid related to modern horseshoe crabs, interestingly, juveniles may have been semi-aquatic, due to their bristle covered undersides^[42]
Paleolimulus	Xiphosura	Paleolimulidae	P. sp.	A wide ranging, and well known genus of xiphosuran, known from number of other deposits

Arachnida

A large number of arachnids are known from Mazon Creek, with some belonging to extinct groups, while others represent some of the earliest appearances of crown-group lineages.

Arachnida
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Aphantomartus	Trigonotarbida	Aphantomartidae	A. pustulatus	A very small member of the Trigonotarbida, species from this genus are also known from areas outside of North America, including parts of Europe^[43]
Pleophrynus	Trigonotarbida	Eophrynidae	P. verrucosus	Another small sized trigonotarbid, its holotype specimen (ISM 14873) was discovered at Mazon Creek^[44]
Unidentified anthracomartid	Trigonotarbida	Anthracomartidae	Anthracomartid. sp	An unidentified trigonotarbid from the Anthracomartidae family, and is very rare^[45]
Lissomartus	Trigonotarbida	Lissomartidae	L. carbonarius L. schucherti	A trigonotarbid, with both species known from North America, and belongs to its own family^[45]
Geralinura	Uropygi	Incertae sedis	G. carbonaria	An early whip scorpion, which possessed spined and non-chelate pedipalps, unlike modern genera^[46]
Prothelyphonus	Uropygi	Incertae sedis	P. sp.	A large, nearly 30 mm long whip scorpion, and one of the largest known members of its group from the Paleozoic^[47]
Weygoldtina	Amblypygi	Weygoldtinidae	W. scudderi	A tailless whip scorpion, originally described under the Graeophonus genus, however, it was redescribed as its own taxon in 2018, with a second species known from Europe^[48]
Thelyphrynus	Amblypygi	Incertae sedis	T. elongatus	Another amblypygid, distinguished by its bean shaped cephalothorax and the seeming lack of eyes^[45]
Arthrolycosa	Araneae (?)	Arthrolycosidae	A. antiqua	A bizarre arachnid of the Arthrolycosidae family, suggested to be basal true spiders, however this remains somewhat contentious^[49]
Curculioides	Ricinulei	Curculioididae	C. mcluckiei C. scaber C. gigas	A member of the Ricinulei, and known in Mazon Creek from three species, the one pictured here is C. scaber^[45]
Amarixys	Ricinulei	Curculioididae	A. sulcata A. gracillis A. stellaris	Another ricinuleid known from three species^[45]
Poliochera	Ricinulei	Poliocheridae	P. glabra P. gibbsi	Various species are known from other regions of North America^[45]
Protosolpuga	Solifugae	Protosolpugidae	P. carbonaria	The only known member of the Solifugae from the site, and a very rare taxon at Mazon Creek^[45]
Eoscorpius	Scorpiones	Eoscorpiidae	E. carbonarius E. cf. pulcher E. mucronatus	A wide ranging, and successful scorpion known from various localities from the lower Carboniferous-Lower Permian, with the type fossil coming from Mazon Creek^[50]
Palaeobuthus	Scorpiones	Palaeobuthidae	P. distinctus	A modest sized scorpion, with the holotype specimen potentially reaching a length of around 55 mm long^[45]
Kronoscorpio	Scorpiones	Kronoscorpionidae	K. danielsi	Another scorpion, and a more recent taxon described by Dunlop et al. 2013^[51]
Palaeopisthacanthus	Scorpiones	Palaeopisthacanthidae	P. schucherti	A scorpion known from at least a very well-preserved holotype specimen^[45]
Buthiscorpius	Scorpiones	Buthiscorpiidae	B. cf. lemayi	Mazon creek is the type locality for this genus^[51]
Eoctenus	Scorpiones	Eoctonidae	E. minatus	The holotype of this taxon (YPM 131) was described by Petrunkevitch (1913)^[45]
Hadrachne	Phalangiotarbida	Architarbidae	H. horribilis	This genus may represent a very old instar of the contemporary Architarbus^[45]
Paratarbus	Phalangiotarbida	Architarbidae	P. carbonarius	Known mainly for its somewhat convex prosomal margin^[45]
Mesotarbus	Phalangiotarbida	Architarbidae	M. extraneus	The reconstruction to the right does not depict the species from Mazon Creek^[45]
Architarbus	Phalangiotarbida	Architarbidae	A. rotundatus	The namesake taxon of the Architarbidae family^[45]
Mazonitarbus	Phalangiotarbida	Architarbidae	M. minor	Similarly to Hadrachne, this taxon may represent an instar of Architarbus^[45]
Bicarinitarbus	Phalangiotarbida	Architarbidae	B. pieckorum	The opisthosoma of this taxon possesses a pair of keels^[45]
Phalangiotarbus	Phalangiotarbida	Architarbidae	P. lacoei	The namesake taxon of its order^[45]
Nemastomoides	Opiliones	Nemastomoididae	N. longipes	An early harvestmen, with two valid species, and one which has since been redescribed as a phalangiotarbid^[52]
Douglassarachne	Arachnida	Pantetrapulmonata	D. acanthopoda	A unique species distinguished by the long spines on its limbs, it is unclear where this species places specifically within Arachnida^[53]

Mandibulata

A very large number of arthropods belonging to the mandibulata are known from Mazon Creek.

