List of lagerstätten

The list of lagerstätten which are sites that are characterized by exceptional preservation of fossil organisms, regularly preserving many well preserved animals, including soft tissue remains, which are known as lagerstätte sites. The extent of Lagerstätten deposits can range from a select site or stratigraphic layer to a whole formation or group. Some sites called one Lagerstätte by one author can be called multiple by another (such as the Jehol Biota and the Yixian/Jiufotang Formations). This list attempts to note this within the text and provide the formation or stratigraphic unit a site came from.

Criteria

Sites on the list must:

Be referred to as a Lagerstätte (or a short-hand, such as type preservation) within the main text of at least one scientific publication. Similar terms, such as exceptional preservation do not qualify, and
The fossils must fulfill the criteria of Konservat-Lagerstätte as set within Kimmig & Julien (2024).^[1] They say Konservat-Lagerstätten are characterized by exceptional preservation and at least 5% of the fossils recovered from a site must preserve either soft tissue remains, or nearly complete individuals, preferably both.

Color key

Konservat	Konzentrat	"Liberation"	Controversial

List

Precambrian

Site(s)	Age	Location	Significance
Francevillian B Formation	2140-2080 Ma	Franceville, Gabon	Possibly preserves the earliest macroscopic eukaryotes,^[2]^[3] however these may instead be pseudofossils.^[4]^[5]
Chuanlinggou Formation	1630 Ma^[6]	Yan Mountains, North China	Preserves the first definitive multicellular eukaryotes in the form of Qingshania,^[6] Tawuia and Changchengia.^[7]
Chitrakoot Formation	1600 Ma	Vindhya Range, India	Preserves earliest red algae, Rafatazmia and Ramathallus^[8]
Gaoyuzhuang Formation	1588.8±6.5 Ma^[9]	Yan Mountains, North China	Preserves some of the first algae such as Tuanshanzia and Grandilingulata,^[10] alongside a diverse microbiota including possible fungi.^[11]
Volyn biota	1500 Ma	Zhytomyr Oblast, Ukraine	Possibly one of the first fossil sites of the deep biosphere.^[12]^[13]
Hunting Formation	1200 Ma	Somerset Island, Canada	Shallow-water Mesoproterozoic deposits, containing multiple genera of algae^[14]^[15] including Bangiomorpha.
Nonesuch Formation	1083-1070 Ma	Michigan, US	An oxygenated Mesoproterozoic lake^[16] containing exceptionally preserved limnic microbes.^[17]
Lakhanda Group	1030-1000 Ma	Uchur-Maya Depression, Russia	A site preserving a Mesoproterozoic community dominated by anaerobic bacteria.^[18] The lagerstätte contains evidence of trophic interactions from the Boring Billion.^[19]^[20]
Bitter Springs	1000–850 Ma	South Australia	Preserved fossils include cyanobacteria microfossils.
Diabaig Formation	994 ± 48 Ma^[21]	Scotland, UK	A freshwater environment preserving phosphatic microfossils,^[22] which represent some of the oldest known non-marine eukaryotes.^[23]
Dolores Creek Formation	950 Ma	Yukon, Canada	An Early Tonian site containing pyritised macroalgal fossils.^[24]
Svanbergfjellet Formation	791.1±4.9 Ma^[25]	Svalbard, Norway	A site preserving some of the earliest green algae, such as Proterocladus, alongside various enigmatic eukaryotes like Pseudotawuia.^[26]
Chichkan Lagerstätte	775 Ma	Kazakhstan	A site from the transition between the prokaryote-dominated biota of the Early Neoproterozoic and the eukaryote-dominated biota of the Late Neoproterozoic and Phanerozoic.^[27]
Shuurgat Formation^[28]	Early Ediacaran	Southwestern Mongolia	A site that preserves microfossil bacterial remains within cherts.
Khesen Formation^[29]	Ediacaran	Lake Khuvsgul, Mongolia	A Doushantuo-type microfossil assemblage that preserves bacterial remains.
Doushantuo Formation	600–555 Ma	Guizhou Province, China	Spans the poorly understood interval between the end of the Cryogenian period and the late Ediacaran Avalon explosion.
Portfjeld Formation	570 Ma	North Greenland, Denmark	A Middle Ediacaran biota from the continent of Laurentia exhibiting Doushantuo-type preservation.^[30]
Mistaken Point Ecological Reserve (including the Drook, Briscal, Mistaken Point, Trepassey, and Fermeuse Formations.)^[31]	565 Ma	Newfoundland, Canada	This site contains one of the most diverse and well-preserved collections of Precambrian fossils.
Inner Meadow Lagerstätte^[32]	560 Ma^[33]	Newfoundland, Canada	A site similar to the nearby Mistaken Point. Frondose organisms, and primitive cnidarians, alongside organisms of uncertain placement. Is apart of the larger Fermeuse Formation.
Itajai Biota	563 Ma	Brazil	An Ediacaran lagerstatte preserved by volcanism.^[34]
Ediacara Hills	555 Ma	South Australia	The type location the Ediacaran period, and has preserved a significant amount of fossils from that time.
Shibantan Lagerstätte	551-543 Ma	Hubei, China	A terminal Ediacaran fossil assemblage preserving life forms living just before the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic transition.^[35] A part of the Dengying Formation.
Gaojiashan Lagerstätte	551-541 Ma	Shaanxi, China	A lagerstätte documenting tube growth patterns of Cloudina.^[36]
Jiucheng Member	551-543 Ma	Yunnan, China	A latest Ediacaran macrofossil biota dominated by giant, unbranching thallophytes.^[37]
Khatyspyt Lagerstätte	544 Ma	Yakutia, Russia	A Late Ediacaran lagerstätte preserving an Avalon-type biota.^[38]
Bernashivka open pit	? (Upper Vendian)	Vinnytsia Oblast, Ukraine	A Late Ediacaran lagerstätte with numerous soft-bodied animals, algae, microfossils, bacteria, and fungi, comprising a number of different geological formations.^[39]
Nama Group Lagerstätten^[40]	~524-539 Ma	Southern Namibia	A sequence of several Konzervat-Lagerstätten. Most of the fossils found are of Rangea, erniettomorphs, and eumetazoans. The group was probably deposited in a shallow marine environment with tidal, storm, and deltaic influence.
Tongshan Lagerstätte^[41]	551-543 Ma	Hubei, China	A site from the terminal Ediacaran that preserves metazoans, rangeomorphs, and algal remains in Burgess-type preservation. Belongs to the larger Dengying Formation.
Dunfee Member^[42]	Latest Ediacaran	Nevada, US	It, alongside the Esmeralda Member of The Deep Springs Formation showcase the faunal turnover between the Ediacaran and earliest Cambrain within the same unit. Fossils found at the site include Wutubus, worms, algae, and trace fossils.

