Ottmar Strauss

Ottmar Edwin Strauss (May 19, 1878, in Ludwigshafen; died August 25, 1941, in Zurich[1]) was a German-Jewish industrialist and art collector persecuted by the Nazis.

Life

Strauss was born as the youngest of eight children from the first marriage of his father, Emanuel Strauss, an iron goods dealer and construction entrepreneur from Ludwigshafen, and his wife Sara, née Baum.[2] From his father’s second marriage, he had three half-siblings. After being expelled from several schools, he finally completed his education in 1893 at a Einjähriges school in Frankfurt am Main. He then began training in his father’s trade.[3]

Around the turn of the century, he moved to Cologne and joined the iron wholesale company Nathan Pelzer Wwe. in Rodenkirchen near Cologne, where Otto Wolff also worked. The two decided to become independent and, on June 25, 1904, founded the iron goods wholesale company Otto Wolff in Cologne—the seed of what later became the Otto Wolff Group.[4] Strauss held a 42.5% stake in the company until his departure.

As the company grew significantly in the following years, Strauss was appointed Geheimer Regierungsrat (Privy Government Councillor) during World War I and tasked with supplying munitions to the allied Ottoman Empire. After the war, as the company expanded further in the steel industry and trade, Strauss became one of the leading industrialists of the Weimar Republic.[5] He established the Strauss Foundation to support citizens in need after the war.

Strauss also owned several notable properties: from 1924, the Fronhof estate in Heisterbacherrott; from 1919, Haus Heisterberg on the Petersberg; and the former Villa Stollwerck in Cologne. He and his wife, Emma, had three children: daughters Lotte and Erika (who married the painter Fritz Kronenberg) and son Ulrich.

Nazi era persecution and emigration

When the Nazis came to power in Germany in 1933, Strauss was persecuted due to his Jewish heritage under Nazi racial laws. Strauss was forced, under the process of “Aryanization” by which Jewish property was forcibly transferred to non-Jews, to resign from the company’s management and sell his shares to Otto Wolff at far below their real value. His art collection was auctioned by the Hugo Helbig auction house in 1934 and 1935 to pays the Reichsfluchtsteuer (exit tax) and other discriminatory taxes in order to finance his flight from Nazi Germany.[6][7]

After emigrating to Switzerland on December 29, 1936, he succeeded in arranging his son Ulrich’s emigration to the United States.

Art collection

In 2004, a painting by Hans Thoma, Dämmerung am Gardasee: dusk at the lago di Garda, was restituted by the Bavarian State Paintings Collection to the heirs of Ottmar Strauss.[8]

In March 2017, the Bavarian National museum in Munich announced that it had restituted an ivory diptych with scenes from the life of Christ to the Strauss's heirs.[9]

In May 2024, three Chinese porcelain vases from his forcibly sold art collection were restituted to Strauss’s heirs as Nazi-looted art.[10]

As of November 2025, the German Lost Art Foundation listed 2018 search requests for artworks from the Strauss collection, of which 32 had the status "Restituted."[11]

Literature

  • Dieter Mechlinski: Der Geheime Regierungsrat Ottmar Edwin Strauss – Biografie eines vergessenen Königswinterer Mitbürgers. 6. Auflage. Hrsg. Heimatverein Oberdollendorf und Römlinghoven. Königswinter 2010.
  • Elfi Pracht: Ottmar Strauss: Industrieller, Staatsbeamter, Kunstsammler. In: Julius H. Schoeps, Karl E. Grözinger, Ludger Heid, Gert Mattenklott (Hrsg.): Menora. Jahrbuch für deutsch-jüdische Geschichte. 1994. München 1994, ISBN 3-492-11917-4, S. 39–70.
  • Joseph Walk (Hrsg.): Kurzbiographien zur Geschichte der Juden 1918–1945. Hrsg. vom Leo Baeck Institute, Jerusalem. Saur, München 1988, ISBN 3-598-10477-4.
  • Strauss, Ottmar, in: Werner Röder, Herbert A. Strauss (Hrsg.): Biographisches Handbuch der deutschsprachigen Emigration nach 1933. Band I: Politik, Wirtschaft, Öffentliches Leben. München: Saur 1980, ISBN 3-598-10087-6, S. 745.
  • Geheimer Regierungsrat Ottmar E. Strauss – ein vergessener Königswinterer Mitbürger (PDF; 495 kB), Brückenhofmuseum Königswinter-Oberdollendorf