Mandibulata
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Concavicaris	Thylacocephala	Concavicarida	C. georgeorum C. remipes	Bears an unusual terminal structure which may be a caudal furca^[54]
Convexicaris	Thylacocephala	Concavicarida	C. mazonensis	Bears eight pairs of trunk appendages^[55]
Eodollocaris	Thylacocephala		E. keithflinti	Resembles Mesozoic thylacocephalans like Dollocaris^[55]
Pieckoxerxes	Euthycarcinoidea	Incertae sedis	P. pieckoae	A euthycarcinoid (stem-myriapod), and like its relatives from Mazon Creek, is very rare^[56]
Smithixerxes	Euthycarcinoidea	Kottixerxidae	S. juliarum	Another euthycarcinoid, known for its long telson and five tergites on its trunk region (which is a clear feature for distinguishing the Mazon Creek euthycarcinoids)^[56]
Kottixerxes	Euthycarcinoidea	Kottixerxidae	K. gloriosus	Another rare euthycarcinoid, of which only two specimens have been documented^[56]

Myriapoda

The myriapoda (centipedes, millipedes, and their close relatives) are known in moderately large numbers in Mazon Creek

Myriapoda
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Amynilyspes	Diplopoda	Amynilyspedida	A. wortheni	An early pill millipede which featured long spines and prominent eyes, also known from Europe^[57]
Unidentified Amynilyspedid	Diplopoda	Amynilyspedida	Amynilyspedid. sp	A currently unnamed pill millipede which is notable due to its lack of spines
Euphoberia	Diplopoda	Euphoberiidae	E. armigera	A basal, spiny millipede, curiously, juvenile individuals seemingly congregated together as a defense mechanism^[58]
Acantherpestes	Diplopoda	Euphoberiidae	A. horridus A. major A. sp.	Another euphoberiid, known for its laterally facing spines, and its potential liking to more open habitats^[59]
Myriacantherpestes	Diplopoda	Euphoberiidae	M. hystricosus M. inequalis	A euphoberiid characterized by its long spines and more flattened body^[60]
Xyloiulus	Diplopoda	Xyloiulidae	X. mazonus X. sp.	A flat-backed millipede, originally placed within the Spirobolida, however is now considered a problematic member of the Juliformia^[61]
Pleurojulus	Diplopoda	Pleurojulidae	P. cf. biornatus	A member of the Pleurojulida, a somewhat problematic group of millipedes whose relationship to other groups is unclear^[62]
Zosterogrammus	Diplopoda	Zosterogrammidae	Z. stichostethus	A member of the Zosterogrammida, which superficially resemble modern polyzoniids, and extend from the Silurian-upper Carboniferous^[63]
Arthropleura	Diplopoda	Arthropleuridae	A. cristata	A giant diplopodan, and one of the most well-known arthropods in the fossil record, primarily inhabited more open environments away from coal swamps, and was potentially amphibious^[64]^[65]
Archiulus	Diplopoda	Helminthomorpha	A. glomeratus	A millipede of uncertain placement, and is not easily assignable to any order
Mazoscolopendra	Chilopoda	Scolopendromorpha	M. richardsoni	A scolopendromorphid centipede of uncertain placement, however the original description suggested a placement within the Cryptopidae^[66]
Palenarthrus	Chilopoda	Scolopendromorpha	P. impressus	Another scolopendromorphid whose further taxonomy is questioned^[67]
Latzelia	Chilopoda	Latzeliidae	L. primordialis	A member of the Scutigeromorpha, and was first described in 1890, in honor of Austrian zoologist Robert Latzel^[68]^[69]

Non-Hexapod Pancrustacea

A number of 'traditional' crustaceans are known from Mazon creek, with the majority belonging to extant groups.