Cambrian

Site(s)	Age	Location	Significance
Esmeralda Member^[42]	Fortunian	Nevada, US	It, alongside the Dunfee Member of The Deep Springs Formation showcase the faunal turnover between the Ediacaran and earliest Cambrain within the same unit. Fossils found include Conotubus, Cloudina, and algae.
Zhangjiagou	Fortunian	Shaanxi, China	A lagerstätte from the earliest Cambrian notable for its fossils of cnidarians,^[43] cycloneuralians,^[44]^[45] and the basal ecdysozoan Saccorhytus coronarius.^[46]
Paseky Shale^[47]	Cambrian Stage 2^[48]	Western Czech Republic	A site that preserves arthropods including Kodymirus and Vladicaris.
Hetang Formation^[49]	Cambrian Stage 2-Stage 3	Anhui, China	A site that is from articulated sponge fossils, and hyoliths.
Niutitang Formation^[50]	Cambrian Stage 2-Stage 3	Guizhou and Hunan, China	A formation that preserves brachiopods, sponges, Isoxys, and Tsunyidiscus.^[51]
Pardailhan Formation^[52]	lower Cambrian Stage 3	Montagne Noire, Occitania, France	A site that preserves trilobites, brachiopods, sponges, and ichnofossils.
Maotianshan Shales (Chengjiang)	518 Ma	Yunnan, China	The preservation of an extremely diverse faunal assemblage renders the Maotianshan Shales the world's most important formation for understanding the evolution of early multi-cellular life. Microscopic animals like Yicaris are preserved here, showing the presence of an Orsten-type deposit within the formation. This site also includes the Xiazhuang biota.^[53]^[54]
Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte	Cambrian Stage 3	Yunnan, China	A site known for its detailed preservation of Early Cambrian macroalgae,^[55] alongside fossils of Omnidens.^[56] Belongs to the larger Hongjingshao Formation.
Malong biota^[53]	Cambrian Stage 3	Yunnan, China	Fossils found at this site include trilobites, radiodonts, vetulicolians, and hyoliths. the lagerstätte belongs to the larger Hongjingshao Formation.
Shuijingtuo Biota (Shuijingtuo Formation)^[57]	531-521 Ma	Hubei, China	Isoxys, trilobites, algae, radiolarians, hyoliths, and others from the approximately 45 species that have been found at the site.
Qingjiang biota (Shuijingtuo Formation)^[57]	518 Ma	Hubei, China	This site is particularly notable due to both the large proportion of new taxa represented (approximately 53% of the specimens), and the notable volume of soft-body tissue preservation.
Sirius Passet	523-518 Ma	Greenland, Denmark	A site known for its fauna, and that they were most likely preserved by a death mask. It is a part of the larger Buen Formation, and has a fauna similar to the Maotianshan shales.
Fandian biota^[58]	Cambrian Stage 3	Sichuan, China	Fossils come from both the Yuxiansi and Jiuladong Formations. Overall, the faunal composition is similar to the Chengjiang fossils. trilobites, Tuzoia, sponges, worms, and other arthropods have been found at the site.
Souss Lagerstätte (Amouslek Formation.)^[59]	Cambrian Stage 3	Anti-Atlas, Morocco	A recently discovered site known for its trilobites, brachiopods, and hyoliths.
Colleville Hills Biota^[60]	Cambrian Stage 3	Northwest Territories, Canada	A part of the Mount Cap Formation. This lagerstatte is entirely known from subsurface deposits extracted from boreholes. Fossils of crustacean cuticles are preserved in exceptional detail
Little Bear Biota^[60]	Cambrian Stage 3	Northwest Territories, Canada	A part of the Mount Cap Formation. Fossils found at this site include an anomalocarid claw, hyoliths, and chancelloriids.
Zawiszyn Formation^[61]	Cambrian Stage 3	Kościerzyna and Wyszków, Poland	A formation with Burgess Shale-type preservation only known from subsurface deposits discovered by boreholes. Fossils found in the formation include Peytoia infercambriensis, Liwia plana and Liwia convexa.
Poleta Formation	519-518 Ma	Nevada, US	The middle member of the formation preserves the Indian Springs Lagerstätte, one of the oldest such sites from former Laurentia. This site preserves a diversity of mineralized organisms such as trilobites and brachiopods, but also non-mineralized remains such as sponges, algae, and soft-bodied arthropods.^[62]
Sinsk Algal Lens	518 Ma	Yakutia, Russia	One of the oldest known Cambrian lagerstätten. The fauna of this site is unique, as it seems that they were adapted to living in dysaerobic conditions.^[63]
Yanwangbian Formation^[64]	Late Stage 3 to Early Stage 4^[65]	Shaanxi, China	A site that produces many fossils of soft-bodied paleoscolecid worms.
Guanshan Biota	Cambrian Stage 4	Eastern Yunnan, China	A relatively diverse lagerstätte within the Wulongqing Formation, between the more famous Maotianshan Shales and Burgess Shale in age, alongside having both taxa from the previous two formations and completely new genera/species preserved here. It is also unusual for being quite shallow and having a brachiopod-dominated fauna.^[66]
Cranbrook Lagerstätte	Cambrian Stage 4	British Columbia, Canada	One of the oldest Burgess Shale-type biotas of North America.^[67]
Balang Formation^[68]	Cambrian Stage 4	Guizhou, China	A lagerstätte of Burgess shale-type preservation with fossils including anomolocarids, brachiopods, cnidarians, vetulicolians, and arthropods.
Tsinghsutung Formation^[69]	Cambrian Stage 4	Guizhou, China	A lagerstatte of Burgess shale-type preservation. Groups recovered from the formation include Wiwaxia, trilobites, sponges, and brachiopods.
Skyberg Lagerstätte^[70]	Cambrian Stage 4	Mjøsa, Innlandet, Norway	A low diversity Burgess shale-type site that preserves algae, sponges, brachiopods, hyoliths, and trilobites.
Latham Shale Lagerstätte^[71]	Cambrian Stage 4	San Bernardino, California, US	Brachiopods, trilobites, and Anomalocaris have been found within this formation.
Shipai Formation^[72]	Cambrian Stage 4	Hubei, China	Fossils, including worms, brachiopods, and Vetulicola sp. have been recovered from the formation.^[73]
Jingshan assemblage (Shilongdong Formation)^[74]	Cambrian Stage 4	Hubei, China	A site of Burgess-type preservation. Trilobites, brachiopods, hyoliths, algae, and other arthropods have been recovered from the site.
Tatelt Formation	515 Ma	High Atlas, Morocco	A layer in this formation has produced some of the most well-preserved trilobites ever discovered, with preserved internal organs, feeding structures, and articulated appendages. The trilobites were likely rapidly buried and preserved by a volcanic eruption.^[75]
Emu Bay Shale	513 Ma	South Australia	Noted soft tissue mineralization, most often of blocky apatite or fibrous calcium carbonate, including the oldest phosphatized muscle tissue.
Kinzers Formation^[76]	512 Ma^[77]	Pennsylvania, US	A site that preserves a diverse assemblage of radiodonts and trilobite fossils.
Ruin Wash Lagerstätte/Pioche Formation Lagerstätte^[78]^[79]	Uppermost "Dyeran" ~512 MA	Lincoln County, Nevada, US	A site that is both a konzentrat and konservat lagerstätte. Known for its diverse assemblage of trilobites and other invertebrates.
Parker Slate	513-511 Ma	Vermont, US	A Burgess Shale-type biota with rare but exceptionally preserved soft-bodied animals. The earliest Burgess Shale-type biota to be described, being documented 25 years before the Burgess Shale itself.^[80]
Kaili Formation	513–501 Ma	Guizhou, China	The middle part of the Kaili Formation, the Oryctocephalus indicus Zone, contains a Burgess Shale-type lagerstätte with many well-preserved fossils known collectively as the Kaili Biota.
Murero Lagerstätte	511-503 Ma	Spain	Thanks to the paleontological content, mainly trilobites, fourteen biozones have been established, the most precise biozonation for this time interval in the world. It also records in detail the so-called Valdemiedes event, the mass extinction episode at the end of the Lower Cambrian.^[81]
Blackberry Hill	~510–500 Ma	Central Wisconsin, US	This site preserves some of the oldest evidence of multicellular life walking out of the ocean, and onto dry land (in the form of large mollusks and euthycarcinoid arthropods). Other notable fossils include stranded scyphozoans, and some of the oldest true crustaceans (in the form of phyllocarids).
Lower Conasauga Lagerstätte^[82]	Series 2 and Miaolingian	Georgia and Alabama, US	Represents fauna from an inner continental shelf environment. Red algae, sponges, trilobites, and Naraoia have been found in the site. Qualifies as a Konzentrat and Konservat Lagerstatte.
Upper Conasauga Lagerstätte^[82]	Series 2 and Miaolingian	Georgia and Alabama, US	Represents fauna from mid to outer continental shelf environment. Algae, sponges, and trilobites have been found in the site. Qualifies as a Konzentrat and Konservat Lagerstatte.
Henson Gletscher Formation	Wuliuan	North Greenland, Denmark	A phosphatised lagerstätte preserving hatching priapulid larvae, pentastomids^[83] and abundant bradoriid and phosphatocopid arthropods.^[84]
Mantou Formation	UppermostWuliuan	Shandong, China	Fossils of Burgess-type preservation were found in the Upper Shale Member. Cambroraster, Sidneyia, trilobites, sponges, worms and bivalved arthropods were found within the formation.
Jince Formation^[47]	Uppermost Wuliuan-Drumian^[85]	Western Czech Republic	This site is known for its preservation of lobopodians, as well as trilobites and Wiwaxia
Buchava Formation^[47]	Drumian^[86]	Western Czech Republic	This site preserves trilobites, including those in larval stage, as well as hyoliths.
Burgess Shale	508 Ma	British Columbia, Canada	One of the most famous fossil localities in the world. It is famous for the exceptional preservation of the soft parts of its fossils. At 508 million years old (middle Cambrian), it is one of the earliest fossil beds containing soft-part imprints.
Duchesnay Formation	~505 Ma?	Southeastern British Columbia, Canada	Similar to the Burgess Shale above (both formations even have similar depositional environments next to escarpments), but seemingly lower-diversity and slightly younger. Several organisms are shared between both formations, although the Duchesnay Formation preserves several new genera. Brine pools are also preserved.^[87]
Spence Shale	507 Ma	Northeastern Utah, Southeastern Idaho, US	A site known for its abundant Cambrian trilobites and the preservation of Burgess Shale-type fossils. The type locality for this site is Spence Gulch in southeastern Idaho.
Linyi Lagerstätte	504 Ma	Shandong, China	A lagerstätte recognised for its exceptional preservation of arthropod limbs, intestines, and eyes.^[88]
Ravens Throat River Lagerstätte	Drumian	Northwest Territories, Canada	A Burgess Shale-type biota coeval in age with the more famous Wheeler Shale and Marjum Formation.^[89]
Wheeler Shale (House Range)	504 Ma	Western Utah, US	A world-famous locality known for its prolific agnostid and Elrathia kingii trilobite remains. Varied soft bodied organisms are also locally preserved, including Naraoia, Wiwaxia and Hallucigenia.
Marjum Formation	502 Ma	Western Utah, US	A site known for its occasional preservation of soft-bodied tissue, and diverse assemblage.
Weeks Formation	500 Ma	Western Utah, US	A site that is dominated by trilobites and brachiopods, but also comprising various soft-bodied organisms, such as Falcatamacaris.
Kinnekulle Orsten and Alum Shale	500 Ma	Sweden	The Orsten sites reveals the oldest well-documented benthic meiofauna in the fossil record. Fossils such as microfossils of arthropods like free-living pentastomids are known. Multiple "Orsten-type" lagerstätten are also known from other countries.
Fulu Lagerstätte^[90]	498.5 Ma (late Guzhangian)	Yunnan, China	Trilobites, bivalves, macroalgae, worms, and echinoderms are known from this site.
Potsdam Sandstone^[91]	Furongian	Québec, Canada and New York, US	A site that produces 3 dimensionally preserved arthropods such as Mictomerus within sandstone, a style of preservation rarely seen outside the Ediacaran.^[92]
Kimiltei Lagerstätte^[93]	492-491 Ma	Irkutsk Oblast, Russia	A site that preserves chasmataspidids.
Wangcun Lagerstätte (Bitiao Formation)^[94]	Paibian	Hunan, China	A site that preserves fossilized embryos and other microfauna.
Guole Biota (Sandu Formation)^[95]	491.5 Ma (Jiangshanian)^[90]	Guangxi, China	A site known for its preservation of cnidarians, hyoliths, echinoderms, palaeoscolecids, arthropods, including trilobites, and algae.

Ordovician

Site(s)	Age	Location	Significance
Osterberg biotas^[96] (Deadwood and Winnipeg formations)	About 485 and 460 Ma (Tremadocian – Darriwilian)	North Dakota, US	Two distinct layers preserving small carbonaceous fossils: microscopic mouthparts from molluscs, priapulids, arthropods, conodonts, and worms. A window into cryptic ecological innovations in a shallow tropical environment, a combination unlike most Ordovician lagerstätten.^[96]
Fezouata Formation^[97]	about 485 Ma	Draa Valley, Morocco	It was deposited in a marine environment, and is known for its exceptionally preserved fossils, filling an important preservational window beyond the earlier and more common Cambrian Burgess shale-type deposits.
Afon Gam biota^[98] (Dol-cyn-Afon Formation)	Tremadocian	Northern Wales, UK	A formation with Burgess-type preservation that preserves a shallow-water sponge reef ecosystem with abundant algae, trilobites, brachiopods, echinoderms, a mollisoniid, and the smallest known radiodont. Likely represents a volcanically unstable ecosystem.^[97]^[98]
Fenxiang Formation^[99]	Tremadocian - earliest Floian	Hubei, China	A fossil site that preserves a diverse reef ecosystem, including bryozoans, black corals, and hydroids in addition to trilobites, brachiopods, dendroid graptolites, and cephalopods.
Tonggao Biota^[100]	Floian	Guizhou, China	A site known for its preservation of brachiopods, graptolites, trilobites, worms, and various echinoderms and arthropods. The fauna from a deep water environment.^[100]^[101]
Cabrières Biota	Floian	Montagne Noire, France	A polar marine ecosystem from the Early Ordovician that likely served as a refuge from the high temperatures of the epoch.^[102] Has been argued that the site is not a lagerstätte and the supposed organisms represent trace fossils.^[103]
Liexi fauna	About 470 Ma (early-middle Floian)	Hunan Province, China	Preserves Early Ordovician fauna with soft tissue, includes not only Cambrian relics but also taxa originated during Ordovician.^[104]
Ziyang Fauna^[105]	Floian	Ziyang County, Shaanxi, China	A site from the GOBE that preserves trilobite, graptolite, brachiopod, and arthropod remains.
Castle Bank	About 461 Ma	Llandrindod Wells, Wales, UK	A unique environment deposited during the middle Ordovician that possibly shows that iconic groups from Cambrian lagerstättes, like opabiniids and megacheirans, survived for longer than what was thought.
Llandegley Rocks Lagerstätte^[106]^[107]	Late Darriwilian	Llandrindod Wells, Wales, UK	A site from the same group and general location as Castle Bank that preserves sponges and echinoderms in volcanically influenced sandstones.
Klabava Formation^[47]	Floian-Dapingian^[108]	Western Czech Republic	A site that preserves a diverse assemblage of dendroid and graptoloid graptolites, in addition to preserving brachiopods, trilobites, an aglaspidid, palaeoscolecid worms, and chaetognaths.^[109]
San José Formation^[110]	Darriwilian	Huancampa, Peru	A site that is currently known for preserving the worm Juninscolex.
Šárka Formation^[47]	Darriwilian^[108]	Western Czech Republic	A site that preserves Graptolites, worms, sponges, and trilobites.
Llanfallteg Formation^[111]	Darriwilian	South Wales, UK	A site with Burgess-type preservation known for its preservation of xenopods, trilobites, marrellomorphs, and annelids. Preserves fauna from a deep water environment.^[100]
Douglas Dam Member^[112]	460 Ma	Tennessee, US	Low-diversity assemblage of arthropod fossils, which are preserved well because of volcanic ash.
Winneshiek Shale	460 Ma	Decorah, Iowa, US	A Middle Ordovician site confined to a large impact crater that is known for exceptionally exquisite preservation of conodonts, bivalved arthropods, and the earliest eurypterids in the fossil record.^[113]
Beecher's Trilobite Bed	460? Ma	New York, US	Noted exceptionally preserved trilobites with soft tissue preserved by pyrite replacement. Pyritisation allows the use of X-rays to study fine detail of preserved soft body parts.
Letná Formation^[47]	460-450 Ma	Czech Republic	A site known for its fossil echinoderms, brachiopods, conulariids, and trilobites.^[114]
Harding Sandstone^[112]	? (Sandbian)	Colorado, US	Although preservation is not excellent, this lagoonal site provides early vertebrate fossils such as Astraspis and Eriptychius.
Homotelus Beds^[115]	Early Sandbian	Oklahoma, US	A site that preserves numerous Homotelus trilobites preserved during molting and mating.
Girvan Lagerstätte^[116]	Sandbian	Southwestern Scotland, UK	A site in known mainly for its trilobites. 3 dimensionally preserved graptolites and conodonts have also been found. Fossils are from the Balclatchie Formation.
Vasalemma Formation^[117]	Late Sandbian	Northern Estonia	A site that produces algal remains within a patch reef system.
Walcott-Rust Quarry	about 455? Ma	New York, US	This site is an excellent example of an obrution (rapid burial or "smothered") Lagerstätte. Unique preservation of trilobite appendages resulted from early cementation of the surrounding rock and spar filling of the interior cavity of the appendages.
Big hill Lagerstätte	about 450? Mya	Michigan, US	A site known for its preservation of soft-bodied medusae (jellyfish), as well as linguloid brachiopods, algae, and arthropods (namely chasmataspidids, leperditid ostracods, and eurypterids).
Brechin Lagerstätte (Including the Bobcaygeon and Verulam Formations)	450 Ma	Ontario, Canada	Known for preserving one of the most diverse crinoid fauna of the Katian.^[118]
Soom Shale	450? Ma	South Africa	Known for its remarkable preservation of soft-tissue in fossil material. Deposited in still waters, the unit lacks bioturbation, perhaps indicating anoxic conditions.
Tafilalt Biota (including the Izgguirene, Lower Ktaoua, Upper Tiouririne, and Khabt-el-Hajar Formations.)	? (Sandbian-middle Katian)	Tafilalt, Morocco	Known from range of non-biomineralised and soft-bodied organisms in polar environment.^[119]
Llanfawr Mudstones^[120]	Basal Sandbian	Wales, UK	A site known for pyritized trilobites, sponges, and cnidarians. Would have been at a depth between 100–300 metres (330–980 ft).
Fuping Biota^[100]	Early Katian	Shaanxi, China	Belongs to the Zhaolaoyu Formation. Preserves arthropods, including eurypterids, cheloniellids, and aglaspidids. Bivalved Arthropods, conodonts, and worms are also known from this site. Preserves fauna from a deep water environment.^[100]
Cat Head Member^[112]	? (middle Katian)	Manitoba, Canada	Fossils like algae, conulariids and trilobites are known from this site.
Whetstone Gulf Formation^[100]	Katian	New York, US	A biota showing Beecher's-type preservation. Many trilobites preseving pyritized soft tissues are known.^[121]
Vauréal Formation^[122]	Katian	Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada	Preserves earliest known acoelomorphs, nemerteans, nematodes and flatworms in the fossil record.
Moranburg Shale^[123]	Katian (Edenian)	Ohio, US	A part of the "Butter Shales" of the Cincinnati Arch. This shale belongs to the Kope Formation. The shale contains many species of trilobites.
Collingwood Shale Member^[115]	Katian (Edenian)	Ontario, Canada	A trilobite Lagerstätte that preserves articulated Ceraurus, Flexicalymene, and Isotelus
Fairview Formation^[124]	Katian (Maysvillian)	Kentucky, US	A Lagerstätte containing an assemblage of the crinoid Glyptocrinus decadactylus with over 400 specimens recovered.
Western Hills Trilobite Shale^[123]	Katian (Maysvillian)	Ohio, US	A part of the "Butter Shales" of the Cincinnati Arch. This shale belongs to the Grant Lake Formation. The shale contains many species of trilobites.
Dent Trilobite Shale^[123]	Katian (Richmondian)	Ohio, US	A part of the "Butter Shales" of the Cincinnati Arch. This shale belongs to the Arnheim Formation. The shale contains many species of trilobites.
Mt. Orab Shale^[123]	Katian (Richmondian)	Ohio, US	A part of the "Butter Shales" of the Cincinnati Arch. This shale belongs to the Arnheim Formation. The shale contains many species of trilobites.
Harpers Run submember^[123]	Katian (Richmondian)	Indiana, US	A part of the "Butter Shales" of the Cincinnati Arch. This shale belongs to the Waynesville Formation. The shale contains many species of trilobites.
Oldenburg submember^[123]	Katian (Richmondian)	Indiana, US	A part of the "Butter Shales" of the Cincinnati Arch. This shale belongs to the Waynesville Formation. The shale contains many species of trilobites.
Roaring Brook submember^[123]	Katian (Richmondian)	Ohio, US^[125]	A part of the "Butter Shales" of the Cincinnati Arch. This shale belongs to the Waynesville Formation. The shale contains many species of trilobites.
F. minuens shale^[123]	Katian (Richmondian)	Indiana, US^[126]	A part of the "Butter Shales" of the Cincinnati Arch. This shale belongs to the Liberty Formation. Known for its abundant remains of Flexicalymene.
Llanddowror Crinoid Pavement^[127]^[128]	Katian	Llanddowror, Wales, UK	A crinoid site found during the construction of a road cut that preserves articulated, crinoid fossils in a 25 millimetres (0.98 in) thick layer.
Georgian Bay Formation^[112]	449–445.6 Ma	Manitoulin District, Canada	Low-diversity assemblage of arthropod fossils.
William Lake (Stony Mountain Formation)^[112]	445 Ma	Manitoba, Canada	Well-preserved fossils like jellyfish, xiphosurans, sea spiders are known from this site, it is important since many of the fossils are unknown in other Ordovician sites.
Airport Cove^[112]	445 Ma	Manitoba, Canada	Fossils like eurypterids, algae and xiphosurans are preserved in this site.

