Neijin

In advanced traditional Chinese kung fu (martial arts), Neijin (Traditional Chinese: 內勁; pinyin: nèijìn) refers to the conscious control of the practitioner's qi, or "life energy" via strengthening self physical posture, to gain power delivery capability and efficiency advantages in combat.^[1] Nèijìn is developed by using "Neigong" (Traditional Chinese: 內功; pinyin: nèigōng) (內功), or "internal exercises," as opposed to "wàigōng" (外功), "external exercises."

Practitioners of kung fu refer to two separate forms of personal force: Li (Traditional Chinese: 力) refers to the more elementary use of tangible physical (or "external") force, such as that produced by muscles. Neijin (Traditional Chinese:內勁) or Neigong (Traditional Chinese: 內功), in contrast, refer to "internal" forces produced via advanced mental control over psychic energy (the qi).

The degree of Li force one can employ in kung fu depends on several variables such as resilience of muscles, strength of bones, speed and timing of attack and so on. An effective way to enhance the Li force is to exercise one's muscles and bones by applying increasing pressure on them (weight training, gym exercises, etc.).^[2] The stronger one's muscles and bones become, the more powerful and skillful the level of kung fu is.^[3]

On the other hand, the level of the Neijin force depends on the extent one can exercise over one's will power to release an inner qi energy. Within the framework of Chinese martial arts, every person is believed to possess the inborn energy of qi. Martial artists can harness the force of qi so that it is strong enough to be applied in combat. When qi is being directed by one's will, it is called Neijin.^[4]

The Li force is observable when it is employed. Unlike the Li force, Neijin is said to be invisible. Both Li and Neijin need the "pivot point", but Neijin is intelligent enough to deliver contact force near muscle force when able to minimize the resistance arm length of self body's mechanical disadvantage lever. At the point of attack, one must ‘song’ (loosen) himself to change the contact force angle and position for proper lever control, to generate all Neijin energy one possesses and to direct this energy stream through one's contact point with an opponent.^[5] The contact point only represents the gateway to conduct Neijin energy at the point of attack.^[6]

The kung fu component of Li force is limited by one's physical condition. When a person passes his/her prime age, one's kung fu ability will pass the optimum level, too. The degree of kung fu will decline when muscles and bones are not as strong as they used to be. On the other hand, the kung fu aspect of Neijin is said to continually grow as long as one lives and always practices in lever control.^[7]

Self controllable physical elements in martial art include: mass, muscle strength, and lever

Neijin needs net force control to maximize the force constraint based on one's muscle strength training and lever control to maximize the muscle force delivery efficiency. The following joint safety is also important for Neijin:

1. For extension, reserve flexion angle and prevent overextension^[8][9]

2. For active contact actions, keep parallel relation between shoulder/hip torque and elbow/knee pivot,^[10][11] and avoid perpendicular relation between them^{[12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]}

Whatever one is going to strike, block or dodge(away from opponent or perpendicular to the distance between one and opponent),^{[20][21][22][23][24]} the following force sources for temporary self body mass or momentum increase can resist, stop the effect of contact force applied by opponent and even control self body's net force actively:

• self weight^[25][26][27]

• ground friction^{[28][29][30][31][32][33]}

• normal reaction forces from standing ground^[34][35] and holding wall,^[36][37] handrail,^[38][39] and opponent body^{[40][41][42][43][44]}

When able to maintain the best mechanical disadvantage lever with the following two conditions by minimizing resistance arm in terms of major pivot joints(center of gravity, shoulder and hip, elbow and knee), the contact force can be near the muscle force:

1. Minimize the direction difference between net force control, contact force and major pivot joints movements

2. Minimize the perpendicular distance between the paths of net force control, contact force and major pivot joints movements

The worst mechanical disadvantage lever, which violates the two conditions, should be avoided in self body.^[45] With proper limb catch angle and timing,^[46][47] keeping the best mechanical disadvantage lever to control opponent's worst mechanical disadvantage lever will take the best mechanical advantage lever.^{[48][49][50][51][52][53][54]} Therefore, one's longer arm span (wingspan or reach) or leg length allows longer striking distance, but also allows opponent to take longer effort arm for destabilizing in stiking or controlling in grappling if the one's corresponding muscles are not strong enough to resist.