Non-Hexapod Pancrustacea
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Cryptocaris	Remipedia	Enantiopoda	C. hootchi	A basal remipede, and a close relative of the only other known fossil remipede, Tesnusocaris ^[70]
Kallidecthes	Aeschronectida	Kallidecthidae	K. richardsoni	A member of the Aeschronectida, an extinct group distantly related to the stomatopods^[71]
Tyrannophontes	Stomatopoda	Tyrannophontidae	T. theridion T. gigantion	A basal mantis shrimp, unlike modern species, it seems that this taxon was most likely swimming above the seafloor, and was probably unable to have walked on the benthos^[72]
Palaeocaris	Syncarida	Palaeocarididae	P. typus	A basal member of the Syncarida, also known from the older Manning Canyon Shale^[73]
Acanthotelson	Syncarida	Acanthotelsonidae	A. stimpsoni	Another basal syncaridan, and one of the most common crustaceans known from Mazon Creek^[74]
Palaeosyncaris^[75]	Syncarida	Palaeocaridacea	P. micra
Belotelson	Belotelsonidea	Belotelsonidae	B. magister	One of the more well-known crustaceans from Mazon creek^[76]
Lobetelson	Belotelsonidea	Belotelsonidae	L. mclaughlinae	Another belotelsonid, one of the major differences between it and the contemporary Belotelson, is the formers larger tail-fan^[76]
Peachocaris	Lophogastrida	Peachocarididae	P. strongi	A member of the Lophogastrida, a group of shrimp-like crustaceans which are mainly confined to deep water pelagic marine environments in the present^[77]^[78]
Anthracaris	Pygocephalomorpha	Pygocephalidae	A. gracilis	A peracaridian, and also known from deposits in Europe^[79]
Mamayocaris	Pygocephalomorpha	Pygocephalidae	M. jaskoskii	Another member of the Pygocephalomorpha^[80]
Anthracophausia	Mysidacea (?)	Incertae sedis	A. ingelsorum	a malacostracan of uncertain placement, potentially a member of the Mysidacea, but it's true placement is still problematic^[81]
Essoidia	Mysidacea (?)	Incertae sedis	E. epiceron	Another potential mysidacean, often nicknamed the 'S-shrimp', due to its long posterior region and telson, often giving its fossils a curved shape^[82]
Hesslerella	Isopoda	Phreatoicidea	H. shermani	A basal isopod, and a relatively rare faunal component of Mazon creek, at the time of its description, it was the oldest known isopod^[83]
Eucryptocaris	Tanaidacea	Anthracocarididae	E. asherorum	A member of the Tanaidacea, originally described as a species of Cryptocaris by Schram, 1974^[82]^[84]
Dithyrocaris	Phyllocarida	Archaeostraca	D. sp.	A wide ranging and diverse taxon of phyllocarid, the image on the right does not show the species from Mazon Creek, instead showing a species from the slightly older Breathitt Formation in Kentucky^[85]^[86]
Kellibrooksia	Phyllocarida	Sairocarididae	K. macrogaster	A phyllocarid belonging to the Hoplostraca order, and possesses an elongated trunk and telson^[87]
Leaia	Spinicaudata	Leaiidae	L. tricarinata	A clam shrimp within the Conchostraca, and represents the only group of branchiopods present at Mazon Creek^[88]
Pemphilimnadiopsis	Spinicaudata	Pemphilimnadiopsidae	P. ortoni	Another clam shrimp, also known from China^[89]
Illilepas	Cirripedia	Pedunculata	I. damrowi	A gooseneck barnacle, originally placed in the Praelepas genus before being redescribed as a separate taxon in 1986^[90]
Americlus	Cyclida	Americlidae	A. americanus	A crab-like crustacean belonging to the Cyclida, originally described under the Cyclus genus, and a well known taxon from Mazon Creek^[91]
Dziklus	Cyclida	Americlidae	D. obesus	Similarly to its contemporary relative, this cyclid was originally placed within the Cyclus genus before being redescribed in 2020^[92]
Schramine	Cyclida	Schraminidae	S. max	This species was originally placed within the Halicyne genus until its redescription in 2020^[92]
Apionicon	Cyclida	Schraminidae	A. apioides	The only known species was first discovered at Mazon Creek^[93]
Geisina	Ostracoda	Geisinidae	G. robusta	A genus of freshwater ostracod known from throughout the Carboniferous^[94]
Paraparchites	Ostracoda	Paraparchitidae	P. mazonensis	Another ostracod, members of this genus are known to have retained multiple shed molts, giving their carapaces a multi-layered look^[95]^[96]

Hexapoda

Members of the hexapoda (insects and their relatives) constitute the most diverse group of animals known from Mazon Creek