Silurian

Site(s)	Age	Location	Significance
Kalana Lagerstätte	~440 Ma Aeronian	Estonia	Known for well preserved fossils of algae and crinoids,^[129] along with an osteostracan fossilised via an extremely unusual carbonaceous mode of preservation that was previously unknown among vertebrates.^[130]
Chongqing Lagerstätte (Huixingshao Formation)^[131]	436 Ma	Chongqing, China	This site preserved complete fossils of earliest jawed vertebrates, as well as some galeaspids and eurypterids.
Waukesha Biota (Brandon Bridge Formation)	~435 Ma Early Silurian	Wisconsin, US	Well-studied site known for the exceptional preservation of its diverse, soft-bodied and lightly skeletonized fauna, includes many major taxa found nowhere else in strata of similar age. It was one of the first fossil sites with soft bodied preservation known to science.
Pentland Hills Eurypterid Bed (Reservoir Formation)^[132]	Upper Llandovery	Midlothian, Scotland, UK	Articulated crinoids, bryozoans, brachiopods, trilobites, ostracods, cnidarians, gastropods, bivlaves, echinoderms, algae, and several eurypterids, including Drepanopterus, Pentlandopterus, have been found at the site.^[133]^[134]^[135]
Thorton Lagerstätte ^[136]	Sheinwoodian	Illinois, US	well preserved fossils of graptolites, conodonts, and chitinozoans are known from this site. This site was deposited within the Racine Formation.
Massie Formation^[137]	Sheinwoodian	Indiana, US	A site that preserves detailed diploporitans.
Scotch Grove Formation^[138]	Sheinwoodian	Iowa, US	A site that is notable for its excellent preservation of xiphosurans and other arthropods. Fossils of worms and the soft parts of conulariids have also been documented from the formation.^[139]
Herefordshire Lagerstätte (Coalbrookdale Formation)	~430 Ma	Herefordshire, UK	Known for the well-preserved fossils of various invertebrate animals many of which are in their three-dimensional structures. Fossils are preserved within volcanic ash, because of that sometimes this site has been compared to Pompeii.^[140] Some of the fossils are regarded as earliest evidences and evolutionary origin of some of the major groups of modern animals.
Wren's Nest (Much Wenlock Limestone)^[141]	Homerian	Dudley, Westmidlands, UK	A site that preserves fossilized crinoids, trilobites, and other fossil organisms.^[142]
Waldron Shale^[123]	Homerian	Indiana, US	A "butter shale"-style Lagerstätte that preserves crinoids and trilobites.
Mississinewa Shale^[115]	Homerian-Gorstian boundary	Indiana, US
Lecthaylus Lagerstätte ^[136]	Gorstian	Illinois, US	A site mainly known for its preservation of worms, like those in the genus Lecthaylus, which gave the lagerstätte its name. This site was deposited within the Racine Formation.
Gasport Channel^[143]	Ludlow Epoch	New York, US	A site that preserves graptolites, algae, and worm fossils.
Goat Island Formation^[144]	Gorstian	New York, US	A site mainly known for its exceptional preservation of the algae fossil Medusagraptus.
Eramosa Lagerstätte	~425 Ma	Ontario & New York (state), Canada and US	Known for preservation of both hard and soft bodied organisms in great detail, including early scorpions, eurypterids, agnathan vertebrates, and several other species.
Bjärsjölagård Limestone^[145]	Ludfordian	Skåne, Sweden	An "algal-Lagerstätte" within the Klinta Formation. Mainly preserves non-calcified algae within the genus Chaetocladus.
Pointe-aux-Chenes Shale^[146]	Přídolí	Michigan, US	Fossils are rare within the formation. Regardless, eurypterids, brachiopods, and algae have been found in the formation.
Waubakee Dolomite^[146]	Přídolí	Wisconsin, US	Most of this formation doesn't preserve fossils. A few selected site, however, preserve ostracods, brachiopods, phyllocarids, and cephalopods.
Kokomo Limestone^[146]	Přídolí	Indiana, US	A member of the Salina Formation. Ostracods, conodonts, brachiopods, and eurypterids that correlate with fauna from the Bertie Group. Overall, the formation is not very fossiliferous.
Syracuse Formation^[146]	Přídolí	New York, US	Many eurypterid fossils, brachiopods, bivalves, graptolites have been found from the formation.
Downton Bone Bed^[147]	423–424 Ma	Shopshire, Herefordshire, and Buckinghamshire, UK	A very large Konzentrat-Lagerstätte known mostly for its shelled invertebrates like bivalves, gastropods, and ostracods.
Bertie Group	422.9-416 Ma	Ontario & New York State, Canada and US	This limestone have produced thousands of fossil eurypterids, such as giant Acutiramus and well-known Eurypterus, as well as other fauna like scorpions and fish.
Tonoloway Formation^[148]	~420 Ma	Pennsylvania, US	Known from exceptionally preserved mass assemblage of Eurypterus, the most abundant eurypterid in the fossil record.
Rochester Shale	415 Ma^[149]	Ontario and New York, Canada and US	Echinoderms (such as crinoids) and trilobites are known from Lewiston Member in this shale. Has "butter shale"-type preservation.^[123]