The Neijin physical body structures with best self body mechanical disadvantage lever can be seen in following sports examples:

• Hands and legs in series(net force control and contact force are near parallel to spine)^{[55][56][57][58][59][60][61]}

• Hands in series(net force control and contact force are near parallel to shoulders distance)^[62][63]

• Hands and legs in parallel^{[64][65][66][67]}

• Hands in parallel^[68][69][70]

• Legs in parallel^[71][72]

When using a stick-like tool with self body best mechanical disadvantage lever, putting one end of the stick to a gap can get a fulcrum from the gap and take a temporary mechanical advantage lever which can amplify the Neijin force.^[73]

Striking techniques generally employ evasion and blocking. These not only reduce the opponent’s chance of striking you when you are in a weaker leverage state, but also increase your own chance of striking the opponent when they are in a weaker leverage state, potentially causing them to lose balance. Among these, the flexion and extension angles of hinge joints such as the elbow and knee, and their relationship to internal force leverage distance, have different tactical functions:

1. Elbow/knee joint at or greater than a right angle (appearing to the opponent as a longer effort arm of advantage lever)

• Commonly used in straight punch,^[74][75] pushing palm, ulna near elbow strike,^[76] pushing kick^[77]/side kick,^[78] tibia near knee strike,^[79] or positional evasion.^[80]

• The distance between the contact force point and the shoulder/hip becomes nearly parallel to the direction of applied force (short resistance arm), placing the body in a stronger leverage state.

• However, when the distance becomes nearly perpendicular to the direction of applied force (long resistance arm), placing the body in a weaker leverage state. The limb is farther from the body’s center of gravity or shoulder–hip structure, making the forearm^[81] or lower leg^[82] as vulnerable as the head^[83] to strikes or suppression. Therefore, extended limbs must be quickly retracted to maintain defense and prepare for the next attack.

General safety principle for joint strikes or pulls:

• The pillar closer to the body’s center of gravity and the pillar farther away should form a near-right angle.

• Use the part of the farther pillar closer to the joint for pulling, striking, or pressing.

• The closer pillar should align parallel to the direction of force.

Since bone structures withstand parallel forces better than perpendicular ones, these techniques emphasize straight-line pushing or pulling, shortening the resistance arm and making contact force closer to muscle strength while safer. Curved strikes with nearly straight elbow/knee (e.g., whip punch, whip kick) require safety considerations:^[84]

• Need acceleration to generate momentum, targeting non-bone areas or weaker skeletal leverage states to be effective.

• This posture increases the resistance arm distance, consuming more muscle strength and making opponent's suppression easier compared to straight strikes.

• The ulna and tibia are sharp with small impact areas but high pressure, lacking muscle cushioning. Bone-to-bone collisions during sweeping rotations risk fractures for both attacker and defender.

• Unexpected collisions with upper arm or thigh can cause dislocation injuries at the elbow or knee.

• Using the back of the hand/foot in sweeping strikes risks nerve damage and tendon sprains in the wrist or ankle.

2. Elbow/knee joint less than a right angle (appearing to the opponent as a shorter effort arm of advantage lever)

• Commonly used for protecting the body and head while preparing to strike.

• Also used in elbow/knee strikes (as long as shoulder/hip joints are not overextended, both straight and curved strikes are safer than fully extended ones, though strike angles must be controlled to avoid nerve injury).

• This posture is less vulnerable to strikes or suppression.

Before opportunities to escape or capture arise, one must consistently evade and protect the head and body to reduce injury risk and severity.^{[85][86][87][88][89]} Evasion involves moving away from the opponent’s direction or at a right angle to the direct line between oneself and the opponent, increasing the chance that the opponent’s attack misses or glances off. Adding hand/leg pushes against the opponent’s weaker leverage state (e.g, leg, head or chin) can further disrupt their balance, hindering their attack and improving escape chances.^[90][91] For capture or suppression, two conditions should occur simultaneously to increase success:^[92][93]

• The opponent’s limb pillar should align at a right angle to one’s line of sight for easier sensory judgment and body reaction.

• One’s forearm should contact the opponent’s limb pillar at a right angle for better control.

Grabbing limbs works by obstructing the opponent’s ability to coordinate multiple limbs while enhancing self own limb cooperation, thereby altering the original leverage structure of the arms and legs to facilitate the use of Neijin:

1. Grabbing the opponent’s limb

• Using joint locks^[94][95][96] or certain technical throws^[97][98][99] does not require bearing most of the opponent’s weight. Instead, it relies on pulling with the hands combined with pushing from other hands or legs,^{[100][101][102]} or pulling with the hands while using external objects to obstruct the opponent’s limbs.

