List of transport megaprojects

This is a list of megaprojects within the transport sector. Take care in comparing the cost of projects from different times—even a few years apart—due to inflation; comparing nominal costs without taking this into account can be highly misleading. Note that inflation-calculated values are current as of 2024.

According to the Oxford Handbook of Megaproject Management in 2017, "Megaprojects are large-scale, complex ventures that typically cost $1 billion or more, take many years to develop and build, involve multiple public and private stakeholders, are transformational, and impact millions of people."[1]

Completed projects

Project Description Country Location Est. cost (USD billions) Start of
construction 		Year of
completion 		Image Notes
At or near
time of
completion 		Adjusted for
inflation
Tokaido Shinkansen High-speed rail Japan Taiheiyō Belt 1.06[2] 8.17 1959 1964 Original segment of the first shinkansen line
Çanakkale 1915 Bridge Bridge (road) Turkey Çanakkale 4[3] 4.56 2017 2022 Spans two continents. Longest suspension bridge span in the world.[4]
Sha Tin to Central Link Rapid transit Hong Kong Hong Kong, From Tai Wai, New Territories to Admiralty, Hong Kong Island 11.6[5] 13 2012 2022 HK$90.7 billion[5]
La Línea Tunnel Tunnel (road) Colombia Cordillera Central 0.27[6] 0.32 2009 2020
Thameslink Programme Commuter rail upgrade United Kingdom Southeast England 8.97[7] 10.68 2009 2020 (GBP7bn)[7]
Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel Tunnel (road) United States Seattle 3.3[8] 4 2013 2019
MRT Yellow Line Rapid Transit Thailand Bangkok Metropolian Region 1.68 2017 2023 As of now. No extension is planned
MRT Pink Line Rapid Transit Thailand Bangkok Metropolian Region 1.6 2017 2025 Last extension in May 2025
Santiago Metro Line 3, Phase One and 2023 extension. Rapid transit Chile Santiago 2.17[9][10] 2.47 2012 2023 Combined cost of initial line and extension.[9][10]
Santiago Metro Line 6 Rapid transit Chile Santiago 1.26[11] 1.58 2014 2017
Crimean Bridge Bridge (rail/road) Russia (one end is recognized internationally as being owned by Ukraine, but is de facto controlled by Russia) 3.7[12] 4.5 2015 2019
Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macau Bridge Bridge–tunnel China Hong Kong, Zhuhai, and Macau 19.2[13] 23.6 2009 2018 ¥127 billion
New Tappan Zee Bridge Bridge (road) United States South Nyack to Tarrytown, New York 3.98[14] 4.88 2013 2018
Tel Aviv–Jerusalem railway Railway Israel Jerusalem, Israel 1.9–2.5[15] 2.3–3.1 2001 2004 (first section)
2007 (second section)
2018 (final section) 		NIS7-9 billion[15]
Abuja Light Rail (phase 1 nearing completion)
[16] 		Light Rail Nigeria Abuja 2.7[16][17] 3.3 2007 2018
Noord/Zuidlijn Rapid transit line Netherlands Amsterdam 4.32[18] 6.12 2002 2018 (€3.1bn)
Klang Valley MRT Line 1 Rapid transit Malaysia Kuala Lumpur 11.7[19] 15.8 2012 2017 (MYR36B)
Ionia Odos Highway Greece Western Greece 1.8[20] 2.3 2007 2017 (€1.4bn)
Otoyol 5 Highway Turkey Istanbul to İzmir 7[21] 8.4 2013 2019 Including Osman Gazi Bridge which has the 8th longest suspension bridge span in the world.[22]
German Unification Transport Projects
(Verkehrsprojekt Deutsche Einheit) 		Transport project to achieve German unity Germany Germany 42[23] 52.7 1991 2016 – continues expansion until 2020
AVE - Spain's high-speed railway network High-speed rail Spain Spain 44[24] 57.3 1992 2016 - continues expansion 40[24] billion euros
Yavuz Sultan Selim Bridge Bridge (rail/road) Turkey Istanbul 2[25] 2.6 2013 2016 World's fifth-tallest bridge of any type.[26]
Evergreen Point Floating Bridge Bridge (road) United States Seattle and Medina, Washington 4.56[27] 5.82 2012 2016
Eurasia Tunnel Tunnel (undersea, road) Turkey Istanbul 1.3[28] 1.7 2011 2016 Spans two continents.
Gotthard Base Tunnel Tunnel (rail)  Switzerland Swiss Alps 9.7[29] 12.4 1999 2016 (CHF 9.56 billion)[29]
World Trade Center Transportation Hub Transit center and retail United States New York City 3.9[30] 5.1 2006 2016
Blanka tunnel complex Tunnel (road) Czechia Prague 1.75[31] 2.3 2006 2015 43bn Kč[31]
Adler–Krasnaya Polyana road and railway Highway and railway Russia Russia 9.4[32] 12.2
2010
 2014
Budapest Metro Line 4 Rapid transit line Hungary Budapest 1.95[33][34] 2.58 2004 2014 (HUF 452.5 bn)
Marina Coastal Expressway Highway Singapore Singapore 3.4[35][36] 4.5 2008 2013[37] (S$4.3 bn)
Marmaray Tunnel Tunnel (undersea, rail) Turkey Istanbul 4.5[38] 5.1 2004 2008(Phase I)
2013(Phase II) 		Deepest immersed tube tunnel in the world.
Eastern span replacement of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge Bridge (road) United States San Francisco Bay Area 6.5[39] 8.6 2002 2013
Russky Bridge Bridge (road) Russia Vladivostok
(Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula)
and Russky Island 		1.1[40] 1.5 2008 2012
Freeway Durango-Mazatlán and Baluarte Bridge Highway and road bridge Mexico Durango – Sinaloa 1.46[41][42] 2 2008 2012
Jiaozhou Bay Bridge Bridge (road) China Shandong 1.5[43] 2.1 2007 2011
Beijing–Shanghai high-speed railway High-speed rail China Eastern China (Beijing to Shanghai, via Tianjin and Nanjing) 33.1[44] 45.4 2008 2011 (RMB 220.9bn)
Clem Jones Tunnel Tunnel (road) Australia Brisbane 3.3[45] 4.5 2006 2010
CBD and South East Light Rail Light rail Australia Sydney 2.2[46] 2.6 2015 2019
Wuhan–Guangzhou high-speed railway High-speed rail China China 17.1[47] 24.2 2005 2009 (RMB 116.6bn)
Egnatia Odos Highway Greece Northern Greece 8.4[48] 11.9 1994 2009 (€5.9bn)
Incheon Bridge Bridge (road) South Korea Incheon 2.12[49] 3 2005 2009 (₩2.45 trillion; source listed that as being equivalent to US$2.12 billion)
Sound Transit '1 line'