Hexapoda
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Testajapyx	Diplura (?)	Testajapygidae	T. thomasi	A wingless non-insect hexapod of the Diplura, unlike modern relatives, this taxon had eyes and mouthparts more similar to those of true insects,^[97] however, more recent studies have shown that this taxon may be a true insect, within the Dermaptera^[98]
"Dasyleptus"	Archaeognatha	Dasyleptidae	D. sp.	A basal wingless insect, the specimens from Mazon Creek are putative, with some publications considering them to be chimeric in nature^[99]
Ramsdelepidion	Zygentoma (?)	Incertae sedis	R. schusteri	A large (6 cm long) hexapod of uncertain placement, with some publications arguing for several different placements, including among the Zygentoma, stem-group Hexapoda, or as a large ephemeropteran nymph^[99]
Archimylacris	Blattoptera	Archimylacridae	A. paucinervis	An early dictyopteran insect, and a "roachoid", despite its appearance, it wasn't closely related to true cockroaches^[100]
Progonoblattina	Blattoptera	Gyroblattidae	P. sp. indet.	A roachoid, the holotype specimen (YPM IP 008412) was originally assigned to Megablattina, before being reassigned to Archoblattina, before finally being reassigned to Progonoblattina in 2023^[101]
Mylacris	Blattoptera	Mylacridae	M. gurleyi	A roachoid described in 1895^[102]
Lithoneura	Ephemeroptera (?)	Syntonopteridae	L. pieko L. mirifica L. clayesi L. lameerei L. carpenteri	A possible early mayfly, while some studies have questioned this placement, others support it^[103]
Syntonoptera	Ephemeroptera (?)	Syntonopteridae	S. schucherti	Another early mayfly of the Syntonopteridae^[104]
Oligotypus	Meganisoptera	Paralogidae	O. makowskii	A relatively small member of the Meganisoptera (griffinflies), and known from various sites across Carboniferous and Permian strata^[105]
Dragonympha	Meganisoptera	Incertae sedis	D. srokai	A griffinfly known only from nymphal remains, of which, the adult form has not yet been confirmed amongst the already known meganisopteran taxa from the area^[106]
Alanympha	Meganisoptera	Incertae sedis	A. richardsoni	Only known from a forewing and plates belonging to a nymphal individual^[106]
Paralogopsis	Meganisoptera	Incertae sedis	P. longipes	Another griffinfly of uncertain placement within its order^[105]
Carbonympha	'Eomeganisoptera'	Incertae sedis	C. herdinai^[106]
Parapaolia^[107]	Pterygota	Incertae sedis	P. superba
Sypharoptera	Diaphanopterodea (?)	Sypharopteridae	S. pneuma	A large insect of uncertain placement, but it may belong to the Diaphanopterodea^[108]
Prochoroptera	Diaphanopterodea	Prochoropteridae	P. calopteryx	A member of the Diaphanopterodea, a group that would go on to survive until the end of the Permian^[109]
Eubleptus	Palaeodictyoptera	Eubleptidae	E. danielsi E. maculosus	A member of the Palaeodictyoptera, a group of large flying mainly herbivorous insects^[110]
Lycodemas	Palaeodictyoptera	Lycocercidae	L. adolescens	Known from nymphal remains, including older instars^[111]
Notorachis^[105]	Palaeodictyoptera	Lycocercidae	N. wolfforum
Mcluckiepteron	Palaeodictyoptera	Spilapteridae	M. luciae	Named after the McLuckie family, who were prominent Mazon Creek collectors and early ESCONI members^[112]
Homaloneura	Palaeodictyoptera	Spilapteridae	H. dabasinskasi^[113]	The species on the right is H. ligeia
Bizarrea	Palaeodictyoptera	Spilapteridae	B. obscura	A palaeodictyopteran known from larval remains^[114]
Spilaptera	Palaeodictyoptera	Spilapteridae	S. americana^[105]
Mazothairos	Palaeodictyoptera	Homoiopteridae	M. enormis	A potentially giant palaeodictyopteran, and possibly one of the largest flying insects to have ever lived, however it is known from very fragmentary remains, so size estimates are tentative at best^[115]
Mazonopterum	Palaeodictyoptera	Homoiopteridae	M. wolfforum^[115]
Amousus	Palaeodictyoptera	Homoiopteridae	A. mazonus^[115]
Thesoneura	Palaeodictyoptera	Homoiopteridae	T. americana^[115]	The image to the right is a replica model
Scepasma	Palaeodictyoptera	Homoiopteridae	S. gigas^[115]
Ametretus	Palaeodictyoptera	Homoiopteridae	A. loevis^[115]
Larryia	Palaeodictyoptera	Homoiopteridae	L. osterbergi^[115]
Mammia	Palaeodictyoptera	Homoiopteridae	M. alutacea^[115]
Hypermegethes	Palaeodictyoptera	Hypermegethidae	H. schucherti	Other species are known from deposits in Kansas^[116]
Turnbullia	Palaeodictyoptera	Incertae sedis	T. priscillae^[117]
Diexodus	Palaeodictyoptera	Incertae sedis	D. debilius^[117]
Palaiotaptus	Palaeodictyoptera	Incertae sedis	P. mazonus^[117]
Eubrodia	Megasecoptera	Brodiidae	E. dabasinskasi	A close relative of the palaeodictyopterans, with a similar ecological role as well^[118]
Lameereites	Megasecoptera	Brodiidae	L. curvipennis	A megasecopteran known from immature remains^[119]
Mischoptera	Megasecoptera	Mischopteridae	M. douglassi	In the image on the right, B and C depict the species from Mazon creek, specifically the nymphal remains that have been found^[120]
Adiphlebia	Paoliida	Anthracoptilidae	A. lacoana	A bizarre insect originally considered to have been one of the earliest beetles,^[121] however more recent analyses suggest a placement as a sister taxa to the Dictyoptera^[122]
Eucaenus	Hypoperlida	Eucaenidae	E. ovalis	A member of the Hypoperlida, a group of insects commonly thought to be a stem-group of the Paraneoptera^[123]
Aenigmatodes	Polyneoptera	Hapalopteridae	A. danielsi^[124]
Protodictyon	Archaeorthoptera	Cacurgidae	P. pulchripenne^[117]
Spilomastax	Archaeorthoptera	Cacurgidae	S. oligoneurus^[117]
Cacurgus	Archaeorthoptera	Cacurgidae	C. spilopterus^[117]
Heterologus	Archaeorthoptera	Cacurgidae	H. langfordorum^[117]
Anthrakoris	Archaeorthoptera	Omaliaidae	A. aetherius	The family was recently renamed in order to remove confusion with the similar sounding beetle subfamily Omaliinae^[125]
Narkema	Archaeorthoptera	Cnemidolestidae	N. toeniatum^[126]
Dieconeura	Archaeorthoptera	Spanioderidae	D. arcuata D. mazona^[117]
Miamia	Archaeorthoptera	Spanioderidae	M. bronsoni^[126]
Lobeatta	Archaeorthoptera	Eoblattidae	L. schneideri^[127]
Anegertus	Archaeorthoptera	Eoblattidae	A. cubitalis^[127]
Nectoptilus	Archaeorthoptera	Eoblattidae	N. mazonus^[127]
Gerarus	Archaeorthoptera	Geraridae	G. constrictus G. mazonus G. danae G. vetus G. collaris	A very common taxon from the Carboniferous, and known for its elongated and inflated thorax^[128]
Genentomum	Archaeorthoptera	Geraridae	G. validum^[129]
Anepitedius	Archaeorthoptera	Geraridae	A. giraffe^[129]
Progenentomum	Archaeorthoptera	Geraridae	P. carbonis^[129]
Gerapompus	Archaeorthoptera	Gerapompidae	G. extensus G. blattinoides^[126]
Rasstriga	Grylloblattodea	Idelinellidae	R. americana^[130]
Epideigma	Grylloblattodea	Epideigmatidae	E. elegans	A member of the Grylloblattodea, and a distant relative of modern ice crawlers^[131]
Apithanus	Protorthoptera	Apithanidae	A. jocularis^[132]
Anthracothremma	Protorthoptera	Anthracothremmidae	A. robusta^[132]
Melinophlebia	Protorthoptera	Anthracothremmidae	M. analis^[132]
Pericalyphe	Protorthoptera	Anthracothremmidae	P. longa^[132]
Silphion	Protorthoptera	Anthracothremmidae	S. latipenne^[132]
Adeloneura	Protorthoptera	Adeloneuridae	A. thompsoni^[132]
Hadentomum	Protorthoptera	Hadentomidae	H. americanum^[132]
Heterologus	Protorthoptera	Hadentomidae	H. langfordorum	One of the largest protorthopterans from Mazon Creek, and described in 1944^[133]^[132]
Herdina	Protorthoptera	Herdinidae	H. mirificus^[134]
Cheliphlebia	Protorthoptera	Cheliphlebidae	C. elongata C. carbonaria^[132]
Metacheliphlebia	Protorthoptera	Incertae sedis	M. elongata^[132]
Geraroides	Protorthoptera	Incertae sedis	G. maximus^[132]
Schuchertiella	Protorthoptera	Incertae sedis	S. gracilis^[132]