• This cooperation of multiple limbs forces the opponent’s single limb into a disadvantageous leverage state, while one can gain a more efficient leverage advantage, causing the opponent to lose balance and be subdued or thrown.

• Other strength-based throws require squatting or deadlift ability. Only when the opponent’s center of gravity is forced closer to your own, or nearly aligned vertically, so you can bear most or all of their body weight for leading to suppression or a throw.^[103][104]

Principle for effectively suppressing the opponent’s joint structures (to reduce their chance of continuing attacks):^{[105][106][107][108][109][110]}

• If a pillar-like object is to be prevented from rotating in a certain dimension, its surfaces near both ends must receive two forces in the same direction, while any point between those ends must receive one force in the opposite direction. The sum of the two same-direction forces must equal the opposite force.

• Applying this principle to the elbow or knee (one-dimensional rotational joints with angular limits), at least one hand grabs the opponent’s forearm or lower leg near the wrist/ankle and applies pulling force perpendicular to its surface.

• At the same time, any part of your body applies pushing force to the opponent’s elbow or knee.

• These push-and-pull forces act simultaneously, parallel, and combine to draw the opponent’s chest toward a wall or the ground.

• As a result, the force on the opponent’s elbow or knee equals the sum of the pulling force on their forearm/lower leg and the external force on their shoulder/hip (wall pressure, ground reaction against gravity, or their own body weight). This prevents the elbow or knee from contracting, disabling further attacks.

2. Grabbing your own limb

• By combining two of your limbs into a firmer structure, you can neutralize joint locks or throws that rely on grabbing your limb as a prerequisite.

• Since physically both the grabber and the grabbed are mutually capturing each other, adding a push at this moment produces greater force than pushing without being grabbed.

• Therefore, when necessary, you can add leg power to push against the opponent for repelling and breaking free.^[111]

Regular nutrition and training are the main components to strengthen Neijin.

Healthy eating and excretion habits should be kept as regular as possible before exercise, it is important to ensure that most or all toxins have been eliminated to prevent prolonged reabsorption and negative effects.^[112] This allows the body to rely primarily on the day's nutritional intake to support training and recovery.^[113]

Regardless of whether the training goal is martial application or physical conditioning, one should maintain the habit of exhaling during force exertion and inhaling during recovery or preparation, so that breathing and muscular activity remain as coordinated as possible.^{[114][115][116]}

The key to unlock and nurture Neijin is said to be the practice of ‘song’ (Traditional Chinese: 鬆 ). The term ‘song’ can function as a verb which means to keep one's mind and body loose resilient and expanding like the consistency of cotton or clouds or relaxed yet concentrated like the sharp alertness of cats immediately before attack.^[117] The term can also be used as an adjective which has the same meaning as described above. The greater the extent one can achieve ‘song’ and minimize the use of Li, the greater the release of Neijin force.^[118][119]

Neijin trainees are often reminded to refrain from using the Li force, because the energy of Neijin will be locked and blocked whenever the Li force is applied. So, Neijin and Li are said to be mutually exclusive.^[120]

The Taijiquan master Yang Chengfu used the concept of ‘song’ as a benchmark in his daily teaching. It was his daily routine to keep reminding his disciples to ‘song’ thoroughly more than 10 times when he inspected them.^[121]

• Neijia

• Liu, Jin Yin 劉金印 (2010). Wang yong quan shou yang shi tai ji quan yu lu ji quan zhao 《汪永泉授楊式太極拳語錄與拳照》. Beijing shi 北京市: Beijing ti yu da xue chu ban she 北京體育大學出版社. ISBN 9789574688241.
• Wang, Yongquan 汪永泉 (1995). Wei, Shuren 魏树人; Qi, Yi 齐一 (eds.). Yang shi tai ji quan shu zhen 《楊式太極拳述真》. Beijing shi 北京市: Ren min ti yu chu ban she 人民体育出版社. ISBN 7500912420.
• Zhu, Huaiyuan 朱懷元 (2007). Wang Yongquan zhuan Yang shi tai ji quan gong zha ji fu zhen ying ji《汪永泉傳楊氏太極拳功札記附珍影集》. Hong Kong: Wang Yongquan zhuan yang shi tai ji quan yan jiu hui (Xianggang) 汪永泉傳楊氏太極拳研究會(香港). ISBN 9789889843151.

• From the Bible to Tai Chi
• Li Yanxi's demonstration
• Generating Martial Power (Jin)
• Taiji master Wang Yongquan’s demonstration
• Taiji master Ma Yueliang’s demonstration