(initial segment)

Light rail United States Seattle metropolitan area 2.9[50] 4.1 2003 2009
Bologna–Florence high-speed railway High-speed rail Italy Italy 7.8[51] 10.9 1996 2009 (€5.89 billion)[51]
Milan–Bologna high-speed railway High-speed rail Italy Italy 9.2[51] 12.9 1993 2008 (€6.92 billion)[51]
Beijing–Tianjin intercity railway High-speed rail China Beijing and Tianjin[52] 2.34[53] 3.3 2005 2008
High Speed 1 High-speed rail United Kingdom South East England 13.7[54] 19.9 1998 2007 (£6.84 billion)[54]
Lötschberg Base Tunnel

(initial bore)

Tunnel (rail)  Switzerland Swiss Alps 3.6[55] 5.2 1999 2007 (CHF 4.3 billion)[55]
Copenhagen Metro phase 1-3 Rapid transit Denmark Copenhagen 1.47[56] 2.1 1996 2007 11,400,000,000 DKK
"Big Dig" Central Artery/Tunnel Project Tunnel (road) United States Boston 22[57] 31.4 1991 2007 14.6 billion USD; additional $7 billion in interest
Colorado T-REX Project (TRansportation EXpansion) Highway & Light rail upgrade United States Denver 1.7[58] 2.5 2001 2006
Shanghai Maglev Train High-speed rail, Maglev China Shanghai 1.4[59] 2.2 2001 2004
Red Line and Purple Line Rapid transit United States Los Angeles 4.5[60] 7.8 1986 2000 represents expenditure prior to the D Line Extension
Toei Ōedo Line Rapid transit Japan Tokyo 8.68[61] 15.3 1988 2000 (¥988.6 billion in 1999 yen values)
Jubilee Line Extension Rapid transit line United Kingdom London 6.83[62] 9.56 1993 1999 3.5 billion GBP

6.83 billion USD is for 2010 prices[62]

Honshu-Shikoku Bridge Project Bridges

17 bridges connecting the islands of Honshū and Shikoku

Japan Japan 48[63] 84.7 1978 1999 4 trillion Yen
Øresund Bridge Bridge–tunnel (rail/road) Denmark, Sweden Denmark - Sweden 5.7[64] 10.1 1995 1999 (DKK30.1bn)
Great Belt Fixed Link Bridge–tunnel (rail/road) Denmark Denmark 3.2 7.3 1988 1998 (DKK21.4bn)[65]
Vasco da Gama Bridge Bridge (road) Portugal Lisbon 1.3[66] 2.5 1995 1998 (€897m / 180bn PTE)
Akashi-Kaikyō Bridge Bridge (road) Japan Kobe 5[67] 9 1988 1998
Channel Tunnel Tunnel (undersea, rail) Strait of Dover, English Channel between the United Kingdom and France 15.4[68] 29.5 1988 1994 (GBP9.5bn)
Interstate Highway System Highway Network United States United States 114[69] 624 1956 1992[70][71] 425 billion in 2006 dollars[72] 548 billion in 2021 dollars[73]
Baikal–Amur Mainline Railway Soviet Union (modern-day Russia) Sovetskaya Gavan to Tayshet (modern-day Russia) 15[74] 38.2 1974 1984
Bay Area Rapid Transit Rapid transit United States San Francisco Bay Area 1.586[75] 6.8 1964 1976 - continues expansion $11.9 billion adjusted for inflation
St. Lawrence Seaway Canal system United States, Canada St Lawrence River and North American Great Lakes between the United States and Canada 0.470[76] 3.9 1954 1959
Caracas-La Guaira highway Highway Venezuela Greater Caracas 0.06[77][78] 0.6 1950 1953
Trans-Siberian Railway Railway Russian Empire (modern-day Russia) Moscow to Russian Far East (Vladivostok) (modern-day Russia) 0.770[79] 15.3 1891 1916
Panama Canal Canal Panama Panama 0.375[80] 8.6 1881 1914
First transcontinental railroad Railway United States Omaha, Nebraska, to Sacramento, California 0.1[81] 2.1 1863 1869 $2.09 billion adjusted for inflation
Suez Canal Canal Khedivate of Egypt (modern-day Egypt) Sinai Peninsula, Khedivate of Egypt (modern-day Egypt) 0.082[82] 1.7 1859 1869
Suez Canal expansion Canal expansion Egypt Sinai Peninsula 8[83] 10.3 2014 2015
Washington Metro Rapid transit United States Washington metropolitan area 9.4[84] 15.9 1969 2001
Silver Line Rapid transit United States Northern Virginia 6[85] 6.8 2009 2014 (Phase 1)
2022 (Phase 2) 		While the Silver Line runs through Maryland and through Washington, D.C., the actual new sections of railway were all located in Northern Virginia.
Mid-Coast Extension of the Blue Line (San Diego Trolley) Light rail United States San Diego 2.17[86][87] 2.47 2016 2021
Green Line Extension Light rail United States Greater Boston 2.28[88] 2.6 2012 2022
Highway Vespucio Oriente Tunnel (road) Chile Santiago 1.1 1.3 2017 2022
East Side Access project (including Grand Central Madison station) Transit center, commuter rail United States New York City 11.1[89] 12.6 2007 2023 The East Side Access project, including Grand Central Madison station, allows Long Island Rail Road service to Grand Central Terminal.
Taichung MRT Rapid transit Taiwan Taichung 2.08[90] 2.48 2009 2021
Almaty Metro Rapid transit Kazakhstan Almaty 1[91] 1.4 1988 (was temporarily suspended as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union) 2011
Dubai Metro Rapid transit United Arab Emirates Dubai 7.62[92] 10.8 2006 2009
Canada Line Rapid transit Canada Greater Vancouver 1.79[93] 2.54 2005 2009 $2.05 billion CAD – set as the value for 2009, though estimate was originally made in 2006
Second Avenue Subway, Phase 1 Rapid transit United States New York City 4.4[94] 5.6 2007 2017 Inflation is based on 2016, as the line opened on January 1 of 2017; construction was thus technically completed before then.
Silicon Valley BART extension, Phase I Rapid transit United States San Francisco Bay Area 2.3[95] 2.7 2012 2020
Algiers Metro (original section of Line 1) Rapid transit Algeria Algiers 1.2[96] 1.6 1982 (was suspended for a time) 2011
Changsha Metro, Line 2 Rapid transit China Changsha 1.8[97] 2.2 2009 2014
Doha Metro Rapid transit Qatar Doha 36[98][99] 43.4 2013 2019
Mombasa–Nairobi Standard Gauge Railway Railway Kenya Mombasa

