List of spiral DRAGNs

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Spiral DRAGNs or Speca-like galaxies are a type of spiral galaxies which are also radio galaxies or which contain DRAGNs (Double Radio-source Associated with Galactic Nucleus).

Most DRAGNs are associated with elliptical galaxies, as are most double-lobed radio-galaxies.[1] Spiral DRAGNs are inconsistent with currently known galaxy formation processes.[2] As of 2023, there are nearly 36 spiral DRAGNs.[3]

Lenticlular galaxies containing DRAGNs are as rare as spiral DRAGNs, with only 5 known examples as of 2020,[4] including: Centaurus A,[5][6] NGC 612[7] and NGC 1534.[4] Nearby Seyfert galaxies containing small or galaxy-scale radio jets/lobes are not accepted as Specas or Spiral DRANGs.

The first spiral-host large radio galaxy, 0313-192 , was discovered in 1998 by Michael J. Ledlow, Frazer N. Owen, and William C. Keel.[8] After more than a decade the second case, Speca, was discovered by Ananda Hota and his collaborators in 2011.[9] Since Speca was also episodic, two pairs of radio lobes on either sides of the host, it removed all doubts on possible background galaxy confusing as the host. Hereafter the search for Speca-like galaxy got intensified and by 2023 the total number of such galaxies has increased to three dozens, establishing itself as a new class of radio galaxies.[3]

List

Galaxy Identified Date Notes References
ESO 0313-192 1998 First known spiral DRAGN, located in Abell 428. It is the first spiral DRAGN with VLBI detection.[10] [11][12] [8]
ESO 248-G10 2000 Second known spiral DRAGN, one of the largest with a scale of 2.51 megaparsecs. [13]
Speca 2011 First confirmed case due to its episodic radio jet nature. Hosted in a massive spiral and with giant Mpc-scale radio-lobes. It was the second galaxy shown to have three episodes of periodic activity, the first was an elliptical. [NB 1] [9][14][12]
J2345-0449 2014 Third known spiral DRAGN with two episodic activities, observed at radio wavelengths and measuring about 1.6 megaparsecs in total size. [15]
SDSS J1649+2635 2014 Fourth known spiral DRAGN; first located in a grand design spiral galaxy. It was discovered by cross-matching spiral galaxies identified by galaxy zoo volunteers with the Unified Radio Catalog. It was the first systematic search for spiral DRAGNs. [1][16][12][17]
J0836+0532 2015 Two clear spiral arms [18]
J1159+5820 2012/2015 Candidate: Disturbed galaxy with signs of a merger. [19][18]
J1352+3126 2015 Candidate: Galaxy was well studied at the time of the discovery by Singh et al. The galaxy was classified as spiral or irregular galaxy. [18]
MCG+07-47-10 2016 radio source has a low luminosity [20]
NGC 6185 2022 The largest known spiral DRAGN, the scale of the radio lobes is 2.54 Mpc. [21][22]
J0354-1340 2022 spiral host that is a narrow-line Seyfert 1, size of the de-projected jets is 250 kpc [23]
J0209+0750 2022 loose spiral arms, has star-forming clumps [24]
J0806+0624 2022 several spiral arms and a luminous bar-like feature [24]
J1328+5710 2022 low-mass, low-redshift galaxy with many star-forming regions, at least two prominent arms and a strong bar. One of the few intermediate massive black holes (≤ 105 M☉) with a strong radio emission and the first with a double-lobed radio emission. [24]
J1656+6407 2022 extremely massive star-forming spiral galaxy [24]
J1128+2417 2022 star-forming clumps in the arms [24]
J1646+383 2022 dust-lane with peculiar arc-like shape [24]
J0326-0623 2023 two major spiral arms, scale of the radio lobes is 430 kpc [3]
J1110+0321 2023 scale of the radio lobes is 100 kpc [3]
J1134+3046 2023 scale of the radio lobes is 380 kpc [3]
NGC 5383 2023 Second spiral DRAGN found to be hosted by a grand design spiral galaxy, scale of the radio lobes is 70 kpc. [25]
LEDA 896325 2025 Similar to Speca and J2345-0449 this is episodic and giant (2Mpc) [26]