Cyclostomi

Members of Cyclostomi (hagfish and lampreys) are known from Mazon Creek.

Cyclostomi
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Mayomyzon	Petromyzontida	Mayomyzontidae	B. pieckoensis	One of the first discovered fossil lampreys, it differs from modern taxa by having fewer gill openings, more teeth, and larger eyes^[135]^[136]
Pipiscius	Petromyzontida	Petromyzontiformes	P. zangerli	Another lamprey, often nicknamed "Push me-Pull you" in reference to each end being very similar in shape, may represent a synonym of Mayomyzon^[137]
Gilpichthys	Myxini	Myxiniformes	G. greenei	A basal hagfish, was considered enigmatic until a placement within the myxini was accepted^[137]
Myxinikela	Myxini	Myxiniformes	M. siroka	One of the oldest known hagfish, which shares several features with modern taxa (including large velar cavity and a cardinal heart)^[138]

Chondrichthyes

A number of chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) are known from Mazon Creek, including a number of elasmobranchs and holocephalans.

Chondrichthyes
Genus	Class	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Bandringa	Chondrichthyes	Elasmobranchii (placement uncertain)	B. rayi	A bizarre elasmobranch that possessed a hyper-elongated upper jaw. Juvenile specimens are known from Mazon Creek, and adults are known from parts of Pennsylvania and Ohio, suggesting the area of Mazon Creek was a mating ground for these fish^[139]^[140]
Dabasacanthus	Chondrichthyes	Elasmobranchii	D. inskasi	A close relative of modern sharks, and a member of the Lonchidiidae family within the hybodontiformes order
Holmacanthus	Chondrichthyes	Elasmobranchii	H. keithi	Tiny hybodontiform
Orthacanthus	Chondrichthyes	Xenacanthida	O. sp.	A large xenacanthid fish, the species from Mazon Creek is unnamed
Jimpohlia	Chondrichthyes	Holocephali	J. erinacea	A bizarre, tadpole-like holocephalian
Polysentor	Chondrichthyes	Holocephali	P. gorbairdi	A chimaera-like holocephalian fish, and is one of the various holocephalians known from Mazon Creek
Similhariotta	Chondrichthyes	Holocephali	S. dabasinskai	A small sized chimaeriform fish that possessed an elongated upper jaw, however a paper published by Grogan & Lund, 2008 suggests it may represent a specimen of the already known Bandringa^[141]