NairobiNaivasha

5.3[100] 6.4 2013 2019 Original phase: $3.8bn and extension: 1.5bn[100]
Edinburgh Trams Light rail United Kingdom Edinburgh 1.72[101] 2.24 2008 2014 (£1.043bn)[101]
Padma Bridge Bridge (rail/road) Bangladesh Padma River 3.6[102] 4.1 2014 2022
Woodrow Wilson Bridge Bridge (Bascule) United States Washington metropolitan area 2.357[103] 3.12 2000 2013
Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge (original/upper deck) Bridge (road) United States New York City 0.320[104] 2.47 1959 1964
AirTrain JFK People mover United States New York City 1.9[105] 3.1 1998 2003 While it does serve passengers within JFK, it was primarily built for transport between the airport and the city.
Taiwan High Speed Rail High-speed rail Taiwan Taiwan 14.63[106] 21.26 2000 2007 480.6 billion converted to USD in 2007 dollars is $14.63 billion.[107]
Goethals Bridge (replacement) Bridge (road) United States New York City and New Jersey 1.25[108] 1.53 2014 2017 (New eastbound span)
2018 (New westbound span)
Danyang-Kunshan Grand Bridge Bridge (rail) China Shanghai and Nanjing 8.5[109] 11.66 2006 2011 (construction ended in 2010; opened in 2011)
Bolshaya Koltsevaya line Rapid transit Russia Moscow 8.59[110] 10.78 2011 2023
Seikan Tunnel Tunnel (undersea, rail) Japan Tsugaru Strait 8.58[111] 19.6 1971 1988
Rennes Metro Line B Rapid transit France Rennes 1.405[112] 1.6 2014 2022 €1.342 billion converted to USD based on average rate for 2022
Paris Métro Line 14 (original segment) Rapid transit France Paris 1.2682[113] 2.013 1993 2007 Inflation clock starting in 2004
Crossrail 1 Commuter rail, Rapid transit United Kingdom Greater London 23.0[114] 26.2 2007 2023[115] A new 73m (117 km) railway line in England, serving London, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire & Essex.

Core section opened May 24, 2022, full integration of routes and completion expected by May 2023.[115]

Regional Connector Light rail tunnel United States Downtown Los Angeles 1.8[116] 1.9 2014 2023
IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line Rapid transit United States New York City 0.06[117] 1.47 1900 1908
Lekki Port Seaport Nigeria Lekki 1.5[118] 1.6 2015 2023
Ohio River Bridges Project Bridges and interchange reconfiguration United States Louisville metropolitan area 2.3[119] 2.78 2014 2017 A new motorway project near Louisville, Kentucky. Major works included two new bridges across the Ohio River; a short tunnel section; and reconstruction of interchange ramps.
Lagos Rail Mass Transit Rapid transit, Commuter rail Nigeria Lagos 3.6[120][121] 3.8 2009 2023 (Blue Line)
2024 (Red Line)
Upgrades to Metro-North Railroad's Harmon Shop at Croton-on-Hudson Improvements to a maintenance and operations hub United States Croton-on-Hudson, New York 1.1[122] 1.13 2001[123] 2024[123]
Milan Metro Line 4 Rapid transit Italy Milan 2.24[124] 2.7 2014[125] 2022 (Phase One)
2023 (Phase Two)
2024 (Phase Three) 		Roughly €1.9 billion as of April 2020.
Caltrain Modernization Program (CalMod) Commuter rail United States San Francisco Bay Area 2.44[126] 2.5 2017 2024
Parramatta Light Rail, Stage 1 Light rail Australia Parramatta, New South Wales 1.94[127] 1.99 2018[128] 2024[127]
WestConnex Tunnel (road) Australia Sydney 11.3[129] 11.6 2015[129] 2024[130]
Yaxi Expressway Highway China Ya'an to Xichang 3.3[131] 4.4 2007 2012 Unclear whether the $3.3 bn estimate was in 2007 dollars or 2012 dollars
Sydney Metro Northwest Rapid transit Australia Sydney 5.2[132] 6.3 2014 2019 Extended south to the CBD in 2024 by Sydney Metro City & Southwest.
Cairo Metro Line 3, Phase 3 Rapid transit Egypt Cairo 2.6[133] 3 2017 2024 Entire Line 3 costs more
Line 2 South Expansion Light rail Canada Ottawa 3.5[134] 3.6 2019 2024 4.72 billion CAD
Ho Chi Minh City Metro, Line 1 Rapid transit Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City 2.5[135] 2.5 2012 2024[135]
Riyadh Metro Rapid transit Saudi Arabia Riyadh 22.5 as of July 2013[136] 31.2 2014 2024 There were disputes regarding at least $1 billion in 2022; as of January 2023, it is unclear if/how that affected the overall cost.[137]
Qinghai–Tibet railway Railway China Golmud to Lhasa 3.68[138] 5.49 2001 2006
Alaska Highway Highway United States, Canada Dawson Creek to Delta Junction 0.13[139] 1.98 1942 1942
Chesapeake Bay Bridge–Tunnel Bridge–tunnel United States Virginia 0.2[140] 1.54 1960 1964
Silver Line Commuter rail United States Dallas 1.9[141] 2.02 2020 2026 Also known as the "Cotton Belt Line"
K Line Light rail United States Los Angeles 2.1[142] 2.4 2014 2022 (first section)
2024 (rest of line)
Trans-Amazonian Highway Road  Brazil North and Northeast Region of Brazil 1.5[143] 8.5 1970 1972
Great Carajás Project Railway and Port  Brazil Pará and Maranhão 2.9[144] 5.1 1978 1986
2018 (railway double-tracking)
Intercounty Connector Highway United States Maryland 2.4[145] 3.2 2007 2014
Line 6 Finch West Light rail Canada Toronto 2.8[146] 2.8 2016 2025