References

  1. ^ Ottmar Strauss: Industrieller, Staatsbeamter, Kunstsammler.
  2. ^ "Standesamt Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Geburtsregister Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Nr. 288/1878". {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  3. ^ "Geheimer Regierungsrat Ottmar E. Strauss Ein vergessener Königswinterer Mitbürger" (PDF).
  4. ^ "PROPERTY FROM THE OTTMAR STRAUSS COLLECTION, RESTITUTED TO THE HEIRS Hans Thoma (German, 1839-1924) Dämmerung am Gardasee: dusk at the lago di Garda". Christies. His father Emanuel was a successful ironmonger and scrap metal became the underlying theme of Ottmar Strauss' highly successful business career that started at the renowned company Nathan Pelzer Wwe. in Cologne-Rodenkirchen. Here the young Strauss met another young merchant, Otto Wolff. On 25 June 1904, the two founded the Eisenwarengrosshandlung Otto Wolff, a business that they led to an enormous commercial success during the first decades of the 20th Century.
  5. ^ "PROPERTY FROM THE OTTMAR STRAUSS COLLECTION, RESTITUTED TO THE HEIRS Hans Thoma (German, 1839-1924) Dämmerung am Gardasee: dusk at the lago di Garda". He was named a Geheimer Regierungsrat in 1919, and continued to live and work between Cologne, Berlin and Weimar, as one of the successful assimilated German-Jewish industrialists.
  6. ^ "Strauss, Ottmar | Proveana". www.proveana.de. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  7. ^ "Restitution of a small ivory diptych to the heirs of the Cologne businessman Ottmar Strauss 7 March 2017". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 2025-11-18. In preparation of his emigration and in order to pay the required Reichsfluchtsteuer (exit tax) and other discriminatory taxes, Strauss was forced to part with his art collection at the end of 1936.
  8. ^ "PROPERTY FROM THE OTTMAR STRAUSS COLLECTION, RESTITUTED TO THE HEIRS Hans Thoma (German, 1839-1924) Dämmerung am Gardasee: dusk at the lago di Garda". Provenance Oscar Hermes, Munich, 1909. Ottmar Strauss, Cologne, 1922; Sale, Hugo Helbing, Frankfurt am Main, 22 May 1935, lot 180 (unsold). Kunsthaus Ludwig Brettschneider, Munich, from whom acquired by Reichsleiter NSDAP Martin Bormann via an agent on 5 February 1943 (RM 60.000). Removed from the NSDAP Parteizentrale to the storage space at the salt mines in Bad Aussee (Aussee number 7704), circa 1944-1945. Removed from Bad Aussee to the Munich Central Collecting Point (CCP), arrival date 29 October 1945, exit date 10 June 1949 (according to Munich property card, Munich number 12884). Transferred to the Bayerischen Staat and subsequently handed over to the Bayerischen Gemäldesammlungen on 10 April 1957. Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen Neue Pinakothek, Munich, inv.no. 12579, until 2004. Restituted to the Heirs of Ottmar Strauss, 2004.
  9. ^ "Restitution of a small ivory diptych to the heirs of the Cologne businessman Ottmar Strauss 7 March 2017". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 2025-11-18. "The restitution of the ivory diptych by the Bavarian National Museum to the heirs of Ottmar Strauss is proof to me that our public collections and museums are conducting intensive provenance research in order to detect art works which were illegally seized during the Nazi-dictatorship and to remedy the injustices of the Nazi-regime. Our public collections and museums are continuously publishing the results of their provenance research thereby enabling restitutions. We will continue with our efforts to enable restitution of assets and art works lost due to racial persecution or to find just solutions," stressed Bavaria's Culture Minister, Dr. Ludwig Spaenle.
  10. ^ "Restitution of a small ivory diptych to the heirs of the Cologne businessman Ottmar Strauss 7 March 2017". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 2025-11-09.
  11. ^ "Suche | Lost Art-Datenbank Strauss, Ottmar". www.lostart.de. Retrieved 2025-11-18.
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