Notes

  1. ^ SPECA = Spiral-host Episodic radio galaxy tracing Cluster Accretion

References

  1. ^ a b Minnie Mao; Ryan Duffin; Frazer Owen; William Keel; Jay Blanchard (2013-08-02). "A low-band study of the spiral DRAGN 1649+26". NRAO. VLA/14A-406. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ University of Manchester, "Here be Spiral DRAGNs", H2020-EU.1.3.2., CORDIS, 660432
  3. ^ a b c d e Gao, X. Y.; Yuan, Z. S.; Han, J. L.; Wen, Z. L.; Shan, S. S. (2023-03-01). "Three New Spiral Galaxies with Active Nuclei Producing Double Radio Lobes". Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics. 23 (3): 035005. arXiv:2301.01548. Bibcode:2023RAA....23c5005G. doi:10.1088/1674-4527/acb251. ISSN 1674-4527.
  4. ^ a b Duchesne, S. W.; Johnston-Hollitt, M. (2019-04-01). "The remnant radio galaxy associated with NGC 1534". Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia. 36 e016. arXiv:1806.09255. Bibcode:2019PASA...36...16D. doi:10.1017/pasa.2018.26. ISSN 1323-3580. S2CID 119101002.
  5. ^ Burbidge, G. R.; Burbidge, E. Margaret (1957-01-01). "The Sources of Radio Emission in NGC 5128 and NGC 1316". The Astrophysical Journal. 125: 1. Bibcode:1957ApJ...125....1B. doi:10.1086/146279. ISSN 0004-637X.
  6. ^ Cooper, B. F. C.; Price, R. M.; Cole, D. J. (1965-12-01). "A study of the decimetric emission and polarization of Centaurus A". Australian Journal of Physics. 18 (6): 589. Bibcode:1965AuJPh..18..589C. doi:10.1071/PH650589. ISSN 0004-9506.
  7. ^ Ekers, R. D.; Goss, W. M.; Kotanyi, C. G.; Skellern, D. J. (1978-10-01). "NGC 612-A Radio Galaxy with a Disk". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 69: L21. Bibcode:1978A&A....69L..21E. ISSN 0004-6361.
  8. ^ a b Ledlow, Michael J.; Owen, Frazer N.; Keel, William C. (1998-03-01). "An Unusual Radio Galaxy in Abell 428: A Large, Powerful FR I Source in a Disk-dominated Host". The Astrophysical Journal. 495 (1): 227. arXiv:astro-ph/9709213. Bibcode:1998ApJ...495..227L. doi:10.1086/305251. ISSN 0004-637X.
  9. ^ a b Hota, Ananda; Sirothia, S. K.; Ohyama, Youichi; Konar, C.; Kim, Suk; Rey, Soo-Chang; Saikia, D. J.; Croston, J. H.; Matsushita, Satoki (2011-10-01). "Discovery of a spiral-host episodic radio galaxy". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 417 (1): L36 – L40. arXiv:1107.4742. Bibcode:2011MNRAS.417L..36H. doi:10.1111/j.1745-3933.2011.01115.x. ISSN 1745-3925.
  10. ^ Mao, Minnie Y.; Blanchard, Jay M.; Owen, Frazer; Sjouwerman, Loránt O.; Singh, Vikram; Scaife, Anna; Paragi, Zsolt; Norris, Ray P.; Momjian, Emmanuel; Johnson, Gia; Browne, Ian (2018-07-01). "The first VLBI detection of a spiral DRAGN core". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 478 (1): L99 – L104. arXiv:1805.03039. Bibcode:2018MNRAS.478L..99M. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/sly081. ISSN 0035-8711.
  11. ^ "Giant Radio Jet Coming From Wrong Kind of Galaxy". NRAO. 8 January 2003.
  12. ^ a b c Jaime Trosper (6 December 2014). "Astronomers Find a Strange, Perplexing Spiral Galaxy". From Quarks to Quasars.
  13. ^ Byrant, J. J. (2000). "The Giant Radio Galaxy MRC B0319-454: Circumnuclear Structure of the Host Galaxy ESO 248-G10". NASA ADS. Retrieved 2025-12-16.
  14. ^ "Exotic Galaxy Reveals Tantalizing Tale". 25 August 2011.
  15. ^ Bagchi, Joydeep; Vivek, M.; Vikram, Vinu; Hota, Ananda; Biju, K. G.; Sirothia, S. K.; Srianand, Raghunathan; Gopal-Krishna; Jacob, Joe (2014). "Megaparsec relativistic jets launched from an accreting supermassive black hole in an extreme spiral galaxy". The Astrophysical Journal. 788 (2): 174. arXiv:1404.6889. Bibcode:2014ApJ...788..174B. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/788/2/174. eISSN 1538-4357. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 53706255.