Partially completed and open

Project Description Country Location Est. cost (in billions USD) at or near time of completion Est. cost (in billions USD), adjusted for inflation Start of construction Year of completion Image Notes
Sydney Metro City & Southwest Rapid transit Australia Sydney 14.5[147] 14.9 2017 Completed

2024 (City)


Expected

Late 2025 (Southwest)

Extends Sydney Metro Northwest from Chatswood to Bankstown via the CBD
O-Train Line 1 Light rail Canada Ottawa 5.1[148] 6.2 2013[149] Completed
2019 (stage 1)
Expected
2026 (stage 2) 		$2.1 billion + $4.66 billion CA$[148]
Lusail Tram Light rail Qatar Lusail 2.7 as of 2014[150] 3.5 2016 Completed

2022 (First part of orange line)

Expected

Unclear timeline for rest of lines/stations

Hyderabad Metro Rapid transit India Hyderabad 2.4 as of November 2017[151] 3 2012 Completed

2018 (First stretch)

2020 (Second stretch)

Expected

Unclear timeline for rest of lines/stations

Sukhumvit Line Rapid Transit Thailand Bangkok Metropolian Region 1994 Completed

1999 (Original Plan)

2011 (Bearing extension)

2017-19 (Samut Prakan extension)

2019-20 (Khu Khot extension)

Expected

TBA

Silom Line Rapid Transit Thailand Bangkok 1994 Completed

1999 (Original Plan)

2009 (Wongwian Yai extension)

2013 (Bang Wa extension)

Expected

TBA

MRT Blue Line Rapid Transit Thailand Bangkok >2.2 1996 Completed

2004 (Original Plan)

2016-17 (Northern extension)

2019 (Southern extension)

2019-20 (Northern extension)

Expected

TBA

MRT Purple Line Rapid Transit Thailand Bangkok Metropolian Region 4.36 2012 Complete

2016 (Phase 1)

Expected

2027 (All stations)

SRT Light Red Line Rapid Transit Thailand Bangkok Metropolian Region 1.47 2010 Completed

2021 (Taling Chan to Central Terminal(Phase I))

Expected

Phase II - VI(Under construction and Planned)

SRT Dark Red Line Rapid Transit Thailand Bangkok Metropolian Region 3.18 2010 Completed

2021 (Rangsit-Bang Sue(Phase I))

Expected

Phase II-V (Planned)

Phase VI-VII (Suggested)

BTS Gold Line People Mover Thailand Khlong San, Bangkok 0.107 0.117 2018 Completed

2020 (Krung Thon Buri - Khlong San)

Expected

2027 (Prajadhipok extension)

Airport Rail Link Airport Rail Link Thailand Bangkok Metropolian Region 2005 Completed

2010 (Phaya Thai-Suvarnabhumi Airport) Expected TBA

Trans-Sumatra Toll Road Highway Indonesia Sumatra 33.2[152] 37.8 2014 Completed
Several segments at varying times (2019-2022)
Expected
2023, 2024 (Remaining segments)
Skyline Rapid transit United States Oʻahu 12.4[153] 14.1 2011 Completed
2023 (Phase 1)

2025 (Phase 2)
Expected
2031 (Phase 3)

El Insurgente Commuter rail Mexico State of Mexico; Mexico City 2.8[154] 3.3 2015 Completed
2023 (Zinacantepec to Lerma)
2024 (Lerma to Santa Fe)
Expected
2026 (Santa Fe to Observatorio)
Kınalı-Balıkesir Motorway Highway Turkey Tekirdağ to Balıkesir 2[155] 2.6 2017 Completed
2023 (Malkara-Lapseki)
Expected
2025 (remaining phases)
A-1 motorway Highway Montenegro Montenegro 3.7[156][157] 3.9 2015[158] Completed
2023 (first 43 km section)

Expected
2024 (Andrijevica segment)

(2.77 billion €)
Réseau express métropolitain Light rail, Rapid transit Canada Montreal 5.5[159] 6.3 2018 Completed
2023 (first segment)

2025 (second segment)
Expected
2027[160]

67 km of rails, 26 stations, automated light metro. Cost estimated in June 2021 to be CA$6.9 billion.
Tel Aviv Light Rail Light rail Israel Tel Aviv 5.8[161][162] 6.6 2011 Completed
2023 (Red Line)

Expected
2028

NIS18.8 billion
Thessaloniki Metro Rapid transit Greece Thessaloniki 3.24[163] 4.3 2006 Completed

2024 (Line 1)[164] Expected 2025 (Line 2)

Sichuan–Tibet railway North–South Railway China Chengdu to Lhasa 49.61[165] 49.61 2014 Completed
2018 Chengdu - Ya'an segment

2021 (Nyingchi–Lhasa segment) Expected
2030 (Full line)

North–South Railway North–South Railway  Brazil National $2,6 billion[166] 1987 2023