Acanthodii

Some members of the acanthodii are known from Mazon Creek.^[5]

Acanthodians
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Acanthodes	Acanthodii	Acanthodiformes	A. beecheri A. marshi A. sp.	While genus Acanthodes is widespread, from Mazon Creek juvenile specimens that were named as "Acanthodes beecheri" are known, although this species is dubious.
Trichorhipis	Acanthodii	Incertae sedis	T. praecursor	An acanthodian only known from a pectoral fin impression, once classified as a gyracanthid, now considered an enigmatic taxon.^[142]

Actinopterygii

A large number of early actinopterygians are known from Mazon Creek, notably the Palaeonisciformes.^[5]

Actinopterygii
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
"Elonichthys"	Actinopterygii	Elonichthyiformes	E. peltigerus E. hypsilepus E. disjunctus E. wolffi E. remotus	"E. peltigerus" and various other species known, none actually belong to the genus Elonichthys, but they haven't been reassigned yet.^[143]^[2]^[144]
Illiniichthys	Actinopterygii	Palaeonisciformes	I. cozarti	Mainly differentiated by scale morphology^[2]
Nozamichthys	Actinopterygii	Palaeonisciformes	N. contorta	Relatively similar to Illiniichthys^[2]
Haplolepis	Actinopterygii	Palaeonisciformes
Microhaplolepis	Actinopterygii	Palaeonisciformes	M. sp.
Parahaplolepis	Actinopterygii	Palaeonisciformes	P. sp.
Palaeoniscoid. sp.	Actinopterygii	Palaeonisciformes		Various undescribed palaeoniscoids
Amphicentrum	Actinopterygii	Eurynotiformes	A. orbiculare	a member of the basal Eurynotiformes order of ray finned fish
Pyritocephalus	Actinopterygii	Haplolepiformes	P. comptus P. gracilis	One of the youngest known members of the Haplolepiformes order
Platysomus	Actinopterygii	Platysomiformes	P. circularis	A long lasting genus, some species most likley belong to other genera

Non-Tetrapod Sarcopterygii

Several groups of non-tetrapod sarcopterygians, including basal coelacanths and lungfish are known from the site.^[5]

Sarcopterygii
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Megalichthys	Sarcopterygii	Megalichthyiformes	M. cf. hibberti	Also known from the Catskill Formation
Rhizodopsis	Sarcopterygii	Megalichthyiformes	R. cf. robustus ?R. mazonius
Rhabdoderma	Sarcopterygii	Coelacanthiformes	R. exiguum R. robustus R. elegans	A widespread and long lasting early coelacanth
Conchopoma	Sarcopterygii	Dipnoi	C. edesi C. arctatum	Also known from Permian aged deposits
Ctenodus	Sarcopterygii	Dipnoi	C. cristatus	a widespread Carboniferous lungfish
Megapleuron	Sarcopterygii	Dipnoi	M. zangerli	Also known from Permian aged deposits from France
Palaeophichthys	Sarcopterygii	Dipnoi	P. parvulus	Another basal lungfish

Tetrapods

Many exceptionally well-preserved tetrapods are known from Mazon Creek, mostly temnospondyls and assorted "microsaurs"

Tetrapoda
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Cephalerpeton	Sauropsida	Protorothyrididae	C. ventriarmatum	Originally described as a microsaur, but redescribed as a protorothyridid, which is the current consensus^[145]
Isodectes^[146]	Dvinosauria	Eobrachyopidae	I. obtusus	A dvinosaurian temnospondyl, and a senior synonym of Saurerpeton
Amphibamus	Dissorophoidea	Amphibamidae	A. grandiceps	A modest sized temnospondyl, whose superfamily is commonly regarded as ancestral to crown-group amphibians^[147]
Branchiosaurus	Temnospondyli	Branchiosauridae	B. sp.	Fossil specimens from Mazon Creek have been questionably referred to this taxon
Spondylerpeton	Embolomeri	Archeriidae	S. spinatum	A member of the embolomeri, and one of the largest animals from Mazon Creek, reaching a little over a meter long^[148]
Ctenerpeton	Nectridea	Urocordylidae	C. remex	Known from Mazon Creek via a group of caudal vertebrae described in 2025^[149]
Ptyonius	Nectridea	Urocordylidae	P. marshii	Another member of the Urocordylidae^[150]
Diabloroter	Recumbirostra	Brachystelechidae	D. bolti	Likely algivorous alongside other derived brachystelechids^[151]
Brachydectes	Recumbirostra	Molgophidae	B. newberryi	Like with other lysorophians, this animal possessed a long snake-like body and a relatively small skull^[152]
Infernovenator	Recumbirostra	Molgophidae	I. steeni	Has a somewhat less derived skull than other lysorophians^[153]
Nagini	Recumbirostra	Molgophidae	N. mazonense	First lysorophian with hindlimbs but not forelimbs, suggesting a limb loss pattern similar to snakes^[154]
Joermungandr	Recumbirostra	Odonterpetidae	J. bolti	Known from a complete specimen with large amounts of scale impressions^[155]
Phlegethontia	Aistopoda	Phlegethontiidae	P. longissima	A snake-like tetrapod belonging to the Aistopoda^[156]
Pseudophlegethontia	Aistopoda	Pseudophlegethontiidae	P. turnbullorum	Intermediate between the two main aistopod clades^[157]
Oestocephalus	Aistopoda	Oestocephalidae	O. amphiuminus	The type species is known from Mazon Creek, but other specimens are known from the Czech Republic and Ohio^[158]

Miscellaneous Taxa

This section documents faunal taxa whose taxonomic affinities are not fully understood, or do not fit into any of the above groups.