Devonian

Site(s)	Age	Location	Significance
Tredomen Quarry^[150]	Lower Lochkovian	Southern Powys, Wales, UK	A site from the St. Maughans Formation of the Lower Old Red Sandstone that preserves plants such as Cooksonia, as well as invertebrates, like the trigonotarbid Arianrhoda bennetti.^[151]
Ditton Group	Lochkovian	Wales, UK	A wildfire-derived lagerstätte containing pyrolysis products of ancient wildfires.^[152]^[153]
Birdsong Shale^[115]	Lochkovian	Western Tennessee, US	A trilobite lagerstätte.
MOTH locality^[154]^[155]	Lochkovian	Northwest Territories, Canada	A marine lagerstätte known for its complete fossils of early fish such as acanthodians, osteostracans, furcacaudiform thelodonts, and pteraspidomorphs. Most species from the site are found nowhere else.
Rhynie chert	400 Ma	Scotland, UK	The Rhynie chert contains exceptionally preserved plant, fungus, lichen and animal material (euthycarcinoids, branchiopods, arachnids, hexapods, etc.) preserved in place by an overlying volcanic deposit and hot springs. As well as one of the first known fully terrestrial ecosystems.
Alken-an-der-Mosel (Nellenköpfchen Formation)^[156]	Lower Emsian	Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany	A site was probably deposited in a lagoonal setting bordering an island with large tidal flats. with mangrove-like vegetation bordering the site. A diverse assemblage of plants, bivalves, eurypterids, trigonotarbids, and various other arthropods.^[157]
Consthum Lagerstätte^[158]	Early to Middle Emsian, ~400 Ma	Luxembourg	A coastal assemblage including the Consthum I and II units. Fossils found from the site include early land plants, bivalves, eurypterids, trilobites, and fish remains.
Haragan Formation^[115]	Emsian	Oklahoma, US	A trilobite lagerstätte.
Khebchia Formation^[115]	Emsian	Draa Valley, Morocco	A lagerstätte known for trilobites such as Hollardops, Phacops, Psychopyge, and Scabriscutellum.
Ponta Grossa Formation^[159]	Emsian-early Frasnian	Northwest Paraná Basin, Brazil	An echinoderm lagerstätte that preserves death assemblages of articulated fossil brittle stars in Burgess-type preservation.
Waxweiler Lagerstätte (Klerf Formation)	409-392 Ma	Eifel, Germany	Waxweiler Lagerstätte is known from well-preserved fossils of chelicerates, giant claw of Jaekelopterus rhenaniae shows the largest arthropod ever known.
Heckelmann Mill	395 Ma	Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany	Heckelmann Mill preserves well preserved rhinocaridid archaeostracan phyllocarids,^[160] along with exceptionally abundant crinoid holdfasts from the late Emsian.^[161]
Hunsrück Slates (Bundenbach)		Rheinland-Pfalz, Germany	The Hunsrück slates are one of the few marine Devonian lagerstätte having soft tissue preservation, and in many cases fossils are coated by a pyritic surface layer.
Needmore Shale^[115]	Givetian	Pennsylvania and Maryland, US	A trilobite lagerstätte.
Hamilton Group^[115]	Givetian	New York, US	A trilobite lagerstätte.
Gilboa Mudstones (Panther Mountain Formation)^[156]^[162]	Givetian	New York, US	A site known for its exceptional preservation of fossil arachnids and myriapods. preserves the among the earliest fossil lycopod forests.
Arkona Shale^[163]	~385 Ma (Early Givetian)	Ontario, Canada	Mostly known for its low diversity crinoid Lagerstätte, however, the pyritized polychaete Arkonips has also been found here.
Gogo Formation	380 Ma (Frasnian)	Western Australia	The fossils of the Gogo Formation display three-dimensional soft-tissue preservation of tissues as fragile as nerves and embryos with umbilical cords. Over fifty species of fish have been described from the formation, as well as manny arthropods.
Miguasha National Park (Escuminac Formation)	370 Ma	Québec, Canada	Some of the fish, fauna, and spore fossils found at Miguasha are rare and ancient species. For example, Eusthenopteron is sarcopterygian that shares characters with early tetrapods.
Kowala Lagerstätte	~368 Ma	Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship, Poland	A Late Devonian site known for its fossils of non-biomineralised algae and arthropods.^[164]
Maïder Basin	368 Ma (for Thylacocephalan Layer)	Anti-Atlas, Morocco	Thylacocephalan Layer and Hangenberg Black Shale in this basin provides well-preserved fossils of Famennian fauna, including chondrichthyans and placoderms that preserved soft tissues.^[165]
Huron Shale Member^[166]	Frasnian	Ohio, US	Fossils were preserved in a stagnant basin, like those from the Jurassic Posidonia Shale. Sarcopterygians, placoderms, Onchodus, and various other bony fish have been recovered at the locality.
Strud (Evieux Formation)^[167]	? (Late Famennian)	Namur Province, Belgium	Mainly juvenile placoderms are known, suggesting this site would be a nursery site for placoderms.^[168] Various biota like tetrapods, arthropods and plants are also known, Strudiella from this site may be the earliest insect, but its affinity is disputed.
Mandagery Sandstone	360 Ma	New South Wales, Australia	A lagerstätte accidentally discovered near Canowindra. known for its exceptional preservation and density of sarcopterygian and placoderm fish.
Waterloo Farm Lagerstätte (Witpoort Formation)	360 Ma	South Africa	Important site that providing the only record of a high latitude (near polar) coastal ecosystem, overturning numerous assumptions about high latitude conditions during the latest Devonian.

Carboniferous

Site(s)	Age	Location	Significance
Granton Shrimp Bed	? (Dinantian)	Firth of Forth, Scotland, UK	Dominated by well-preserved crustacean fossils, this site provided first body fossil of Clydagnathus which solved long-lasted mystery of conodont fossils.
Loch Humphrey Burn lagerstätte^[169]	Tournaisian	Kilpatrick Hills, Scotland, UK	A site that preserves numerous plants in volcanics
Oxroad Bay Tuff^[169]	Tournaisian	Scotland, UK	A volcanic-influenced carboniferous plant lagerstätte.
Clyde Plateau Volcanics Formation^[169]	Viséan	Scotland, UK	A volcanic-influenced carboniferous plant lagerstätte.
Molignée Formation^[170]	Viséan	Denée, Belgium	A site within black marble that preserves fossils within a marine basin. Bony fish, articulated crinoids, other echinoderms, ammonoids, conularids, sponges, and plants have been recovered from the formation.
Glencartholm lagerstätte^[171]	Viséan	Dumfriesshire, Scotland, UK	A volcanic bed that preserves brachiopods, fish, and plant remains.^[172]
East Kirkton Quarry^[173]	335 Ma	West Lothian, Scotland, UK	This site has produced numerous well-preserved fossils of early tetrapods like temnospondyls and reptiliomorphs, and large arthropods like scorpions and eurypterids.
Pettycur Lagerstätte^[174]	335-329 Ma	Fife, Scotland, UK	A maar site known for its exceptional preservation of fossil plants within a peat swamp.
Avion locality^[175]	Serpukhovian to Moscovian	Pas-de-Calais, France	A now inaccessible site that perserves insect remains, including the earliest known thrips and titanopterans.
Bear Gulch Limestone	324 Ma	Montana, US	A limestone-rich geological lens in central Montana. It is renowned for its unusual and ecologically diverse fossil composition of chondrichthyans, the group of cartilaginous fish containing modern sharks, rays, and chimaeras. Other animals like brachiopods, ray finned fish, arthropods, and the possible mollusk Typhloesus are also known from the site.
Wamsutta Formation	~320-318 Ma	Massachusetts, US	A subhumid alluvial fan deposit that preserves ichnofossils, plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates.^[176]
Union Chapel Mine site age^[177]	Lower Pennsylvanian	Alabama, US	An ichnofossil site that preserves a great diversity and number of tetrapod trackways within a coastal environment.
Hagen-Vorhalle Lagerstätte^[178]	~319-310 Ma (Bashkirian)	North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany	A nearshore marine site that preserves Pennsylvanian insects and bivalves.
Xiaheyan locality (Yanghugou Formation)^[179]	Latest Bashkirian to Middle Moscovian	Ningxia, China	An interdeltaic bay site preserving insects and other arthropods in fine, laminated shales.^[180]
Bickershaw^[181]	? (Langsettian)	Lancashire, UK	This locality contains exceptionally preserved fossils within nodules. Arthropods have greater diversity, many of which are aquatic ones that lived in brackish environment.
Wigan Four Foot Coal Seam^[182]	Langsettian^[183]	Lancashire, UK	Bivalves, arachnids, xiphosurans, myriapods, crustaceans, and a fish are known from the site.
Coseley Lagerstätte^[184]	Duckmantian	Westmidlands, UK	A deltaic environment preserving millipedes and arachnids. The site has been compared to the more famous Mazon Creek Lagerstätte. A part of the Coal Measures Lagerstätten.^[185]
Tyne Coalfield^[186]	Duckmantian	Durham, UK	A Lagerstätten that preserves a record of fossil arthropods, including myriapods, arachnids, merostomatans and insects. Fish have also been found at the site.^[187]
Sparth Bottoms Lagerstätte^[188]	318-315 Ma	Lancanshire, UK	A potential swamp pool or lagoonal deposit that preserves insects, arachnids, annelid worms, fish, myriapods, and crustaceans. A part of the Coal Measures Lagerstätten.^[185]
Coalbrookdale Coalfield Lagerstätte^[185]	Westphalian	Shropshire, UK	Plants are known from the site.^[189] A part of the Coal Measures Lagerstätten.
Sosnowiec-Zagórze Lagerstätte^[190]	Westphalian	Upper Silesia, Poland	A coal seam that preserves many plant fossils, as well as those of xiphosurans, eurypterids, molluscs, myriapods, arachnids, and fish.
Writhlington Lagerstätten^[185]	Westphalian D	Radstock, Somerset, UK	Adelophthalmus, A part of the Coal Measures Lagerstätten. A large diversity of insects and plants are known from the site.^[191]^[192]
Piesberg Lagerstätte^[193]	Westphalian D	Osnabrück, Lower Saxony, Germany	Xiphosuraans, scorpions, trigonotarbids, spiders, and numerous species of insects have been found here.^[194]
Joggins Fossil Cliffs (Joggins Formation)	315 Ma	Nova Scotia, Canada	A fossil site that preserves a diverse terrestrial ecosystem consisting of plants like lycopsids, giant arthropods, fish, and the oldest known sauropsid, Hylonomus.
Kladno Formation (Radnice and Nýřany Members.)^[195]	Westphalian (stage)	Plzeň, Czech Republic	A site known for its temnospondyls, aistopods, fish, and myriapods.^[196]
Castlecomer fauna^[197]	315-307	Kilkenny, Ireland	A konservat-lagerstätte with a high number of well-preserved spinicaudatan clam shrimp.^[197]^[198]
Linton Diamond Coal Mine^[199]^[200]	310 Ma	Ohio, US	A site known for its number of prehistoric tetrapods, like the lepospondyl Diceratosaurus.^[201]
Mazon Creek	310 Ma	Illinois, US	A conservation lagerstätte found near Morris, in Grundy County, Illinois. The fossils from this site are preserved in ironstone concretions with exceptional detail. The fossils were preserved in a large delta system that covered much of the area. The state fossil of Illinois, the enigmatic animal Tullimonstrum, is only known from these deposits.
Buckhorn Asphalt Quarry^[202]	~310 Ma	Oklahoma, US	A quarry of the Boggy Formation known for its exceptionally rich orthocerid assemblage. A rare example of a fossil site where fossils where impregnated by hydrocarbons during diagenesis^[203] Fulfills the criteria of a "Liberation Lagerstätte".^{see notes}
Kinney Brick Quarry (Atrasado Formation)	around 307 Ma	New Mexico, US	This site is known from rich fish fossils with preserved soft tissues, that lived in lagoonal environment. Dozens of fish genera are known, ranging from chondrichthyans like ctenacanths and hybodonts, to actinopterygians and sarcopterygians.^[204]
Tinajas Lagerstätte (Atrasado Formation)^[205]	Kasimovian	New Mexico, US	A site mostly known for its preservation of regurgitalites and coprolites.
Sydney Coalfield^[206]	Kasimovian	Nova Scotia, Canada	A site during the Carboniferous Rainforest Collapse that preserves flora from a Medullosalean forest with preserved fossil cuticles.^[207]
Lontras Shale (Campáleo Outcrop)^[208]	Gzhelian	Santa Catarina, Brazil	A fungal and palynological lagerstätte from Gondwana during Late Palaeozoic Ice Age.^[209]
Commentry^[210]	Stephanian	Allier, France	Important insect fossil Lagerstätte, Meganeura from this site shows one of the largest insects ever known.
Garnett Lagerstätte^[211]	305 Ma	Kansas, US	A site known for its plants, vertebrate, and invertebrate record.
Montceau-les-Mines	300 Ma	France	Exceptional preservation of Late Carboniferous fossil biota are known, including various vertebrates and arthropods, as well as plants.^[212]^[213]
Hamilton Quarry	300 Ma	Kansas, US	This site is known for its diverse assemblage of unusually well-preserved marine, euryhaline, freshwater, flying, and terrestrial fossils (invertebrates, vertebrates, and plants). This extraordinary mix of fossils suggests it was once an estuary.
Robinson Locality^[211]	Virgilian series	Kansas, US	Konzentrat-Lagerstätte within a lagoonal or bay environment with vertebrate fossils.
Lawrence Formation^[214]	Virgilian series	Kansas, US	Mostly known for its xiphosurans preserved in Siderite.
Finis Shale Member^[215]	Virgilian series	Texas, US	A proposed "Liberation Lagerstätte"^{see notes} characterized by its bryozoan fauna
Carrizo Arroyo	? (Latest Gzhelian to earliest Asselian)	New Mexico, US	This site is known from exceptional preservation of arthropod fossils, mainly insects.^[179]
Pony Creek Shale Lagerstätte (Wood Siding Formation)^[216]	Late Pennsylvanian	Eastern Kansas, US	Known for xiphosurans with associated ichnofossils.
Remigiusberg Formation	300.0 Ma ± 2.4 Ma	Saarland and Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany	A Permian-Carboniferous site known for its excellent preservation of fossil plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates in fluvial to marginal lacustrine deposits.^[217]