Under construction

Project Description Country Location Approximate cost (in billions USD) Start of construction Planned year of completion Image Notes
West Gate Tunnel Tunnel (road) Australia Melbourne 7.4[167] 2018 2025
North East Link Tunnel (road) Australia Melbourne 17.5[167] 2020 2028
Sydney Metro Western Sydney Airport Rapid transit Australia Sydney 8[168] 2022 2027
Western Harbour Tunnel Tunnel (road) Australia Sydney 5[169] 2021 2028
Sydney Metro West Rapid transit Australia Sydney 17[170] 2020 2032
Purple Line Light rail United States Maryland suburbs of Washington, D.C. 3.4[171] 2017 (halted in 2020); resumed in 2022 2027[172]
Red and Purple Modernization Phase One Project Rapid transit United States Chicago 2.1[173] 2019 2025
Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link Tunnel (undersea, rail/road) Denmark, Germany Fehmarn to Lolland 8.75[174] 2019[174] 2028[174]
Lagos-Kano Standard Gauge Railway Railway Nigeria From Lagos to Kano 8.3[175][176] 2011 TBA
Badagry Deep Sea Port Seaport Nigeria Badagry 2.3[177] 2024[178] TBA
Fourth Mainland Bridge Bridge (road) Nigeria Across the lagoon to connect Ikorodu and Lekki 4.2[179] 2024 TBA
California High-Speed Rail High-speed rail United States California 80.3[180] 2015 2033
(Phase I)
Locations of planned California High-Speed Rail route. Phase I: black; Phase II: dark blue. (The separate Brightline West system is shown in light blue.) Route is approximate in some places.
China Pakistan Economic Corridor Economic corridor Pakistan, China Gwadar to Kashgar 65[181] 2015 2030
Barcelona Metro line 9 Rapid transit line Spain Barcelona 26.3[182] 2009 2027[183] (€19bn)
Santiago Metro Line 7 Rapid transit line Chile Santiago 2.5[184] 2022[185] 2027
Cross River Rail Commuter rail tunnel Australia Brisbane 4.7[186] 2017 2026[186] AUD $6.3 billion
Metro Tunnel Commuter rail tunnel Australia Melbourne 9.46[187] 2018 2025 AUD $12.58 billion
Suburban Rail Loop East Rapid transit Australia Melbourne 21.8-25[188] 2022 2035 Part of the proposed orbital Suburban Rail Loop line
NHDP/ Bharatmala Highway upgrade India India 207.6 (total)

(NHDP: 53.2, 77.3 in 2023)[189]

(Bharatmala: 132.4)[190]

2000 2018: (NHDP)

2026: Bharatmala Phase I[191]

Phase II was set to start in 2024, but now is uncertain[192]

(INR 4.5 trillion).This project was partially completed by 2018 and was then subsumed under the Bharatmala project.
Agua Negra Tunnel Tunnel (road) Argentina, Chile San Juan, Argentina, & Coquimbo Region 1.5[193] 2018 2027
Fastracks Light rail, Commuter rail United States Denver 6.5[194] 2006 2044
City Rail Link Commuter rail New Zealand Auckland 3.4[195] 2015 2026[196] (NZD$5.5bn)
Line 5 Eglinton Light rail Canada Toronto 10.26[197] 2010 2025
Grand Paris Express Rapid transit France Île-de-France (Paris region) 48[198] 2016 2030 4 new lines, 200 km, 72 new stations
Scarborough Subway Extension Rapid transit Canada Toronto 3[199] 2022 2029-2030 CA$3.982 billion, 3 stops, 7.8 km [200]
Tehran-Shomal Freeway, 121 km Highway Iran Tehran Province and Mazandaran Province 1.7[201] 1996 2024?

(sections 1,2, & 4 are already complete)

(HUF 452bn)
Stuttgart 21 Railway & Urban Development Germany Stuttgart 10.8[202] 2010 2026 €9.15 billion[202]
Birmingham Northern Beltline (I-422) Highway United States Birmingham, Alabama 5.4[203] 2014 2047
Brenner Base Tunnel Tunnel (rail) Austria, Italy Innsbruck to  Franzensfeste 11[204] 2008 2032
Koralm Tunnel Tunnel (rail) Austria Styria / Carinthia 6.2[205] 2009 2025 (€5.4 bn)
Semmering Base Tunnel Tunnel (rail) Austria Lower Austria / Styria 4.6[206] 2012 2030 (€3.9 bn)
Mumbai–Ahmedabad high-speed rail corridor High-speed rail India From Ahmedabad to Mumbai 20[207] 2019 2026 (partial), 2027 (complete) (₹1.6 lakh crore)
Sagarmala Seaport India Coastal areas of India 80.9[208] 2017 2035 (₹6.5 lakh crore, only counting current projects)
High Speed 2 High-speed rail United Kingdom England 106.4[209] 2017[210] TBA[211] 330 mi/530 km of High Speed track,[212] 5 stations and West Coast Mainline integration
Northern Powerhouse Rail Railway & Urban renewal United Kingdom England 39[213] 2018[214] 2026 Links Liverpool, Sheffield, Kingston-upon-Hull & Newcastle-upon-Tyne to High Speed 2.
Link light rail 2 Line Light rail line United States Eastside King County, Washington 3.7[215] 2016 2026
Bogotá Metro

(line 1)