Miscellaneous Taxa
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Tullimonstrum	Incertae sedis	Incertae sedis	T. gregarium	Perhaps the most well known, and infamous species from the site, recent research suggests a placement as either a non-vertebrate chordate, or a protostome of uncertain placement.^[159]
Pohlsepia	Incertae sedis	Incertae sedis	P. mazonensis	Originally considered to be the oldest known octopus, specifically within the Cirroctopoda, however recent research has questioned this placement, and may possibly represent a cnidarian of uncertain placement.^[160]^[161]
Lascoa	Incertae sedis	Incertae sedis	L. mesostaurata	Originally considered as a true jellyfish within the Semaeostomeae, possessing frilly arms, but affinity is questioned.^[7]
Escumasia	Incertae sedis	Incertae sedis	E. roryi	Often nickanmed the 'Y-animal', this problematic organism has been compared to cnidarians, but no concrete placement has been given.^[162]
Etacystis	Hemichordata?	Pterobranchia?	E. communis	Also known as the 'H-animal', this colonial invertebrate is normally compared to hemichordates, but also hydrozoans^[4]
Esconichthys	Chordata	Incertae sedis	E. apopyris	An enigmatic jawed vertebrate, often nicknamed 'blade', most often identified by its prominent eyes
Archisymplectes	Nemertea	Palaeonemertea	A. rhothon	A featureless worm belonging to the Nemertea (ribbon worms).
Priapulites	Priapulida	Priapulimorphida	P. konecniorum	One of the earliest known crown-group priapulid worms, and a close relative of the Priapulidae^[163]
Mazoglossus	Enteropneusta	Spengelidae	M. ramsdelli	One of the oldest known definitive acorn worms in the fossil record, and a member of the extant family Spengelidae^[164]
Paucijaculum	Chaetognatha	Incertae sedis	P. samamithion	A member of the Chaetognatha (arrow worms), and shares much in common with modern taxa
Microconchida. sp	Lophophorata	Tentaculita	Various species	Originally considered a member of the Sabellida, but was later discovered all pre-Bathonian sabellids were instead microconchids^[165]

Ichnotaxa

This section covers various ichnotaxa, or trace fossils, traces in the fossil record left behind by living organisms.

Ichnotaxa
Genus	Group	Higher taxon	Species	Notes	Images
Fayolia	Xenacanthiformes	Xenacanthidae	F. sp.	A wide ranging ichnotaxon of chondrichthyan egg capsules, most likely produced by xenacanthids^[166]
Palaeoxyris	Hybodontiformes	Incertae sedis	P. appendiculatum P. lewisi P. prendelli	Another wide ranging ichnotaxon of egg capsules, except these fossils were produced by various hybodonts^[166]
Vetacapsula	Holocephali	Incertae sedis	V. cooperi	Another ichnotaxon of chondrichthyan egg capsules and was previously unknown from North America until specimens were uncovered from the Field Museum in the 1980s,^[167] and tentatively assigned to the Holocephali^[168]
Mazonova	Chordata	Incertae sedis	M. helmichnus	Another ichnotaxon of eggs, that are typically incased in a gelatinous sheath, however the taxonomy of these fossils is quite problematic, with suggestions of the egg layers being various fish and tetrapods^[169]
Diplocraterion	Annelida	Various groups	D. sp.	A wide ranging ichnotaxon of u-shaped burrows that are commonly found throughout the fossil record, and are presumably made by various polychaete worms (at least the marine examples)^[170]
Rusophycus	Arthropoda	Various groups	R. sp.	A wide ranging ichnotaxon usually identified as the resting trace of an arthropod, most often associated with trilobites, but is also produced by other groups^[171]

