List of wars involving Mozambique

The following is a list of wars involving Mozambique.

Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Results
East African campaign (World War I)
(3 August 1914–25 November 1918)
Allied victory
  • German East Africa partitioned by Britain, Belgium and Portugal
African theatre of World War I
(3 August 1914–25 November 1918)

Entente Powers:

 Italy (1915–1918)

Liberia (1917–1918)

Central Powers:

Allied victory
Battle of Ngomano
(25 November 1917[1])

Portugal

Germany

German victory
Portuguese Colonial War
(4 February 1961–25 April 1974) 		Angola:
Guinea:
Mozambique:
Carnation Revolution
Mozambican War of Independence
(1964–1975) 		FRELIMO Portugal Lusaka Accord
Rhodesian Bush War
(1964–1979)
Lancaster House Agreement
  • Rhodesia disestablished; Zimbabwe gains internationally recognised independence in its place.
Mozambican Civil War
(1977[10]–1992) 		Mozambique (People's Republic until 1990)

ZANU (until 1979)
Zimbabwe (from 1980)
Soviet Union
Tanzania
Malawi (from 1987)[12]

RENAMO
PRM (until 1982)
UNAMO (1987–1988)[11]
COREMO[13]
UNIPOMO[14]
FUMO[14]
Rhodesia (until 1979)[15]

South Africa (from 1978)[16]

Stalemate
Uganda–Tanzania War
(1978–1979) 		Tanzania
 Uganda National Liberation Front Mozambique 		 Uganda
 Libya
 Palestine Liberation Organization 		Tanzanian victory
RENAMO Insurgency
(2013–2021) 		Mozambique

RENAMO (until 2019)
RENAMO Military Junta (from 2019)

The Peace agreement was signed between opposing factions on 1 August 2019[17]
  • Most RENAMO rebels lay down arms soon afterward
  • A splinter faction, the RENAMO Military Junta (RMJ), continued its insurgency until 2021
Insurgency in Cabo Delgado
(2017– present)

Ansar al-Sunna
Islamic State

Bandits[19]

Ongoing (Map of the current military situation)
  • Mozambican and Rwandan troops launch counteroffensive, taking back many towns and cities

Notes and references

Notes

  1. ^ In opposition to the Union of South Africa, which had joined the war, several thousand Boer rebels rose in the Maritz Rebellion and re-founded the South African Republic in 1914. The rebels allied with Germany and operated in and out of German colonial territory during the South West Africa Campaign. The rebels were defeated by British imperial forces in 1915.
  2. ^ The Senussi Order was a Muslim political-religious tariqa (Sufi order) and clan in Libya, previously under Ottoman control but lost to Italy in 1912. In 1915, the Senussi were courted by the Ottoman Empire and Germany and the Grand Senussi, Ahmed Sharif as-Senussi, declared jihad and attacked the Italians in Libya and British controlled Egypt in the Senussi Campaign.
  3. ^ The Sultanate of Darfur aligned with the Central Powers and was invaded by British forces in Sudan in the Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition of 1916.
  4. ^ The Somali Dervish Revolt began before the war. The movement received symbolic support from the Ottoman and Ethiopian governments.
  5. ^ Portuguese forces assisted the Rhodesians in cross-border operations into Portuguese Mozambique. See Operation Flotilla and Operation Birch.

References

  1. ^ Downes 1919, p. 179.
  2. ^ de Oliveira, Ricardo Soares (2 April 2015). Magnificent and Beggar Land: Angola Since the Civil War. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-025141-3.
  3. ^ Tucker, Spencer (29 October 2013). Encyclopedia of Insurgency and Counterinsurgency A New Era of Modern Warfare. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 172. ISBN 978-1-61069-280-9.
  4. ^ Falola, Toyin; Oyebade, Adebayo O. (2010-07-01). Hot Spot: Sub-Saharan Africa. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-313-35972-9.
  5. ^ Couto, Mia (April 2004). "Carnation revolution". Le Monde diplomatique.
  6. ^ Norman 2003, p. 65.
  7. ^ a b Thomas 1995, pp. 16–17.
  8. ^ "'Da mu nisam 'sredio' susret s Titom, Mugabe nikad ne bi priznao Hrvatsku': prekaljeni diplomat Frane Krnić za 'Slobodnu' otkrio svoje veze s nedavno preminulim liderom Zimbabvea". Slobodna Dalmacija (in Croatian). 17 September 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  9. ^ Houser, George M. Rhodesia To Zimbabwe: A Chronology. New York: The Africa Fund, 1977, p. 7: ZAPU and the African National Congress of South Africa jointly began an armed struggle in northwestern Rhodesia centered in Wankie. This campaign lasted into 1968, with several hundred ZAPU and South African ANC guerrillas involved. South African troops entered Rhodesia to support the government. Prime Minister Vorster said: "We are good friends (with Rhodesia) and good friends know what their duty is when the neighbour's house is on fire."
  10. ^ "Mozambique: Civil war | Mass Atrocity Endings".
  11. ^ a b Emerson (2014), p. 163.
  12. ^ Arnold, Guy (2016). Wars in the Third World Since 1945. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. pp. 211–213. ISBN 978-14742-9102-6.
  13. ^ Banks & Muller (1998), p. 635.
  14. ^ a b c Seegers (2018), Section: Independent Mozambique and the Role of the Armed Forces.
  15. ^ Schwartz, Stephanie (2010). Youth and Post-conflict Reconstruction: Agents of Change. Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press. pp. 34–38. ISBN 978-1601270498.
  16. ^ War and Society: The Militarisation of South Africa, edited by Jacklyn Cock and Laurie Nathan, pp.104-115
  17. ^ "Mozambique's former civil war foes sign landmark peace deal". August 2019. Archived from the original on 17 May 2021.
  18. ^ "Rwanda Sends 1,000 Soldiers, Police to Fight Mozambique Militants". Voice of America. 9 July 2021.
  19. ^ "Beheadings, kidnappings amid surge in Mozambique attacks: UN". Al Jazeera. 7 February 2020. Retrieved 1 May 2020.
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