Pagaruyung VII inscription
| Pagaruyung VII Gudam II | |
|---|---|
| Type | Inscription |
| Material | Andesite |
| Size | 10 by 50 by 82 centimetres (3.9 in × 19.7 in × 32.3 in) |
| Writing | Post-Pallawa script |
| Period/culture | Kingdom of Sri Akarendrawarmman |
| Discovered | Gudam, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar |
| Present location | Adityawarman Inscription Complex |
| Coordinates | 0°27′35″S 100°36′28″E / 0.4597310°S 100.6077240°E |
| Identification | KB003142 |
| Registration | No. SK: 77/M/2019 (date: March 12, 2019) |
| Language | Old Malay language, Sanskrit |
| Culture | Pagaruyung culture |
| Location | |
Pagaruyung VII Pagaruyung VII inscription (Sumatra) Paguruyung VII location | |
Pagaruyung VII inscription, also known as Gudam II inscription,[1][2] is an inscription founded in Gudam, Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar, West Sumatra. This inscription consists of 16 lines of writing that written in Old Malay language,[1][3] with some terms in Sanskrit and Old Javanese languages,[2] and written in Post-Pallava script.[2] This inscription does not have any date, but was estimated written around 14th century.[2]
Writings in this inscription almost cannot be read due to its state. However, there is a line that include a king's name, which is Srimat Sri Akarendrawarman, which has a title of Maharajadhiraja.[4] Besides, there is a writing about curses to those who did not follow king's orders on the inscription. Latest research shows that this inscription most likely issued by Akarendrawarman after he ascended as the successor of Adityawarman.[1][5]
Pagaruyung VII inscription is currently stored together with some other inscription by Adityawarman in Adityawarman Inscription Complex, in Gudam, Nagari Pagaruyung, Tanah Datar, West Sumatra.[6]
Background
Pagaruyung VII inscription, also known as Gudam II inscription, is one of inscriptions found in Jorong Gudam, Nagari Pagaruyung, Tanjung Emas, Tanah Datar, West Sumatra. This inscription was reported by epigraphist and archaeologist N. J. Krom in Oudheidkundig Verslag (Archeological Report) published by Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kusten en Wetenschappen (Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences) in 1912. This archeological inventory report mostly provided by Louis Constant Westenenk, the Dutch Assistant Resident tasked in Fort de Kock (now Bukittinggi).[7]
This inscription estimated to be issued by Akarendrawarman around 14th century AD.[2] This inscription mention Sri Akarendrawarman as maharajadhiraja and also mention other position, such as tuhan parpatih named Tudang and tuhan gha named Śrī Ratha, both of which are obedient and loyal servant of the king.[5]
This inscription is now stored with other inscriptions in Adityawarman Inscription Complex in Pagaruyung, West Sumatra, with inventory number of 26/BCB-TB/SMB.[8] This inscription has been recognized National Cultural Heritage, through Letter of Decision Number 77/M/2019, published on March 12, 2019 by Ministry of Education and Culture of Republic of Indonesia.[9]
Physical description
This inscription was made in a gray, andesite rock, that has a rectangle shape. This rock is broken in upper left side that broke until middle side of the writings, which remove some of the words. This inscription consists of 16 lines carved in andesite rock, with a size of 10 by 50 by 82 centimetres (3.9 in × 19.7 in × 32.3 in).[4][10]
Suhadi (1990), de Casparis (1996), Griffith (2012) argued that this inscription was written in Old Malay language;[1][3][11] while Kusumadewi (2012) argued that it was written in Sanskrit, Old Malay, and Old Javanese languages, with a postpallawa script.[2] Istiawan (2006) argued that this inscription was written in Old Javanese with old Javanese script, that shows that Sanskrit and Malay influence is decreasing over time in the government of Adityawarman.[5]
Content
The following is a translation and translation of the original text of the Pagaruyung VII Inscription into the Latin alphabet according to the readings of several experts. The translation is generally carried out based on the IAST (International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration) standard.