Rapid transit Colombia Bogotá 4.5[216] 2020 2028
Brussels Metro line 3 Rapid transit Belgium Brussels 1.86[217] 2020[218] 2030
Chūō Shinkansen High-speed rail, Maglev Japan Japan 64.35[219] as of May 2021 2014 Unknown[220]
Tel Aviv Metro Rapid transit Israel Tel Aviv metro area 39.4[221] 2025 2032
Panama Metro Line 3 Rapid transit line (monorail) Panama Panama City 2.7154[222] 2021 2027 The Panamanian balboa is tied to the United States dollar.
Millennium Line Broadway Extension ("Broadway Subway Project") Rapid transit Canada Vancouver 2.35[223] 2021[223] 2026[224] Cost estimated in May 2021 to be 2,830,000,000 Canadian dollars; in roughly May 2021, that was roughly equivalent to 2,350,000,000 United States dollars.
Penn Station Access Commuter rail United States New York City and Westchester County, New York 2.87[225] 2022 2027
South Coast Rail Commuter rail United States Southeastern Massachusetts 3.42[226] 2019[227] 2030
Bangkok–Nong Khai high-speed railway High-speed rail Thailand Thailand 4.65[228] 2020 2026 179 billion baht as of October 2022
MRT Orange Line Rapid Transit Thailand Bangkok 3.9 2017 2027
Oslo Metro Line T6 Rapid transit line Norway Oslo and Bærum 1.6[229] 2020 2027 Cost is as of January 2017
Lima Metro Line 2 Rapid transit Peru Lima 5.8[230] 2014 2025
Line 4 (Athens Metro) Rapid transit Greece Athens 1.9 2021 2029-30 €1.6 billion[231]
São Paulo Metro, Line 6 Rapid transit Brazil Greater São Paulo 2.6[232] Resumed in 2020 2027
Toulouse Metro, Line C Rapid transit France Toulouse Métropole 3.65[233] 2022 2028 €3.4 billion as of February 7, 2023
Abidjan Metro Rapid transit Ivory Coast Abidjan 1.46[234] 2022 2028 €1.36 billion as of December 20, 2022
Vienna U-Bahn, U2xU5 Project Rapid transit Austria Vienna 2.5[235] 2018[236] 2030
Xiong'an–Xinzhou high-speed railway High-speed rail China Xiong'an–Xinzhou 8.86[237] 2022 2027
Tanzania Standard Gauge Railway Railway Tanzania Tanzania At least 7.6[238] 2017 Unclear (does vary based on phase)
Portal Bridge replacement Bridge (rail) United States New Jersey 1.5[239] 2022 2025 (first line of track)[240]
Rogfast Tunnel (road) Norway Rogaland 2.91[241] 2018 2033
Gordie Howe International Bridge Bridge (road) United States, Canada Detroit to Windsor, Ontario 5.4[242] 2018 2025
D Line Extension Rapid transit United States Greater Los Angeles 9.5[243] 2014 (Section 1)
2018 (Section 2)
2021 (Section 3) 		2027 (final section: Section 3)[243]
Belgrade Metro Rapid transit Serbia Belgrade 5.35[244] 2021 2028
Ontario Line Rapid transit Canada Toronto 7.3-8.7[245] 2022 2031 16 km, 15 stop line with at-grade, elevated and underground sections operated with driverless trains.[246]
São Paulo Metro Line 2 extension Rapid transit Brazil São Paulo 1.4[247] 2020 2026
Valley Metro Rail: South Central Extension Light rail United States Phoenix, Arizona 1.35[248] 2019 2025
Hamburg U5 Rapid transit Germany Hamburg 1.75[249] 2022 2030
Project Connect Public transit[a] United States Austin, Texas 10.3 for the light rail components; unclear for the rest[250] 2021 Unclear Measure approved by Austin voters. Construction of at least one bus rapid transit corridor has begun; light rail construction has not begun.
Hampton Roads Bridge–Tunnel Expansion Project Bridge–tunnel (road) United States Hampton Roads (Virginia) 3.9[251] 2020 2027
Frederick Douglass Tunnel Tunnel (rail) United States Baltimore 6[252] 2023 2033 Replacement for old Baltimore and Potomac Tunnel)
Brightline West High-speed rail United States California and Nevada 12[253] 2024 2028
Gateway Program Rail improvements, including bridges and tunnels United States New York City to New Jersey (Hudson River) 16.1[254] 2023[255] 2035[255]
Lena Bridge Bridge (road) Russia Sakha Republic 1.77[256] 2024 2028
Francis Scott Key Bridge replacement Bridge (road) United States Baltimore 5.2[257] 2025 2030 A replacement for the destroyed Francis Scott Key Bridge.
Xinjiang–Tibet railway Railway China Hotan to Lhasa 62.02[258] 2025 2035
Anadyr Highway Road Russia Magadan to Chukotka 4.86[259] 2012 2042
Cross Island Line Rapid transit Singapore Nationwide 29.52[260] 2023 2030
Saudi Landbridge Project Railway Saudi Arabia Jeddah to Riyadh 7[261] 2025 2030
Transnordestina Railway Railway Brazil Northeast Region of Brazil 2.8[262] 2006 2029 (proj.)
West–East Integration Railway Railway Brazil Bahia and Tocantins 1.0[263] 2011 2027 (proj.)

Suspended or abandoned

Project Description Country Location Status (suspended or abandoned) Approximate cost (in billions USD) and year of cost estimate Start of construction Year suspended Image Notes
Northern Latitudinal Railway Railway Russia Labytnangi (Obskaya) - Korotchaevo Suspended 3.03 (2018)[264] 2018 2022
Lavalin Skytrain Rapid Transit Thailand Bangkok Abandoned - - - Abandoned before construction
Hopewell Project Rapid Transit Thailand Bangkok Abandoned 3.2 (1990) 1990 1998 Some pillars can still be found in Bangkok
Staten Island Tunnel Rapid Transit tunnel United States New York City Abandoned 0.06 (1922) 1923 1925
Access to the Region's Core Commuter rail United States New York City and New Jersey Abandoned 8.7 (2009) 2009 2010
Eglinton West line Rapid Transit Canada Toronto Abandoned 0.74 (1994) 1994 1995