Permian

Site(s)	Age	Location	Significance
Manebach Formation^[218]	299-297.5 Ma	Thuringia, Germany	A lacustrine (lake) ecosystem that fossilizes stromatolites, a wide diversity of plants, invertebrates, and remains of vertebrates, like temnospondyls and fish.^[219]
Taiyuan Formation	298 Ma	Inner Mongolia, China	Known from exceptionally well-preserved plant fossils in volcanic ash.^[220]^[221]
Meisenheim Formation^[222]	?(Asselian to early Sakmarian)^[223]	Lebach, Germany	This site is well known for the rich occurrence of fauna lived in large freshwater lakes, including fish, temnospondyls, insects and others.
Franchesse Lagerstätte	292 Ma	Massif Central, France	A Sakmarian seymouriamorph lagerstätte from the Bourbon l'Archambault Basin in the French Massif Central containing hundreds of complete seymouriamorph specimens.^[224]
Chemnitz petrified forest	291 Ma	Saxony, Germany	A petrified forest in Germany that is composed of Arthropitys bistriata, a type of Calamites, giant horsetails that are ancestors of modern horsetails, found on this location with never seen multiple branches. Many more plants and animals from this excavation are still in an ongoing research.^[225]
Mangrullo Formation	about 285–275 Ma (Artinskian)	Brazil, Uruguay	This site is known for its abundant mesosaur fossils. It contains fossils of the earliest known amniote embryos.^[226]
Prehistoric Trackways National Monument^[227]	Artinskian	Doña Ana County, New Mexico, US	A site that preserves massive a large diversity of well-preserved fossil trackways.
Cundlego Formation^[228]	late Artinskian	Western Australia, Australia	An obtrusion Lagerstätte known for its exceptional preservation of articulated crinoids. It was deposited in a marine environment dominated by storms.
Philippovskoe Bus-stop locality^[229]	Lower Kungurian	Perm Krai, Russia	A low diversity lagoonal site that mainly preserves algae, marattiaceaens, conifers, ginkgos, and bivalves.
Philippovskian Quarry^[229]	Lower Kungurian	Perm Krai, Russia	A low diversity lagoonal site that mainly preserves algae, marattiaceaens, conifers, ginkgos, and bivalves.
Kamai locality^[229]	Lower Kungurian	Perm Krai, Russia	A low diversity lagoonal site that produces algae, conifers, an indeterminate polychaete, bivalves, gastropods, and Paleolimulus.
Kiselevo-Suksun Highway locality^[229]	Lower Kungurian	Perm Krai, Russia	A low diversity lagoonal site that preserves horsetails, bryozoans, and brachiopods.
Iratí Formation^[230]	Kungurian^[231]	Paraná Basin, Brazil	A site very similar to the Mangrullo Formation from the same region. The formation preserves Mesosaurs in detail, along with coprolites that showcase mesosaur diet. Fish and crustaceans are also known from the formation.^[232]
Lek-Vorkuta Formation^[233]	Kungurian	Komi Republic, Russia	A formation known from subsurface coal deposits. Annelids, several species of insects, and plants are known from the deposit.^[234]^[235]
Chekarda (Koshelevka Formation)	about 283–273 Ma	Perm, Russia	Over 260 species of insect species are described from this site as well as diverse taxa of plants, making it one of the most important Permian konservat-lagerstätten.^[236]
Motuca Formation^[237]	Kungurian	Tocantins, Brazil	The formation housing the Tocantins Fossil Trees Natural Monument. well preserved plant fossils are common here.
Toploje Member	273-264 Ma	Prince Charles Mountains, Antarctica	This site preserves a high-latitude fauna in exceptional position before the large extinctions that happened later in the Permian.^[238]
Onder Karoo	266.9–264.28 Ma	Karoo Basin, South Africa	A high latitude, cool-temperate lacustrine ecosystem preserving detailed plant and insect fossils.^[239]
Word Formation^[202]	Wordian	Texas, US	A proposed "Liberation Lagerstätte".^{see notes} Fossils recovered from the site include ammonoids, gastropods, crinoids, brachiopods, and bivalve remains.^[240]
Sakamena Group^[241]	260–247 Ma	Madagascar	Lower Sakamena Formation (Permian) and Middle Sakamena Formation (Triassic) contain fossils of animals that lived around wetland environment, such as semi-aquatic and gliding neodiapsids.
Kupferschiefer	259–255 Ma	(North-Central Europe) Denmark, Germany, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Russia	This site deposited in an open marine and shallow marine environment provides fossils of reptiles as well as many fish.
Huopu Lagerstätte	~255 Ma	Guizhou, China	A plant fossil site documenting floral dynamics between the end-Guadalupian and end-Permian extinction events.^[242]
Karaungir Lagerstätte (Maychat and Akkolka Formations)^[243]	Lopingian	Eastern Kazakhstan	A site that preserves insects, including numerous earthworm cocoons preserved in freshwater strata.

Triassic

Site(s)	Age	Location	Significance
Guiyang biota^[244]	250.8 Ma	Guizhou Province, China	The oldest known Mesozoic lagerstätte, from the Dienerian substage of the Early Triassic. It preserves taxa belonging to 12 classes and 19 orders, including several species of fish.
Paris biota^[245]	~249 Ma	Idaho, Nevada, US	This earliest Spathian-aged assemblage preserves fossils belonging to 7 phyla and 20 orders, combining Paleozoic groups (e.g. leptomitid protomonaxonid sponges otherwise known from the early Paleozoic) with members of the modern evolutionary fauna (e.g. gladius-bearing coleoids).
Jialingjiang Formation^[246]	249.2–247.2 Ma	Hubei Province, China	This site preserved aquatic reptiles from soon after Permian extinction. Hupehsuchians are exclusively known from here, already in the midst of unique ecological roles such as filter feeding.
Nanlinghu Formation^[246]	248 Ma	Anhui Province, China	This site provides important fossils to show early evolution of ichthyosauriforms.
Petropavlovka Formation	248 Ma	Orenburg Oblast, Russia	A site known for preserving oligochaetes (earthworms and kin), whose fossil record is extremely sparse.^[247]
Gastropod Oolite Member^[248]	Induan-Olenekian	North Italy	A konzentrat site that preserves a high amount of mollusc remains.
Wangmo biota (Luolou Formation)^[249]	Induan-Olenekian	Guizhou, China	A site that preserves articulated fish, crustaceans, thylacocephalans, and other animals.
Sinbad Limestone^[248]	Olenekian	Utah, US	A konzentrat site that preserves a high amount of mollusc remains.
Zarzaïtine Formation	Olenekian-Anisian	In Amenas, Algeria	A site with a high number of exceptionally well-preserved temnospondyl specimens, indicating of a seasonal climate with sudden droughts, and a freshwater ecosystem that could rapidly turn into a sebkha.^[250]
Luoping Biota (Guanling Formation)^[251]	~247-245 Ma	Yunnan, China	Various marine animals are preserved in this site, showing how marine ecosystems recovered after the Permian extinction.^[252]
Panxian Biota (Guanling Formation)^[253]	Anisian	Guizhou, China	A site that preserves marine reptiles from the same formation as the Luoping Biota.^[254]
Hawkesbury Sandstone^[255]	Anisian	Sydney, Australia	This sandstone produced many freshwater fish fossils, as well as arthropods.
Grès à Voltzia	245 Ma	France	A fossil site remarkable for its detailed myriapod specimens.^[256] It also contains the earliest known aphid fossils.^[257]
Fossil Hill Member	? (Anisian)	Nevada, US	One of many Anisian marine lagerstatte, the Fossil Hill Member represents an open-ocean environment with a well-preserved fauna largely dominated almost entirely by ichthyosaurs.^[252]
Vossenveld Formation	? (Anisian)	Winterswijk, Netherlands	An exposure of this Muschelkalk formation in the Winterswijk quarry has a diverse assemblage of well-preserved marine reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and plants. It is the only marginal marine assemblage recorded from the earlier Triassic.^[252]
Strelovec Formation	? (Anisian)	Slovenia	A formation with well-preserved Triassic horseshoe crabs.^[258]
Saharonim Formation	Late Anisian/Lower Ladinian	Southern District, Israel	One brachiopod-dominated horizon of this formation documents the rapid burial of a community of exclusively juvenile Coenothyris brachiopods and ten different bivalve genera.^[259]
Pelsa-Vazzoler Lagerstätte^[260]	Ladinian	Dolomites, Italy	A "Cassian-type" "Liberation Lagerstätte"^{see notes} that contains numerous microfossils of bivalves, gastropods, and other molluscs
Kupferzell (Erfurt Formation)^[261]	Ladinian	Baden-Württemberg, Germany	A site that evolved from lagoonal to lacustrine to marine. Fishes, temnospondyls, archosaurs, plants, and aquatic reptiles like Tanystropheus and Nothosaurus have been recovered from the site.
Cassian Formation^[202]	Anisian-Carnian	Dolomites, Italy	The proposed archetypical model for a "Liberation Lagerstätte" ^{see notes} contains numerous microfossils.
Besano Formation^[246]	242 Ma	Alps, Italy and Switzerland	This formation, also known as the Grenbitumenzone is located on the World Heritage Site of Monte San Giorgio. It is famous for its preservation of Middle Triassic marine life, including fish and aquatic reptiles.^[252]^[262]
Montral-Alcover ^[263]	Ladinian	Tarragona, Spain	A site notable for its preservation of cnidarians. Nothosaurs, thalattosuchians, placodonts, and pistosaurs are also known from this Spanish exposure of Muschelkalk.^[264]
Cava Inferiore^[262]	Ladinian	Ticino, Switzerland	A part of the Meride Formation at Monte San Giorgio. Protorosaurians, nothosaurs, and actinopterygians have all been recovered from the site.^[265]
Cava Superiore^[262]	Ladinian	Ticino, Switzerland	A part of the Meride Formation at Monte San Giorgio. Nothosaurs and actinopterygians have been found at the site.^[265]
Cassina beds^[262]	Ladinian	Ticino, Switzerland	A part of the Meride Formation at Monte San Giorgio. Protorosaurians, nothosaurs, and actinopterygians have all been recovered from the site.^[265]
Kalkschieferzone^[262]	Ladinian	Ticino, Switzerland	A part of the Meride Formation at Monte San Giorgio. It notably has a different composition to the rest of the Monte San Giorgino Lagerstätten in that it contains more carbonate minerals than the other sites. Nothosaurs and actinopterygians have been found at the site.^[265]
Prosanto Formation^[266]	Ladinian	Grisons, Switzerland	A formation that preserves actinopterygians, crustaceans, and nothosaurs in an intraplatform basin.
Xingyi biota (Zhuganpo Formation)^[246]	? (Upper Ladinian - Lower Carnian)	Guizhou and Yunnan, China	Previously considered as part of Falang Formation, this site yields many articulated skeletons of marine reptiles, as well as fish and invertebrates.
Guanling biota (Xiaowa Formation)^[246]	? (Carnian)	Guizhou, China	Like Xingi Biota, this site also yields well-preserved marine fauna, especially many species of thalattosaurs are known.
Tiki Formation^[267]	Carnian-Norian	Madhya Pradesh, India	A site that produces cynodonts, rhynchosaurs, archosaurs, and plants.
Massetognathus-Chanaresuchus AZ (Chañares Formation)^[268]	237-236 Ma	La Rioja, Argentina	A biozone packed with volcaniclastic floodplain sediments, described as "Pompeii-like". Contains hundreds of well-preserved synapsid and archosauriform skeletons within calcareous nodules
Polzberg	233 Ma	Austria	A site from the Reingrabener Schiefer known for exceptional preservation of bromalites^[269] and of cartilage,^[270] deposited during the Carnian Pluvial Event.^[271]
Madygen Formation	230 Ma	Kyrgyzstan	The Madygen Formation is renowned for the preservation of more than 20,000 fossil insects, making it one of the richest Triassic lagerstätten in the world. Plants and rare but unusual vertebrate fossils (including fish, amphibians, reptiles and synapsids) have also been recovered from the formation.
Alakir Çay	? (Norian)	southwest Turkey	A konservat-lagerstätte with exceptionally well-preserved Triassic corals, retaining much of their original aragonite skeletons.^[272]
Cow Branch Formation	mid-Norian (220 Ma)	Virginia, US	This site preserves a wide variety of fish, reptiles, arachnids, and insects (including abundant true bugs, beetles, and a diverse fauna of early flies).
Pardonet Formation^[273]	Middle Norian	British Columbia, Canada	A marine konservat-lagerstätte that preserves fossil fish and reptiles, including ichthyosaurs, and Sikannisuchus.
Calcare di Zorzino^[274]	Norian	Lombardy, Italy	Limestone renowned for its preservation of early pterosaurs, fish, drepanosaurs, and the tanystropheid Langobardisaurus.
Argillite di Riva di Solto^[275]	Norian	Lombardy, Italy	These layers overly the Zorzino Limestone and preserve a similar fauna, including fish, an unnamed Eudimorphodon-like pterosaur, and the tanystropheid Sclerostropheus.^[276]^[277]
Forni Dolostone^[275]	Norian (~216–212 Ma)	Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy	A site known for its marine reptiles, pterosaurs, drepanosaurs, and crustaceans.
Grès infraliasiques^[278]	Rhaetian	Saint-Nicolas-de-Port, Grand Est, France	A konzentrat site that contains a sand lens that has produced extensive fossilized mammal remains.
Bluff Head Bed (Shuttle Meadow Formation)^[279]	Rhaetian-Hettangian	Connecticut, US	A konzentrat site that produces a large number of well-preserved fish fossils, including holosteans, palaeonisciforms and coelocanths. This site most likely formed within a large rift lake around the size of the Modern Lake Tanganyika during the breakup of Pangea.
El Mono Formation^[280]	Late Triassic	Atacama, Chile	A rift lake system that preserves plants, fish, conchostracans, ostracods, and insects.
Hosselkus Limestone^[281]	Late Triassic	California, US	Mostly known for its marine reptiles.