Transliteration
| Boechari[12] | de Casparis (1989)[13] | Kusumadewi (2012)[14] | Utomo & Sudarman (2018)[15] |
|---|---|---|---|
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References
Footnotes
- ^ a b c d Griffiths 2012, p. 201.
- ^ a b c d e f Kusumadewi 2012, p. 36.
- ^ a b Suhadi 1990, p. 224.
- ^ a b Istiawan 2006, p. 19.
- ^ a b c Istiawan 2006, p. 20.
- ^ Istiawan 2006, p. 1.
- ^ Krom 1912, p. 33.
- ^ Kusumadewi 2012, p. 35.
- ^ "Daftar Cagar Budaya peringkat Nasional Tahun 2013-2022" [List of Nationally Ranked Cultural Heritage Year 2013-2022] (PDF) (in Indonesian). 2022. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 February 2023. Retrieved 2025-10-05.
- ^ Reichle 2007.
- ^ Salleh, Ramza & Kadir 2015, p. 82.
- ^ Boechari "Daftar Prasasti Adityawarman : Naskah Transkripsi"
- ^ de Casparis 1989.
- ^ Kusumadewi 2012, pp. 36–37.
- ^ Utomo & Sudarman 2018.
Further reading
- de Casparis, Johannes Gijsbertus (1989). "Peranan Adityawarman, Seorang Putera Melayu di Asia Tenggara [The Role of Adityawarman, Malay Prince in Southeast Asia]". Persidangan Antarbangsa Tamadun Melayu II [International Malay Culture Conference II] (in Malay). Kuala Lumpur: Kementerian Kebudayaan dan Pelancongan Malaysia.
- Griffiths, Arlo (2012). "Inscriptions of Sumatra II: Short Epigraphs in Old Javanese". Wacana, Journal of Humanities of Indonesia. 14 (2): 197–214.
- Istiawan, Budi (2006). Selintas Prasasti dari Melayu Kuno [A Glance on Incriptions from Old Malay] (PDF) (in Indonesian) (1 ed.). Balai Pelestarian Peninggalan Purbakala Batusangkar (Wilayah Kerja Provinsi Sumatera Barat dan Riau). pp. 19–22.
- Krom, Nicolaas Johannes (1912). "Inventaris de Oudheden in de Padangsche Bovenlanden" [Inventory of Antiquities in the Padang Highlands]. Oudheidkundig Verslag (in Dutch). 49. Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen. Weltevreden: Albrecht & Co.: 33–50.
- Kusumadewi, Sri Ambarwati (2012). Adityawarman (1347-374 Masehi): Kajian Epigrafi [Adityawarman (1347-374 AD): Epigraphy Study]. Universitas Indonesia Library (Thesis) (in Indonesian). Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia.
- Reichle, Natasha (2007). Violence and Serenity: Late Buddhist Sculpture from Indonesia (PDF). University of Hawai‘i Press. pp. 202–204. ISBN 978-0-8248-2924-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2020-01-15.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Salleh, Abdul Razak; Ramza, Harry; Kadir, Mohammad Alinor Abdul (2015). Diaspora Adat dan Kekerabatan Alam Minangkabau: Sebuah Kepelbagaian Kajian Pemikiran [The Diaspora of Minangkabau Custom and Kinship: A Diversity of Thought Studies] (in Indonesian). Kemala Indonesia. p. 82.
- Suhadi, Machi (1990). "Silsilah Adityawarman" [Adityawarman Geneaology] (PDF). Saraswati: Esai-Esai Arkeologi, Majalah Arkeologi (in Indonesian). No. 9. Pusat Penelitian Arkeologi Nasional, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan. pp. 218–234.
- Utomo, Bambang Budi; Sudarman (2018). "Budaya India di Minangkabau: Studi Analisis Terhadap Artefak di Tanah Datar dan Wilayah Sekitarnya" [Indian Culture in Minangkabau: Analytical Study on Artifacts in Tanah Datar and Surrounding Region]. Khazanah: Jurnal Sejarah Dan Kebudayaan Islam (in Indonesian). VIII (16). UIN Imam Bonjol Padang. doi:10.15548/khazanah.v0i0.76. eISSN 2614-3798. ISSN 2339-207X.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)