Proposed

Project Description Location Approximate cost (in billions USD) Proposed start of construction Proposed year of completion Notes
Great Istanbul Tunnel Railway, Undersea tunnel Istanbul, Turkey 4.22[265] TBD TBD After Marmaray and Eurasia Tunnels, it will be the third tunnel to connect Istanbul's sides.
HızRay Railway, Undersea tunnel Istanbul, Turkey TBD TBD TBD High-speed subway line including a fourth Bosphorus tunnel to connect Istanbul's sides alongside with the Great Tunnel.
Arctic Railway Railway Finland, Norway 3.43[266] TBD TBD A connecting line between Kirkenes port and the Finnish railway network.
Bridge of the Horns Bridge (rail/road) Djibouti, Yemen 20 TBD TBD A bridge across the Red Sea.
Crossrail 2 Railway, Commuter rail, Rapid transit Greater London, United Kingdom 49.4[267] 2023 2030s A new railway line in England, serving London, Surrey & Hertfordshire to interlink with Crossrail (above).
Helsinki City Rail Loop Commuter Rail Finland 1.77[268] TBD TBD An underground rail loop in Helsinki.
Helsinki–Tallinn Tunnel Railway, Undersea tunnel Finland, Estonia 17.74[269] TBD TBD
Hordfast Bridge (road) Norway 2 TBD TBD
Irish Sea Bridge Bridge (rail/road) United Kingdom 20.55[270] TBD TBD A proposed bridge between Scotland and Northern Ireland, supported by the Johnson ministry.[271]
Lentorata Railway tunnel Finland 6.16[272] 2030 TBD An airport rail link for Helsinki Airport.
Malacca Strait Bridge Bridge (road) Indonesia, Malaysia 14[273] TBD TBD A proposed 48 kilometer bridge over the Strait of Malacca.
MetroLink (Dublin) Rapid transit Greater Dublin Area, Ireland 10[274] 2025 2031-2034
MRT Silver Line Rapid Transit Thailand 2.75 TBD 2029
MRT Brown Line Rapid Transit Thailand 1.52 TBD 2029
MRL Grey Line Rapid Transit Thailand 0.82 TBD TBD
MRL Light Blue Line Rapid Transit Thailand 0.45 TBD TBD
Don Mueang-Suvarnabhumi-U-Tapao high-speed railway High-speed rail Thailand 6.8 TBD 2029
Saudi–Egypt Causeway Causeway Saudi Arabia, Egypt 4 TBD TBD
Strait of Messina Bridge Bridge (rail/road) Italy 6.6 TBD TBD
Sunda Strait Bridge Bridge (rail/road) Indonesia 18.87[275] TBD TBD The project has been indefinitely postponed.[276]
Singapore Strait crossing Tunnel (undersea) Singapore, Indonesia TBD TBD TBD A proposed tunnel between Singapore and Indonesia.
Qatar–Bahrain Causeway Causeway Qatar, Bahrain 5 TBD TBD
Texas Central Railway High-speed rail Texas, United States 5.9 TBD TBD Would operate between Dallas and Houston, with a stop in the Brazos Valley region
LinkUS Rapid transit Columbus, Ohio, United States 8.51[277] 2024 2030 Cost includes three rapid-transit corridors set to open by 2030, and two more by 2050.[277][278]
Second Avenue Subway, Phase 2 Rapid transit New York City, United States 6.39[279] TBD TBD Project was moved to the engineering stage in January 2022.[280]
Interborough Express Light rail New York City, United States 5.5[281] (in 2027 dollars)[282] TBD TBD New light rail line, built largely along existing tracks, connecting Brooklyn and Queens. Still in planning stages.
Rio de Janeiro Light Rail Expansion Light rail Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 3[283] 2023 2025 (at least first sections) Would add 145.5 km (90.4 mi) to existing light rail network
Bagamoyo Port Seaport Bagamoyo, Tanzania 10[284] 2023
Valparaíso–Santiago rail replacement Railway Valparaíso and Santiago, Chile 1.32[285] 2025 2030
D2 Subway Light rail Dallas, United States 1.7-1.9[286] TBD 2028
City Centre–Māngere Line Light rail New Zealand 8.7[287] TBD TBD In the detailed planning phase. Would connect Auckland Airport to the CBD, terminating at Wynyard Quarter
Interstate Bridge Replacement Bridge (road/light rail) Portland and Vancouver, United States 5-7.5[288] 2026 2033 Replacement of existing bridge over Columbia River, also carrying light rail extension to Vancouver, Washington
Taiwan Strait Tunnel Railway, Undersea tunnel China, Taiwan 64.56[289] TBD TBD
Chesapeake Bay Bridge Replacement Bridge (road) Maryland, United States 7[290] 2032 TBD Replacement of existing bridges crossing the Chesapeake Bay
Strait of Gibraltar Tunnel Tunnel (rail) Spain, Morocco 9.2[291] 2030 2040 Rail tunnel under Strait of Gibraltar, currently in planning phase

Airport projects

Airport Primary market(s) served Country IATA Code Type of project Passengers (total) Year completed Est. cost (in billions USD) at or near time of completion Est. cost (in billions USD), adjusted for inflation
Abu Dhabi International Airport Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates AUH New airport 20,000,000 1982 6.8 18.6
Adolfo Suarez Madrid-Barajas International Airport Terminals 4 and 4S Madrid Spain MAD New terminals 57,891,340 2006 8.7 13
Al Maktoum International Airport Dubai United Arab Emirates DWC New airport 410,278 (expected: 260 million) 2010 32 44.8
Athens International Airport Athens Greece ATH New airport 16,225,885 2001 3 5.1
Auckland Airport Auckland New Zealand AKL New terminal, new runway 2028-2029 (expected) 2.4[292]
Bahrain International Airport expansion Bahrain Bahrain BAH New terminal 2021 1.1[293] 1.3
Beijing Capital International Airport Terminal 3 Beijing China PEK New terminal 50,000,000 2008 3.8[294] 5.4
Beijing Daxing International Airport Beijing China PKX New airport 25,051,012 2019 17 21
Berlin Brandenburg Airport Berlin Germany BER New airport 28,000,000 (expected)[295] 2020 10 (as of 2018)[296]
Central Transport Hub Warsaw Poland N/A ≈45,000,000 (expected) 2027 (expected) 4.2-5.0 (expected, without rail component and road component)
Changi Airport Terminal 3 Singapore Singapore SIN New terminal 22,000,000 2008 1.4[297] 2
Changi Airport Terminal 4 Singapore Singapore SIN New terminal 65,628,000 2017 1[298]
Charles de Gaulle Airport Paris France CDG New airport 26,196,575 as of 2021[299] 1973 0.27[300] 1.5
Chengdu Tianfu International Airport Chengdu China TFU New airport 4,354,758 as of 2021 2021 10.8[301] 12.3
Chennai greenfield airport, Parandur Chennai India N/A New airport 100,000,000 (expected) Unclear 2.5 (₹20,000 crore)[302]
Ciudad Real Central Airport Ciudad Real Spain CQM New airport Ceased operations in 2012 (expected: 10 million) 2009 1.41
Comodoro Arturo Merino Benítez International Airport: International Terminal Santiago Chile SCL New terminal 30,000,000 2022[303] 0.99
Dallas Fort Worth International Airport Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex United States DFW New airport 62,465,756 as of 2021 1973 0.7[304] 3.8
Dallas Fort Worth International Airport Terminal F; overhaul Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex United States DFW New terminal; terminal expansion; renovations 2028 or 2033 (expected) 4.8[305]
Denver International Airport Denver United States DEN New airport 50,167,485 1995 4.8[306] 9
Don Mueang International Aitport Bangkok Thailand DMK New airport 1914 1
Dubai International Airport Terminal 3 Dubai United Arab Emirates DXB New terminal 2008 4.5[307] 6.4
Felipe Ángeles International Airport Mexico City Mexico NLU New airport 2022 3.68[308]
George Bush Intercontinental Airport, international terminal construction Houston United States IAH Terminal redevelopment and/or expansion Unclear 1.2[309] (as of October 2019)
Guangzhou Baiyun International Airport Guangzhou China CAN New airport 59,732,147 2004 2.39 3.8
Hamad International Airport Doha Qatar DOH New airport 2014 15.5[310] 20.2
Harry Reid International Airport (then McCarran International Airport), Terminal 3 Las Vegas United States LAS New terminal 2012 2.4[311] 3.2
Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport Terminal 3 Dhaka Bangladesh DAC New terminal Additional 12,000,000 (expected) 2025–2026 (expected)[312] 2.53[313] (as of 2019)
Hong Kong International Airport Hong Kong HKG New airport 70,502,000 1998 20[314] 35.8
Heathrow Airport Terminal 5 London United Kingdom LHR New terminal 32,100,000 as of 2018 2008 7.9[315] 11.3
Incheon International Airport Seoul South Korea ICN New airport 28,677,161 2001 (Phase 1)

