Liushu Formation

Liushu Formation
Stratigraphic range: Late Miocene (Tortonian to Messinian)
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An artist's illustration of the Paleobiota and environment of the upper part of the Liushu formation
TypeGeological formation
Lithology
PrimaryRed claystone, Siltstone
OtherMudstone
Location
Coordinates35°30′N 103°36′E / 35.5°N 103.6°E / 35.5; 103.6
RegionLinxia Basin, Gansu Province.
CountryChina
Approximate paleocoordinates35°00′N 101°24′E / 35.0°N 101.4°E / 35.0; 101.4
Liushu Formation (China)
Liushu Formation (Gansu)

The Liushu Formation is a geological formation in Gansu province, China that spans up to 100 m thick and is widely distributed within the Linxia Basin, with a paleomagnetic age between 11 and 6.4 mya (Upper/Late Miocene).

Geology

The formation is divided into three parts representing three different ages, generally referred to as the "upper part" (youngest, at 6-7 mya), the "middle part" (intermediate, at 9 to 7.6 mya, also known as the Dashengou Fauna), and the "lower part" (oldest).[1][2]

Paleobiota

Birds

Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Falco F. hezhengensis ?"Hipparion fauna", Gansu Province A nearly complete, articulated skeleton An extinct falcon, classified as a stem kestrel
Gracilisgallus[3] G. linxia Shi-li-dun, Gansu Province Upper part; borders the lower Hewangjia Formation A nearly complete, articulated skeleton An extinct phasianid
Gansugyps[4] G. linxiaensis Yangwapuzijifang, Guanghe County Upper part Two articulated skeletons An extinct aegypiine Old World vulture
Linxiavis[5] L. inaquosus[5] Baiwang, Gansu Province Middle part–Upper part[5] Articulated and associated elements of the wings, shoulder girdle, vertebrae, and hind limb An extinct sandgrouse
Miosurnia[6] M. diurna Linxia Basin of Gansu Province Upper part A nearly complete, articulated skeleton, lacking the right forelimb and left manual digits A diurnal surniin bird in the true owl family
Mioneophron[7] M. longirostris Baihua Village, Zhuangheji Town, Guanghe County Upper part A nearly complete, articulated skeleton An extinct gypaetine Old World vulture
Panraogallus[8] P. hezhengensis Zhuangkeji Township, Gansu Province Upper part A nearly complete, articulated skeleton An extinct phasianid
Sinoergilornis[9] S. guangheensis Langwagou Village, Zhuangkeji Town, Guanghe County Upper part A three-dimensionally preserved distal left tarsometatarsus and a nearly complete set of pedal phalanges An eogruid
Struthio[10] S. linxiaensis Yangwapuzijifang, Guanghe County Upper part An incomplete pelvis and synsacrum An extinct ostrich, also placed in the genus Orientornis[11]

Mammals

Artiodactyla

Genus Species County Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Chleuastochoerus[12] C. linxiaensis Yangwapuzi, Guanghe County Upper part The cranium of a male individual and a juvenile female A Hyotheriinae suidae.
C. stehlini Middle to Upper part Cranium skull and mandible
Dicrocerus D. sp.[13] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[13] Middle to Upper part. An ancient deer
Dorcadoryx D. sp. Baihuacun and Langwagou locality. Middle to Upper part. An early caprini relative.
Eostyloceros[14] E. hezhengensis Gaojiashan, Hezheng County Upper part An adult skull with its cranial appendages, lacking the muzzle, the left dentition, and the basioccipital part A large-sized muntjak
Euprox[15] E. furcatus Upper part An adult skull and pair of near-complete antlers. The largest known Eupox species ever discovered
Gazella[16] G. dorcadoides Houshan and Baihuacun locality, Guanghe County Upper part. Early relatives of gazelles.
G. gaudryi Middle to Upper part
G. paotehensis Multiple skulls.
Hezhengia H. bohlini Houshan, Bajia, Shuanggongbei, and Zhongmajia locality, Guanghe County Middle part A bovid
Honanotherium H. schlosseri Houshan locality, Guanghe County Middle part An ancient giraffid
Miotragocerus M. gregarius Houshan locality, Guanghe County Middle part An extinct antelope
Paleotragus P. microdon[13] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[13] Upper part An ancient giraffid
Protoryx P. sp.[13] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[13] Upper part An ancient bovid
Samotherium S. boissieri Houshan locality, Guanghe County Middle part A cranium skull. An ancient giraffid
Schansitherium S. tafeli Dashengou and Yangjiashan, Gansu County Upper part A cranium skull. A four-horned giraffid
Shaanxispira S. linxiaensis.[17] Panyang and Songjianao locality. Lower to Middle part A cranium skull. An ancient bovid
Sinotragus S. wimani[13] Songshugou locality, Guanghe County[13] Upper part An ancient bovid
Tsaidamotherium [18] T. brevirostrum Yancaiping locality, Hezheng County. Lower part. A cranium skull. An ovibovinid caprinae .
Urmiatherium[19] U. intermedium Huaigou village, Gansu province Upper part A male adult skull An early caprinae.