Jurassic

Site(s)	Age	Location	Significance
Yuzhou Biota (Ziliujing Formation)	~199 Ma	Chongqing, China	A fossil biota representing an extremely well-preserved lake ecosystem with freshwater mollusks, ray-finned fishes, lungfishes, sharks, and even pliosauroids, documenting one of the earliest well-preserved terrestrial ecosystems from Asia following the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event.^[282]
Bed 29 (Blue Lias)^[283]	Hettangian	Lyme Regis, UK	A konzentrat site that preserves a death assemblage of ammonites
Osteno (Moltrasio Formation)^[284]	~196-188 Ma	Italy	Several kinds of marine biota such as fish, crustaceans, cephalopods, polychaetes, and nematodes have been recovered. This site is the only fossil deposit in Italy in which soft tissues are preserved other than Monte Bolca.
Charmouth Mudstone Formation	~196-188 Ma	Lyme Regis and Charmouth, UK	Known for its amniote remains, specially complete specimens of the armoured dinosaur Scelidosaurus, but also plesiosaurs & ichthyosaurs.^[285]^[286]^[287] Large quantities of exceptional fish specimens and a diverse entomofauna are also known.^[288]
Rotzo Formation	~192-184 Ma	Italy	Diverse fossils from a Carbonate archipelago, specially within plicatostylid reefs. It is mostly known for the exceptional preservation of organisms like testate amoebae, and specially due to its amber-bearing layers and associated macroflora.^[289]^[290]
Calcaires du Bou Dahar	196-183 Ma	Morocco	It records the evolution of a carbonate platform.^[291] It is known mostly for its rich coral bioherms and associated invertebrates.^[292]^[293]
Sedan	185 Ma	Ardennes France	Notorious for extraordinarily good preservation of highly abundant echinoderm specimens.^[294]
Korsaröd (Djupadal Formation)	183 Ma	Skane, Sweden	Know for its exceptionally preserved plant remains, specially Osmundastrum pulchellum, preserving intact calcified tissue with DNA and cells.^[295] It has also preserved its biotic interactions and even ongoing mitosis.^[296]^[297]
Ya Ha Tinda	183 Ma	Alberta, Canada	A fossil site notable for containing abundant and extremely well-preserved vampire squid, being the largest concentration of vampire squid fossils outside the Tethys Ocean,^[298] and for being deposited during the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (TOAE).^[299]^[300]^[301]
Strawberry Bank	183 Ma	Somerset, UK	A site from the TOAE documenting marine life during the recovery from the Triassic-Jurassic extinction event as well as the turmoil of the TOAE.^[302] The oldest pseudoplanktonic barnacles in the fossil record,^[303] near-complete ichthyosaur skeletons,^[304] and evidence of ichthyosaur niche partitioning are preserved at this site.^[305]
Grimmen Formation	183 Ma	Grimmen, Germany	A coastal marine sequence, know specially for its fish fauna.^[306]^[307] The formation is also known for its rich entomofauna, including collections of up to 3000 specimens.^[308]
Holzmaden/Posidonia Shale	183 Ma	Württemberg, Germany	The Sachrang member is among the most important formations of the Toarcian boundary, due to the concentrations of exceptionally well-preserved complete skeletons of fossil marine fish and reptiles. It was also deposited during the TOAE.^[309]^[310]
Los Molles Formation^[281]	Late Pliensbachian- Early Toarcian	Neuquén Province, Argentina	A site currently known for its ichthyosaurs.
Bascharage Lagerstätte^[311]^[312]	Early Toarcian (~183 Ma)	Southern Luxembourg	A near shore site from the Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event. Fossils of ichthyosaurs, pachycormids and other fish, insects, and vampyromorphs have been found in the site.
Czêstochowa fossil site^[313]	Uppermost Bajocian	Czêstochowa, Poland	A konzentrat site that preserves fossil invertebrates within concretions.
Kubekovo Locality^[314]	Aalenian‒Bathonian^[315]	Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia	A site known for its exceptional preservation of insects. is located within the larger Itat Formation.
Bakhar Formation^[316]	Terminal Middle Jurassic to earliest Late Jurassic	Mongolia	Was most likely deposited in a lacustrine environment. Well-preserved invertebrates are known from this formation.
Cabeço da Ladeira (Chão das Pias Formation)	Late Bajocian	Portugal	A site known for exquisite preservation of microbial mats in a tidal flat.^[317]
Monte Fallano Plattenkalk	? (Bajocian-Bathonian)	Campania, Italy	This Plattenkalk preserves fossils of terrestrial plants, crustaceans and fish.^[318]
Christian Malford	Callovian	Wiltshire, UK	A site in the Oxford Clay Formation which preserves exceptionally detailed coleoid fossils.^[319]
Tendaguru Formation^[320]	Callovian-Hauterivian	Tanzania	A konzentrat lagerstatte known for its large bonebeds of dinosaur fossils.
Mesa Chelonia^[321]	164.6 Ma	Shanshan County, China	This site is notable because it contains a large turtle bonebed, containing specimens of the genus Annemys. This bonebed contains up to an estimated 36 turtles per square meter.
La Voulte-sur-Rhône	160 Mya	Ardèche, France	La Voulte-sur-Rhône, in the Ardèche region of southwestern France, offers paleontologists an outstanding view of an undisturbed paleoecosystem that was preserved in fine detail. Notable finds include retinal structures in the eyes of thylacocephalan arthropods, and fossilized relatives of the modern day vampire squid, like Vampyronassa rhodanica.
Shar Teeg Beds	160-145 Mya	Govi-Altay, Mongolia	Many insect remains and some vertebrates like relatives of crocodilians are known from this site.^[314]
Karabastau Formation	155.7 Ma	Kazakhstan	This site is an important locality for insect fossils that has been studied since the early 20th century, alongside the rarer remains of vertebrates, including pterosaurs, salamanders, lizards and crocodiles.
Haifanggou Formation^[322]	~165-159.8 Ma	Northeastern China	A site known for its fossil arthropods, amphibians, dinosaurs, pterosaurs, mammaliaforms, and plants. Forms a part of the Yanliao Biota.
Tiaojishan Formation	165-153 Ma	Liaoning Province, China	It is known for its exceptionally preserved fossils, including those of plants, insects and vertebrates. It is made up mainly of pyroclastic rock interspersed with basic volcanic and sedimentary rocks. Forms a part of the Yanliao Biota.
La Casita Formation	Kimmeridgian	Coahuila, Mexico	A marine konzentrat-lagerstätte deposited in a hemipelagic mud bottom during dysoxic conditions.^[323]
Paleontological site of Cerin^[324]	Late Kimmeridgian	Ain, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France	A limestone that preserves algae, ammonites, crustaceans, bivalves, echinoderms, fish, reptiles, and terrestrial flora.^[325]
Talbragar fossil site^[326]	151 Ma	New South Wales, Australia	This bed is part of Purlawaugh Formation, and provided fauna like fish and insects that lived around the lake.
Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry	150 Ma	Utah, US	Jurassic National Monument, at the site of the Cleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur Quarry, well known for containing the densest concentration of Jurassic dinosaur fossils ever found, is a paleontological site located near Cleveland, Utah, in the San Rafael Swell, a part of the geological layers known as the Morrison Formation. Up to 15,000 have been excavated from this site alone.
Canjuers Lagerstätte	150 Ma	France	This site shows a high amount of biodiversity, including reptiles, invertebrates, fish, and other organisms.
Agardhfjellet Formation	150-140 Ma	Spitsbergen, Norway	The formation contains the Slottsmøya Member, a highly fossiliferous unit where many ichthyosaur and plesiosaur fossils have been found, as well as abundant and well preserved fossils of invertebrates.
Wattendorf Plattenkalk^[327]	Upper Kimmeridgian	Bavaria, Germany	A site that preserves bivalves, brachiopods, fish, crustaceans, and other organisms.
Nusplingen Limestone^[328]	Late Kimmeridgian	Baden-Württemberg, Germany	A fossil site similar to the Solnhofen Archipelago. Older than sites in the archipelago like Altmühltal. Painten, and Mörnsheim. Contains a diverse assemblage of insects, crustaceans, and pterosaurs.
Causse Méjean Limestone^[329]	Kimmeridgian-Tithonian	Lozère, Occitania, France	Most of the fossils were from two now mostly filled in quarries. Fossils found here include brachiopods, echinoderms, mollusks, crustaceans, fish, and Kallimodon.
Ettling Lagerstätte^[330]	Late Kimmeridgian-Tithonian	Bavaria, Germany	A site within the Solnhofen archipelgo. Preserves many of the same animals as the rest of the region, as well as Cerin. Fish, xiphosurans, beetles, crustaceans, and turtles have been recovered from the site. Which formation the site belongs to is currently unknown.
Zandt Lagerstätte^[331]	Earliest Tithonian	Zandt, Bavaria, Germany	A lagoonal site that preserves fish, crustaceans, worms, crinoids, turtles and other animals. The faunal is similar to the Solnhofen sites, and fossils from the site are commonly sold as Solnhofen fossils.
Crayssac Lagerstätte^[332]	Lower Tithonian	Lot, Occitania, France	A tidal mudflat that preserves fossil trackways of crocodiles, dinosaurs, turtles, pterosaurs, and invertebrates, including those made by isopods.
Solnhofen Archipelago Lagerstätten (including the Altmühltal, Painten, Torleite, and Mörnsheim Formations)	149-148 Ma	Bavaria, Germany	This site is unique as it preserves a rare assemblage of fossilized organisms, including highly detailed imprints of soft bodied organisms such as sea jellies. The most familiar fossils of the Solnhofen Plattenkalk include the early feathered theropod dinosaur Archaeopteryx preserved in such detail that they are among the most famous and most beautiful fossils in the world.
Owadów–Brzezinki site	~148 Ma	Łódź Voivodeship, Poland	A marine deposit of the Kcynia Formation similar to the Solnhofen Formation, with large numbers of preserved insect remains, numerous marine invertebrates, and vertebrates including fishes, marine reptiles, and pterosaurs.^[333]^[334]^[335]
Chassiron^[336]	Tithonian-Earliest Cretaceous	Oléron, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France	A Konzentrat-Lagerstätte that produces plant remains, shells, and numerous isolated vertebrate remains.