References

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^ Joanne Klussendorf (March 30, 1995), National Historic Landmark Nomination: Mazon Creek Fossil Beds (pdf), National Park Service. Accompanying photos, from 1912 and 1991. (497 KB)
^ ^a ^b Nitecki, Matthew H.; Schram, Frederick R. (1976). "Etacystis communis, a Fossil of Uncertain Affinities from the Mazon Creek Fauna (Pennsylvanian of Illinois)". Journal of Paleontology. 50 (6): 1157–1161. JSTOR 1303556.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Clements, Thomas; Purnell, Mark; Gabbott, Sarah (2018-10-04). "The Mazon Creek Lagerstätte: a diverse late Paleozoic ecosystem entombed within siderite concretions". Journal of the Geological Society. 176 (1): 1–11. doi:10.1144/jgs2018-088. hdl:2381/44761. ISSN 0016-7649.
^ ^a ^b JOHNSON, RALPH GORDON; RICHARDSON Jr., EUGENE S. "PENNSYLVANIAN INVERTEBRATES OF THE MAZON CREEK AREA, ILLINOIS" (PDF). Archive.org. FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
^ ^a ^b Plotnick, Roy E.; Young, Graham A.; Hagadorn, James W. (8 March 2023). Korn, Dieter (ed.). "An abundant sea anemone from the Carboniferous Mazon Creek Lagerstӓtte, USA". Papers in Palaeontology. 9 (2) e1479. Bibcode:2023PPal....9E1479P. doi:10.1002/spp2.1479. ISSN 2056-2799. S2CID 257447889.
^ Schram, Frederick R.; Nitecki, Matthew H. (1975). "Hydra from the Illinois Pennsylvanian". Journal of Paleontology. 49 (3): 549–551. ISSN 0022-3360. JSTOR 1303425.
^ Budd, G. E.; Jensen, S. (2000). "A critical reappraisal of the fossil record of the bilaterian phyla". Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 75 (2): 253–95. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1999.tb00046.x. PMID 10881389. S2CID 39772232.
^ Botting, Joseph P.; Muir, Lucy A.; Pates, Stephen; McCobb, Lucy M. E.; Wallet, Elise; Willman, Sebastian; Zhang, Yuandong; Ma, Junye (1 May 2023). "A Middle Ordovician Burgess Shale-type fauna from Castle Bank, Wales (UK)". Nature. 7 (?). Nature Portfolio: 666–674. Bibcode:2023NatEE...7..666B. doi:10.1038/s41559-023-02038-4. PMID 37127766. S2CID 258438453. Retrieved 4 May 2023.
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^ Parry, Luke A.; Wilson, Paul; Sykes, Dan; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Vinther, Jakob (2015-11-17). "A new fireworm (Amphinomidae) from the Cretaceous of Lebanon identified from three-dimensionally preserved myoanatomy". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 15 (1): 256. Bibcode:2015BMCEE..15..256P. doi:10.1186/s12862-015-0541-8. ISSN 1471-2148. PMC 4650273. PMID 26577802.
^ Thompson, I., & Johnson, R. G. (1977). New fossil polychaete from Essex, Illinois. Fieldiana. Geology, 33(25), 471–487. http://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.5176
^ Hay, Andrew A. (July 2002). "Flabelligerida from the Francis Creek Shale of Illinois". Journal of Paleontology. 76 (4): 764–766. Bibcode:2002JPal...76..764H. doi:10.1017/S0022336000042025.
^ YOCHELSON, E. L. AND E. S. RICHARDSON JR. (1979). "Polyplacophoran molluscs of the Essex Fauna (Middle Pennsylvanian, Illinois)". In M. H. Nitecki (ed.). Mazon Creek Fossils. Academic Press, New York. pp. 321–332.
^ Ketwetsuriya, Chatchalerm; Cook, Alex G.; Nützel, Alexander (March 2020). "Permian gastropods from the Ratburi Limestone, Khao Phrik, Central Thailand". PalZ. 94 (1): 53–77. Bibcode:2020PalZ...94...53K. doi:10.1007/s12542-019-00463-0.
^ ^a ^b ^c Schindel, David E.; Yochelson, Ellis L. (1979-01-01), Nitecki, Matthew H. (ed.), "GASTROPODA OF THE ESSEX FAUNA, FRANCIS CREEK SHALE (MIDDLE PENNSYLVANIAN), NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS", Mazon Creek Fossils, Academic Press, pp. 303–319, ISBN 978-0-12-519650-5, retrieved 2025-10-23
^ Lozouet, P. (2009). "A new Neritopsidae (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Neritopsina) from French Polynesia". Zoosystema 31(1): 189-198. PDF.
^ "Fossil Friday #248: A Triple Mazonomya mazonensis". Earth Science Club of Northern Illinois. 2025-01-17. Retrieved 2025-11-02.
^ McROBERTS, Christopher A.; Newell, Norman D. (2005). "Marine Myalinidae (Bivalvia: Pterioida) from the Permian of West Texas". American Museum Novitates (3469): 1. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2005)469<0001:MMBPFT>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0082.
^ ^a ^b Fossil of the month: Anthraconaia
^ "MolluscaBase - Leptodesma (Leptodesma) J. Hall, 1883 †". www.marinespecies.org. Retrieved 2025-11-02.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e (PDF) Paleobiology, Paleoecology, and Systematics of Solemyidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Protobranchia) from the Mazon Creek Lagerstätte, Pennsylvanian of Illinois
^ Aviculopecten at Fossilworks.org
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^ Fossil of the month: Dunbarella
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[26] Fossil of the month: Dunbarella

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[41] Schultka, Stephan (2008-04-22). "Zur Palökologie der Euproopiden im Nordwestdeutschen Oberkarbon". Fossil Record. 3 (1): 87–98. doi:10.1002/mmng.20000030105.

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