Carnivora

Caniformia
Genus Species County Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Melodon M. majori Middle part A musteloid
Parataxidea[13] P. sinensis[13] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[13] Upper part[13] A fossil skull with maxillary teeth. a badger-like mustelid
Promephitis P. hootoni Middle part A musteloid
P. sp.
Sinictis S. sp. Middle part A musteloid
Ursavus[13][20] U. tedfordi.[13] Huaigou village, Guanghe County[13] Upper part[13] A cranium skull in association with the mandible An early bear
Feliformia
Genus Species County Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Amphimachairodus[13] A. giganteus[13] Houshan, Guanghe County[13] Upper part[13] to Middle part A homotheriine machairodontine felid.
A. hezhengensis[21] Upper part. A nearly complete cranium skull
Dinocrocuta D. gigantea Houshan locality, Guanghe County Middle part A complete cranium skull. A gigantic hyena
Felis[13] F. sp.[13] Guanghe County[13] Upper part[13] to Middle part A felid.
Hyaenictitherium[13] H. hyaenoides[13] Houshan locality, Guanghe County[13] Upper part to Middle part[13] A hyaenid
H. wongii[13]
Ictitherium[13] I. sp.[13] Guanghe County[13] Upper part[13] to Middle part A hyaenid
Metailurus[13] M. major[13] Guanghe County[13] Upper part[13] A metalurin felid.

Perissodactyla

The Liushu formation displays a lineage of Elasmotheriine rhinoceros throughout its stratigraphy. Iranotherium is restricted to the middle part of the formation but remains absent in the overlying layers, the only Elasmotheriine that can be found in the upper layers is Sinotherium.

Chalicotheres
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Ancylotherium[22] A. sp.[13] Duikang locality, Guanghe County.[13] Lower part A juvenile cranium skull. A shizotheriine chalicothere
Nestoritherium N. linxiaense Houshan locality, Guanghe County Lower and Middle parts A skull without the occipital surface, right zygomatic arch, premaxilla, and anterior nasal bone A chalicothere
Equids
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Hipparion H. chiai[13] Guanghe County[13] Middle part An ancient horse
H. coelophyes Upper part
H. dongxiangense[17] Lower part
H. weihoensis Middle part
Rhinocerotids
Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Acerorhinus A. hezhengensis Middle part Skulls based on sexual dimorphism A hornless rhino

Chilotherium

C. wimani

Zhongmajia, Guanghe County[13] Middle part Several skull specimens.

A tusked rhino

Iranotherium

I. morgani[2]

Guanghe County[2] Middle part Two skulls based on sexual dimorphism and an isolated mandible

An elasmotheriine with a unique sexual dimorphism, ancestral to Sinotherium

Ningxiatherium[23] N. euryrhinus. Guonigou in Nalesi Township, Dongxiang County

Lower part

A completely adult skull with both cheek tooth rows
Parelasmotherium P. linxiaense[17] Dongxiang County[17] Lower part A near complete skull A grazing elasmotheriine
P. simplum[17] Lower part

Sinotherium

S. lagrelii[13]

Guanghe County[13] Upper part

A partial skull

An elasmotheriine, ancestral to Elasmotherium. It displays the important transition from nose-horned to forehead-horned rhinos.

Rodents

Genus Species County Member Material Notes Images
Huerzelerimys[24] H. asiaticus Niuzhawan, Sanhe Village, Hezheng County Upper part. A complete skull with a mandible and 5 cervical . An early murinae rodent.
Hystrix[25] H. brevirostra Maijiaji Village, Hezheng County. Upper part. A nearly complete skull. An early porcupine.
Pararhizomys P. hipparionum Middle part A rodent
P. parvulus[26] Xiayangwan, Guanghe County. Middle part An anterior part of a skull with two I2s, left M1‒3 and right M1‒2.

Proboscidea

Genus Species Locality Member Material Notes Images
Tetralophodon T. exoletus Houshan locality, Guanghe County Middle part A gomphothere
Konobelodon[27] K. robustus Zhongmajia and Guonigou, Guanghe County Middle and Upper parts Multiple specimens comprising a skull, pelvis bone, and incomplete mandibles An amebelodont

Reptiles

Genus Species Locality Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Eryx E. linxiaensis Shangwangjia Village, Gaunghe County Upper part A series of partially preserved cranial and post-cranial elements A sand boa

References

  1. ^ "Vertebrata PalAsiatica, Vol. 42, 2004----Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences". english.ivpp.cas.cn. Retrieved 2020-12-21.
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  3. ^ Yu, Ting-Yu; Li, Zhi-Heng (2025). "A new fossil of Galliformes with close relationship to extant turkey and grouse from Linxia Basin". Vertebrata PalAsiatica (in press). doi:10.19615/j.cnki.2096-9899.250731.
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