Cretaceous

Site(s)	Age	Location	Significance
Muzinho Shale	latest Jurassic/earliest Cretaceous	Parnaíba Basin, Brazil	A black shale deposit containing articulated, three-dimensionally preserved fish skeletons.^[337]
Angeac-Charente bonebed	~141 Ma	Charente, France	A lagerstätte preserving both vertebrate and invertebrate fossils from the poorly represented Berriasian stage known for its taphonomic and sedimentological 'frozen scenes'.^[338]
El Montsec (La Pedrera de Rúbies Formation)	~140-125 Ma	Catalonia, Spain	Known from exceptional preservation of biota such as plants, fish, insects, crustaceans and even some tetrapods.^[339]^[340]^[341]
Lebanese amber^[342]	~130-125 Ma (Barremian)	Lebanon	Preserves a high diversity of insects from the Early Cretaceous, and is among the oldest known fossilized amber to contain a significant number of preserved organisms.^[343] Includes many of the oldest known members of modern insect groups, and many of the youngest known members for extinct insect groups.^[344]
Grès du Liban Dysodiles^[345]	lower Barremian	Lebanon	A terrestrial Lagerstätte that would have formed in a lake environment with nearby volcanic activity. Plant macrofossils, as well as pollen, and fish, gastropods, turtles, insects, and coprilites have been found in exceptional detail.
Cheiron Ravine^[346]	Lower Hauterivian	Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, France	A konzentrat site that produces massive assemblages of ammonites.
Dabeigou Formation^[347]	132-130 Ma (Hauterivian)^[348]	Hebei, China	A part of the Jehol Biota Lagerstätten. Contains birds, amphibians, and insects.
Tayasir Formation^[349]	148-122 Ma (Hauterivian)	Israel	a lacustrine environment that preserves pipoid frogs in full ontogeny as well as fossil insects.
Tyndall Fossil Lagerstätte^[350]	Valanginian-Hauterivian	Torres del Paine National Park, Chile	A site that is host to an ichthyosaur graveyard that is both a konzentrat and konservat site. Belemnites, ammonites, and Actinopterygians are also known.
Huajiying Formation^[351]	Valanginian-Hauterivian^[352]	Hebei, China	A part of the Jehol Biota Lagerstätten. Contains dinosaurs, pterosaurs, fish, and invertebrates. Like the rest of the biota, these animals would have lived in a lake near a volcano.
Las Hoyas	about 125 Ma (Barremian)	Cuenca, Spain	The site is mostly known for its exquisitely preserved dinosaurs, especially enantiornithines. The lithology of the formation mostly consists of lacustarine limestone deposited in a freshwater wetland environment.
Cornappo Torrent^[353]	Barremian	Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy	Pycnodonts have been recovered from this locality.
Turga Lagerstätte	Barremian-Aptian	Transbaikalia, Russia	Fish, bivalves, mayflies, and pollen are known from the site.
Yixian Formation	about 125–121 Ma (Barremian-Aptian)	Liaoning, China	The Yixian Formation is well known for its great diversity of well-preserved specimens and its feathered dinosaurs, such as the large tyrannosauroid Yutyrannus, the therizinosaur Beipiaosaurus, and various small birds, along with a selection of other dinosaurs, such as the iguanodontian Bolong, the sauropod Dongbeititan and the ceratopsian Psittacosaurus. Other biota included the troodontid Mei, the dromaeosaurid Tianyuraptor, and the compsognathid Sinosauropteryx.
Jiufotang Formation	about 122-119 Ma (Aptian)	Liaoning, China	This formation overlies the slightly older Yixian Formation and preserved very similar species, including a wide variety of dinosaurs such as the ceratopsian Psittacosaurus and the early bird Confuciusornis, both of which are also found in the Yixian Formation. Also notable are the very abundant specimens of the dromaeosaurid Microraptor, which is known from up to 300 specimens and is among the most common animals found here.
Moqi Fossil Bed^[354]	about 120-118 Ma (Aptian)	Morin Dawa, Inner Mongolia, China	A freshwater site preserving amphibians, including frogs and salamanders, insects, conchostracans, turtles, and fish.
Khasurty locality	? (Aptian)	Buryatia, Russia	One of the largest fossil insect sites in northern Asia, with over 6000 fossilized insect specimens preserved in mudstones, representing over 16 orders and 130 families. Taxa have both Jurassic and Cretaceous affinities. Fossils of other invertebrates such as arachnids & crustaceans are also known, in addition to small plants and fragmentary vertebrate remains such as fish scales and bird feathers.^[355]
Shengjinkou Formation	about 120 Ma	Xinjiang, China	Part of the finds from this site consisted of dense concentrations of pterosaur bones, associated with soft tissues and eggs. The site represented a nesting colony that storm floods had covered with mud. Dozens of individuals could be secured from a total that in 2014 was estimated to run into the many hundreds.
Xiagou Formation	about 120–115? Ma	Gansu, China	This site is known outside the specialized world of Chinese geology as the site of a lagerstätte in which the fossils were preserved of Gansus yumenensis, the earliest true modern bird.
Paja Formation	130-113 Ma	Colombia	This site is famous for its vertebrate fossils and is the richest Mesozoic fossiliferous formation of Colombia. Several marine reptile fossils of plesiosaurs, pliosaurs, ichthyosaurs and turtles have been described from the formation and it hosts the only dinosaur fossils described in the country to date; the titanosauriform sauropod Padillasaurus.
Koonwarra Fossil Bed^[356]	around 118-115 Ma	Victoria, Australia	This site is composed of mudstone sediment thought to have been laid down in a freshwater lake. Arthropods, fish and plant fossils are known from this site.
El Espinal Lagerstätte^[357]	Late Aptian^[358]	Chiapas, Mexico	A lagoonal site documenting a diverse assemblage of fish, invertebrates, and plants.
Nakagawa Amber^[359]	116-114 Ma (Upper Aptian)	Northern Hokkaido, Japan	An amber Lagerstätte that perserves a diverse array of arthropods and floral and fungal tissue.
Crato Formation	113 Ma	northeast Brazil	The Crato Formation earns the designation of lagerstätte due to an exceedingly well preserved and diverse fossil faunal assemblage. Some 25 species of fossil fishes are often found with stomach contents preserved, enabling paleontologists to study predator-prey relationships in this ecosystem. There are also fine examples of pterosaurs, reptiles and amphibians, invertebrates (particularly insects), and plants. Also known from this site is Ubirajara, the first non-avian dinosaur from the southern hemisphere with evidence of feathers. Additionally, the formation abounds with evidence of plant-insect interaction.^[360]
Amargosa Bed (Marizal Formation)	? (Aptian-Albian)	northeast Brazil	Fluvial site which preserved fish, crustacean and plant fossils.^[361]
Loma del Pterodaustro (Lagarcito Formation)^[362]	Albian	San Luis, Argentina	A site mainly known for preserving the filter feeding pterosaur Pterodaustro. Plant remains, as well as fish and clam shrimp have also been recovered from the site. This deposit was most likely a shallow lake within a semi-arid climate.
Utrillas Group Oasis^[363]	Albian	Teruel, Spain	A site that preserves fossilized liverworts within a cyclic, oasis ecosystem within a desert.
Pietraroja Plattenkalk	113-110 Ma	Campania, Italy	A konservat-lagerstätte famous for its diverse and well-preserved fish and plant fossils. Also known from this formation is Scipionyx, one of Europe's most well-preserved dinosaurs.^[364]^[365]
Jinju Formation	112.4–106.5 Ma	South Korea	The Jinju Formation is notable for the post-Jehol Group insect assemblage,^[366] as well as other fauna such as isopods and fish.^[367]^[368] The site is also notable for its abundance and diversity of tetrapod trackways.^[369]
Tlayúa Formation	110 Ma	Puebla, Mexico	A marine lagerstätte preserving Albian actinopterygians, lepidosaurs, and a diverse assemblage of arthropods.^[370]^[371]
Romualdo Formation	108–92 Ma	northeast Brazil	The Romualdo Formation is a part of the Santana Group and has provided a rich assemblage of fossils; flora, fish, arthropods insects, turtles, snakes, dinosaurs, such as Irritator, and pterosaurs, including the genus Thalassodromeus. The stratigraphic units of the group contained several feathers of birds, among those the first record of Mesozoic birds in Brazil.
Muhi Quarry (El Doctor Formation)	? (Albian to Cenomanian, probably Late Albian)^[372]	Hidalgo, Mexico	While this site produced limestones for construction, rocks in that locality contain a diverse Cretaceous marine biota such as fish, ammonites and crustaceans.
Puy-Puy Lagerstätte	100.5 Ma	France	A paralic site preserving a variety of ichnofossils,^[373] along with some vertebrate remains.^[374] The site preserves evidence of plant-insect interaction.^[375]
Burmese amber	101-99 Ma (latest Albian/earliest Cenomanian)	Myanmar	More than 1,000 species of taxa have been described from ambers from Hukawng Valley. While it is important for understanding the evolution of biota, mainly insects, during the Cretaceous period, it is also extremely controversial by facing ethical issues due to its association with conflicts and labor conditions.
El Chango Lagerstätte	Earliest Cenomanian	Chiapas, Mexico	A site from the beginning of the Angiosperm Terrestrial Revolution containing early evidence of insect predation on angiosperms.^[376]
Cambridge Greensand^[377]	Early Cenomanian	Hertfordshire and Cambridgeshire, England, UK	A Konzentrat-Lagerstätte from a nearshore deposit. pterosaurs, dinosaurs, and ichthyosaurs have been recovered from the site.
Jaunay-Clan Lagerstätte^[378]	Early Cenomanian	Vienne, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France	A site that preserves plant fossils, beetles, and feathers
Magliano Vetere Lagertätte^[379]	Middle Cenomanian	Campania, Italy	A site mostly known for its terrestrial plant macrofossils. Fish, coprolites, and shallow water microfossils have also been recovered
Boyacá Lagerstätte (Churuvita and San Rafael Formations)^[380]	95-90 Ma	Boyacá, Colombia	A site that preserves articulated crustacean fossils.
Floresta locality^[381]	Upper Cenomanian	Sicily, Italy	A marine site that produces fossil cephalopod gladii with preserved soft tissue.
English Chalk	100-90 Ma (Cenomanian to Turonian)	UK	Two subsections of England's famous chalk formation, the Grey Chalk Subgroup and the lower sections of the White Chalk Subgroup, yield three-dimensionally preserved fossils of marine fishes. This exquisite level of preservation is unlike fish fossils from other deposits from around the same time, which are only preserved as two-dimensional compression fossils.^[382]
Sannine Formation (Haqel, Hjoula, and al-Nammoura lagerstätten)	95-94 Ma	Lebanon	Famous Lebanese konservat-lagerstätten of the Late Cretaceous (middle to late Cenomanian) age, which contain a well-preserved variety of different fossils. Small animals like shrimp, octopus, stingrays, and bony fishes are common finds at these sites. Some of the rarest fossils from this locality include those of octopuses.^[383]
Ein Yabrud (Amminadav Formation or Bet-Meir Formation)	Cenomanian	West Bank, Palestine	The marine fossil site with well-preserved marine vertebrate fossils, especially fossils of early legged snakes like Haasiophis and Pachyrhachis has quality of preservation rivals that of other famous Lagerstatten.^[384]
Komen Limestone	95-94 Ma	Komen, Slovenia	A Late Cenomanian locality in the Karst of Slovenia with a high diversity of articulated fossil fish, in addition to small reptiles and invertebrates.^[385]
Hesseltal Formation	94–93 Ma	Saxony & North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany	Deposited during the anoxic conditions of the Cenomanian-Turonian boundary event, this formation has a high number of well-preserved, articulated fish skeletons, in addition to exceptionally preserved ammonites with soft parts.^[386]^[387]
Tamagawa Formation^[388]	93-85.2 Ma	Iwate, Japan	A site that produces plant fossils, as well as vertebrates, such as crocodilians and choristoderes.^[389]^[390]^[391]
Vallecillo (Agua Nueva Formation)	94–92 Ma	Nuevo León, Mexico	The site is noted for its qualities as a konservat-lagerstätte, with notable finds including the plesiosaur Mauriciosaurus and the possible shark Aquilolamna.
Conulus Bed	Turonian	Poland	A crinoid konzentrat-lagerstätte.^[392]
Akrabou Formation (Gara Sbaa/Agoult & Goulmima)	? (Turonian)	Asfla, Morocco	Marine site known for exceptionally preserved, three-dimensional fish fossils.^[393]^[394]^[395]
Orapa diamond mine	Turonian	Botswana	An insect lagerstätte known for being one of the few entomofaunas from southern Africa, containing a variety of insects,^[396] particularly beetles.^[397]^[398]
New Jersey amber	91-89 Ma	New Jersey, US	Turonian-aged amber from the Raritan & Magothy Formations of New Jersey, with a high diversity of well-preserved insects, plants and fungi.^[399]
Múzquiz Lagerstätte^[400]	Late Turonian to Early Coniacian	Coahuila, Mexico	A site known for the pterosaur Muzquizopteryx as well as fish remains.
Lower Idzików beds	87-86 Ma (Coniacian)	Lower Silesian Voivodeship, Poland	An exposure of these beds near Stary Waliszów contains a konzentrat-lagerstätte of numerous Cretaceous marine invertebrates in concretions, including decapods, molluscs and echinoderms, as well as well-preserved plant fossils that indicate a nearshore environment. Very well-preserved phosphatized decapod remains are known.^[401]
Smoky Hill Chalk	87–82 Ma	Kansas and Nebraska, US	A Cretaceous konservat-lagerstätte known primarily for its exceptionally well-preserved marine reptiles. Also known from this site are fossils of large bony fish such as Xiphactinus, mosasaurs, flying reptiles or pterosaurs (namely Pteranodon), flightless marine birds such as Hesperornis, and turtles.
Yantardakh Lagerstätte^[402]	Santonian	Taimyr Peninsula, Krasnoyarsk Krai, Russia	The site that produces Taimyr Amber. Many invertebrates, including beetles, ants, flies, wasps, and Hemipterans have been found at the site.^[403]
Ingersoll Shale	85 Ma	Alabama, US	A Late Cretaceous (Santonian) informal geological unit in eastern Alabama. Fourteen theropod feathers assigned to birds and possibly dromaeosaurids have been recovered from the unit.
Tuscaloosa Formation^[404]	Late Cenomanian	Alabama, US	An ichnofossil konzentrat-lagerstätte.
Polazzo lagerstätte^[405]	~85 Ma^[406]	Italy	A carbonate platform that preserves fish, alongside rudists. The genus Polazzodus is named after the site.
Sahel Alma	~84 Ma	Lebanon	A Late Cretaceous (Santonian) konservat-lagerstätte with similar excellent preservation of marine organisms as the nearby, older Sannine Lagerstätte, but in a deep-water environment. Includes a high number of well-preserved shark body fossils, in addition to cephalopods and deepwater arthropods.^[383]
Calcare di Aurisina	~80-70.6 Ma	Italy & Slovenia	A late cretaceous shallow marine series of carbonate platforms dominated by rudists, with fossils of invertebrates and vertebrates, specially fishes.^[407] Its best known outcrop is the Villaggio del Pescatore site, that yielded the holotype of Tethyshadros, as well other exceptionally preserved taxa like Acynodon adriaticus.^[408]^[409]
Tartaruguito Outcrop^[410]	Campanian-Maastrichtian	São Paulo, Brazil	A site known mainly for its high number, and quality preservation of turtles. Crocodilians have also been recovered.
Auca Mahuevo	80 Ma	Patagonia, Argentina	A Cretaceous lagerstätte in the eroded badlands of the Patagonian province of Neuquén, Argentina. The sedimentary layers of the Anacleto Formation at Auca Mahuevo were deposited between 83.5 and 79.5 million years before the present and offers a view of a fossilized titanosaurid nesting site.
Stompoor Farm^[411]	Middle Campanian^[412]	Northern Cape, South Africa	A maar site known for its preservation of anurans. Other fossils found at the site include fish, birds, bivalves, gastropods, insects, and plants.
Ellisdale Fossil Site	79-76 Ma	New Jersey, US	A middle Campanian konzentrat-lagerstätte from the Marshalltown Formation with one of the most diverse Mesozoic vertebrate faunas of eastern North America, likely originating from a flood event. A high number of disarticulated bones of dinosaurs, fish, reptiles, amphibians, and small mammals is known, most of which are microfossils.^[413]
Coon Creek Formation	76.8-76.0 Ma^[414]	Tennessee and Mississippi, US	This late Campanian formation has some of the world's best-preserved remains of Cretaceous marine invertebrates (primarily mollusks and decapod crustaceans), with many retaining their original aragonitic shells and exoskeletons.^[414]^[415]
Baumberge Formation	~75-72 Ma	North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany	A Late Campanian formation in the Baumberge of Germany with a high number of articulated fossil fish remains, in addition to shark body fossils.^[386]^[416]
Coffee Sands^[202]	Campanian^[417]	Tennessee, Mississippi, US^[418]	A proposed "Liberation Lagerstätte".^{see notes} most likely represented a beach during the Cretaceous. preserves dinosaur remains, along with ammonites, gastropods and brachiopods.^[419]
Nardò (Calcari di Melissano)^[420]	~72-70 Ma (upper Campanian-lower Maastrichtian)	Apulia, Italy	This site is especially famous for its limestones containing abundant fossil fish remains.
Ripley Formation^[202]	Campanian–Maastrichtian^[421]	Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Tennessee, US	A proposed "Liberation Lagerstätte".^{see notes} Ichnofossils and shelly animals like brachiopods, bivalves, ammonites, and foraminiferans, have been found at the formation.
Rügen Chalk^[202]	Early Maastrichtian	Rügen, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany	A proposed "Liberation Lagerstätte".^{see notes} Belemnites, echinoids, hemichordates, bryozoans, and bivalves have been found at the site.^[422]
Owl Creek Formation^[202]	Late Maastrichtian	Mississippi, US	A proposed "Liberation Lagerstätte".^{see notes} Ammonites, gastropods, bivalves, and shark remains have been found here.^[423]
Harrana (Muwaqqar Chalk Marl Formation)	66.5-66.1 Ma (Late Maastrichtian)^[424]	Jordan	Phosphatic deposits formed in this site are known to preserve vertebrate fossils with soft tissue, such as mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, sharks, bony fish, turtles and crocodylians.^[425]
Rosario Formation^[426]	66.12 Ma	Baja California, Mexico	A site that preserves large petrified logs with attached bark and broken branches, within tuffaceous sediment.
Tanis^[427]	66.0 Ma	North Dakota, US	Tanis is part of the heavily studied Hell Creek Formation, a group of rocks spanning four states in North America renowned for many significant fossil discoveries from the Upper Cretaceous and lower Paleocene. Tanis is a significant site because it appears to record the events from the first minutes until a few hours after the impact of the giant Chicxulub asteroid in extreme detail. This impact, which struck the Gulf of Mexico 66.043 million years ago, wiped out all non-avian dinosaurs and many other species (the so-called "K-Pg" or "K-T" extinction).
Mohgaonkalan lagerstätte^[428]^[429]	Late Maastrichtian-Early Danian	Madhya Pradesh, India	A site that preserves fossilized fruits within the volcanic Intertrappean beds of the Deccan Traps.
"Locality 84"^[430]	Late Cretaceous - Paleocene	Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy	Several groups of fish, as well as plant leaf fossils, as well as one bivalve have been recovered from the site.