2008 (Phase 2)

2017 (Phase 3)

5 (Phase 1)

2.6 (Phase 2)

3.54 (Phase 3)

8.4 (Phase 1)

3.7 (Phase 2)

4.4 (Phase 3)

Istanbul Airport Istanbul Turkey IST New airport 76,236,980[316] 2018 29 (including side projects)[317] 35.6
John F. Kennedy International Airport, (New) Terminal One New York City United States JFK New terminal Expected:

2026 (Phase 1)

2030 (Full completion)

9.5[318]
John F. Kennedy International Airport, (New) Terminal 6 New York City United States JFK New terminal Expected:

2026 (Phase 1)

2028 (Full completion)

4.2 (Phase 1)[319]
Kansai International Airport Osaka Japan KIX New airport 27,987,564 1994 20 (as of 2008) 28.5 (starting inflation calculation in 2008)
Kansas City International Airport Kansas City United States MCI New terminal (replacement) 2023 1.5[320]
Kertajati International Airport Majalengka Regency Indonesia KJT New airport 29,000,000 (expected) 2018 15 18.4
King Abdulaziz International Airport Jeddah Saudi Arabia JED New airport 18,000,000 1981 7.2[321]
King Shaka International Airport Durban South Africa DUR New airport 7,500,000 2010 1 1.4
Kuala Lumpur International Airport Kuala Lumpur Malaysia KUL New airport 52,643,511 1998 3.5
Kualanamu International Airport Medan Indonesia KNO New airport 12,245,116 2013 4.4[322]
Kuwait International Airport, Terminal 2 Kuwait City Kuwait KWI New terminal 25,000,000 additional passengers (estimated) 2026 (expected) 5[323]
LaGuardia Airport New York City United States LGA Renovation 15,601,063 2025 (expected) 8[324]
Long Thanh International Airport Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam N/A New airport 100,000,000 (expected) 2025 (expected) 10
Los Angeles International Airport Los Angeles United States LAX Renovation and expansion 14
Louis Armstrong New Orleans International Airport (new terminal) New Orleans United States MSY New terminal 2019 1.3[325] 1.6
Manchester Airport Transformation Programme Manchester United Kingdom MAN New terminal 2025 (expected) 1.6[326] (equivalent to £1.3 billion as of February 2023)
Munich Airport Munich Germany MUC New airport 1992 5.17[327] 10.35
Nashville International Airport, BNA Vision Nashville, Tennessee United States BNA Airport overhaul[b] 2024 1.5[328]
Nashville International Airport, New Horizon Nashville, Tennessee United States BNA Terminal expansion; other improvements[c] 2028 (expected) 1.4[329]
Navi Mumbai International Airport Mumbai India NMU New airport 60,000,000 (expected) 2025 (expected) 2
New Islamabad International Airport Islamabad Pakistan IBD New airport 5,140,585 2018 3.91 4.8
New Lisbon Airport Lisbon Portugal N/A 50,000,000 (expected) 2035 (expected) 4.5
New Mexico City International Airport Mexico City Mexico Ceased operations in 2018 (expected: 125 million) 2018 13
Newark Liberty International Airport Terminal A Newark, New Jersey; New York City United States EWR Terminal replacement 2023 2.7[330]
Newark Liberty International Airport Terminal C Newark, New Jersey; New York City United States EWR Terminal renovation and expansion 33,399,207 2003 1.2 2
O'Hare International Airport Chicago United States ORD Expansion 2028 (expected) 8.7[331] (as of March 2019)
Orlando International Airport, Terminal C Orlando, Florida United States MCO New terminal 2022 2.8[332]
Salt Lake City International Airport Salt Lake City United States SLC Renovation and expansion 2024 (expected) 4.1[333] (as of January 2020)
Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, replacement terminal Shenzhen China SZX Terminal replacement 2013 1.4[334] 1.9
Shenzhen Bao'an International Airport, third runway Shenzhen China SZX New runway 2025 (expected) 1.76[335]
Suvarnabhumi Airport Bangkok Thailand BKK New airport 55,892,428 2006 3.8 5
Taoyuan International Airport Terminal 3 Taipei Taiwan TPE New terminal First stage: 2024 (expected)[336] 3.13 (as of November 2022)[337]
Western Sydney Airport Sydney Australia WSI (provisional) New airport 10,000,000 (initially) 82,000,000 (by 2036) 2026 (expected) 3.3
Jorge Chávez International Airport Callao Peru LIM New terminal and runway 2025 (expected)[338] 2[339]

Notes

  1. ^ This plan includes multiple light rail lines, a new commuter rail line, and multiple bus rapid transit routes.
  2. ^ The project includes terminal lobby renovation, an international arrivals facility (including six new international gates and a new Customs and Border Protection area), a new tarmac terminal apron and taxilane expansion, an on-airport hotel and corresponding garage, a satellite concourse, the creation of Concourse D, multiple new terminal garages, and roadway updates to accommodate the changes.
  3. ^ The project includes expanding multiple concourses, as well as constructing a new air freight building, making terminal roadway improvements, and making baggage system handling improvements.

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