  16. ^ "Strange galaxy perplexes astronomers: Prominent 'jets' of subatomic particles". ScienceDaily. 2 December 2014.
  17. ^ Minnie Y. Mao; Frazer Owen; Ryan Duffin; Bill Keel; Mark Lacy; Emmanuel Momjian; Glenn Morrison; Tony Mroczkowski; Susan Neff; Ray P. Norris; Henrique Schmitt; Vicki Toy; Sylvain Veilleux (2015). "J1649+26: A Grand-Design Spiral with a Large Double-Lobed Radio Source". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 446 (4): 4176–4185. arXiv:1410.8520. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.446.4176M. doi:10.1093/mnras/stu2302. S2CID 119234804.
  18. ^ a b c Singh, Veeresh; Ishwara-Chandra, C. H.; Sievers, Jonathan; Wadadekar, Yogesh; Hilton, Matt; Beelen, Alexandre (2015-12-01). "Discovery of rare double-lobe radio galaxies hosted in spiral galaxies". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 454 (2): 1556–1572. arXiv:1509.01559. Bibcode:2015MNRAS.454.1556S. doi:10.1093/mnras/stv2071. ISSN 0035-8711.
  19. ^ Koziel-Wierzbowska, D.; Jamrozy, M.; Zola, S.; Stachowski, G.; Kuzmicz, A. (2012-05-01). "CGCG 292-057 - a radio galaxy with merger-modulated radio activity". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 422 (2): 1546–1551. arXiv:1203.0538. Bibcode:2012MNRAS.422.1546K. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2012.20727.x. ISSN 0035-8711. S2CID 118411322.
  20. ^ Mulcahy, D. D.; Mao, M. Y.; Mitsuishi, I.; Scaife, A. M. M.; Clarke, A. O.; Babazaki, Y.; Kobayashi, H.; Suganuma, R.; Matsumoto, H.; Tawara, Y. (2016-11-01). "Discovery of a low-luminosity spiral DRAGN". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 595: L8. arXiv:1609.04820. Bibcode:2016A&A...595L...8M. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201629536. ISSN 0004-6361. S2CID 54018506.
  21. ^ Oei, Martijn (2022). "Measuring the giant radio galaxy distribution with the LoTSS". ArXiv. Retrieved 2025-11-29.
  22. ^ Oei, Martijn (2022). "An intergalactic medium temperature from a giant radio galaxy". Retrieved 2025-11-29. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  23. ^ Vietri, A.; Järvelä, E.; Berton, M.; Ciroi, S.; Congiu, E.; Chen, S.; Di Mille, F. (2022-06-01). "Spectacular 240 kpc double-sided relativistic jets in a spiral-hosted narrow-line Seyfert 1 galaxy". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 662: A20. arXiv:2204.00020. Bibcode:2022A&A...662A..20V. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243523. ISSN 0004-6361.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Wu, Zihao; Ho, Luis C.; Zhuang, Ming-Yang (2022-12-01). "An Elusive Population of Massive Disk Galaxies Hosting Double-lobed Radio-loud Active Galactic Nuclei". The Astrophysical Journal. 941 (1): 95. arXiv:2210.11724. Bibcode:2022ApJ...941...95W. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac9cd5. ISSN 0004-637X.
  25. ^ Hardcastle, M. J. (2023). "The LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey. VI. Optical identifications for the second data release". NASA ADS. Retrieved 2025-12-20.
  26. ^ Sethi, Sagar; Kuźmicz, Agnieszka; Hunik, Dominika; Jamrozy, Marek (2025-07-01). "Serendipitous discovery of a spiral host in a 2 Mpc double-double lobed radio galaxy". Astronomy & Astrophysics. 699: L4. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202554987. ISSN 0004-6361.
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