Paleogene

Site(s)	Age	Location	Significance
Kilwa Group^[431]	Paleocene-Oligocene	Tanzania	A microfossil Konservat-Lagerstätte that is mostly known for its well-preserved foraminiferans.
Baunekule Facies	64-63 Ma (Danian)	eastern Denmark	These facies of the Faxe Formation document an extremely well-preserved cold-water coral mound ecosystem dominated by Dendrophyllia corals, and also includes gastropods, tubeworms, bivalves, bryozoans and gastropods.^[432]
U1511^[433]	Danian-Selandian	Tasman Sea	A site discovered by oceanic drill cores that uncovered a well preserved fauna of foraminiferans that had undergone little diagenesis.
Tenejapa-Lacandón Formation	~63 Ma	Chiapas, Mexico	A formation with a high number of well-preserved fish fossils indicative of mass mortality events.^[434] One of the most important formations for documenting the recovery of ocean ecosystems in the wake of the K-Pg extinction, due to being deposited just a few million years after and being located only 500 kilometres (310 mi) away from the Chixculub impact site.^[435]
Konservat-Lagerstätte Menat	60 Ma	Auvergne, France	A Palaeocene maar lake containing three-dimensional plant remains.^[436] It is particularly notable for preserving one of the oldest known bees.^[437]
Iceberg Bay Formation^[438]	Late Paleocene- Early Eocene	Nunavut, Canada	A high-latitude site that was deposited in a low-energy swamp. In-situ stumps and old-growth conifer forest leaf litter with preservation down to the molecular level.
Appian Way locality^[439]	Eocene	Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada	A site that preserves extensive floral remains, as well as that of fungi.^[440]^[441]^[442]^[443]^[444]
Danata Formation	56-53 Ma	western Turkmenistan	Outcropping in the Kopet Dag range, this formation preserves numerous fossil fish from a northeastern arm of the Tethys Ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum. 38 taxa from 13 orders are known, the vast majority of which are acanthomorphs.^[445]^[446]
Fur Formation	55–53 Ma	Fur & Mors, Denmark	Preserves abundant fossil fish, insects, reptiles, birds and plants. The Fur Formation was deposited about 55 Ma, just after the Palaeocene-Eocene boundary, and its tropical or sub-tropical flora indicate that the climate after the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum was moderately warm (approximately 4-8 degrees warmer than today).
London Clay^[202]	54–48 Ma	England, UK	Collected for close to 300 years, plant fossils, especially seeds and fruits, are found in abundance. Some 350 named species of plant have been found, making the London Clay flora one of the world's most diverse for fossil seeds and fruits. The flora includes tropical taxa found in modern Asia, reflecting the much warmer climate of the early Eocene. Also is considered a potential "Liberation lagerstätte".^{see notes}
Eocene Okanagan Highlands	52 - 48 Ma	British Columbia, Canada & Washington, Canada and US	Includes McAbee Fossil Beds, Princeton chert & Klondike Mountain Formation; Recognized as temperate/subtropical uplands right after the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum and spanning the Early Eocene Climatic Optimum, preserves highly detailed uplands lacustrine fauna and flora.
Monte Solane	51-49 MA	Verona, Italy	Slightly older than the nearby, more well-known Monte Bolca site, the Monte Solane site also preserves numerous marine fish and plants, but documents an entirely different ecosystem that appears to be of a bathypelagic habitat, forming one of the few known lagerstätte to preserve a deep-sea ecosystem.^[447]
Green River Formation	50 Ma	Colorado/Utah/Wyoming, US	An Eocene aged site that is noted for the fish fauna preserved. Other fossils include the crocodilians, birds, and mammals.
Solteri Lagerstätte	Ypresian	Trento, Italy	A fossil site that is one of the oldest Cenozoic deep-sea faunas in the world with this largely being make up of fish and crustaceans. Estimates of the depth of the fauna place it between depths of 250–400 metres (820–1,310 ft), which would have the fauna within the upper mesopelagic zone. The assemblage has been suggested to largely be coeval with the more famous Monte Bolca.^[448]
Monte Bolca	50-49 Ma	Verona, Italy	A fossil site with specimens of fish and other organisms that are so highly preserved that their organs are often completely intact in fossil form, and even the skin color can sometimes be determined. It is assumed that mud at the site was low in oxygen, preventing both decay and the mixing action of scavengers from harming the fossils.^[445]
Messel Formation	47 Ma	Hessen, Germany	This site has significant geological and scientific importance. Over 1000 species of plants and animals have been found at the site. After almost becoming a landfill, strong local resistance eventually stopped these plans and the Messel Pit was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 9 December 1995. Significant scientific discoveries about the early evolution of mammals and birds are still being made at the Messel Pit, and the site has increasingly become a tourist site as well.
Geiseltal^[449]	48.5–41 Ma^[450]	Saxony-Anhalt, Germany	A site that has produced over 50,000 fossil vertebrates, as well as a diverse array of insects and plants within a lacustrine ecosystem.
Buchanan Lake Formation	~47.5-41.3 Ma	Nunavut, Canada	A high-latitude fluvial deposit that preserves in-situ old-growth conifer forests with leaf litter preservation down to the molecular level.
Baltic amber	47-35 Ma (Lutetian to Priabonian)	Pomeranian Voivodeship, Poland & Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia	The largest amber deposit on Earth, this amber is part of the Prussian Formation, and preserves a high diversity of exceptionally well-preserved fossil invertebrates, plants, and small vertebrates that inhabited eastern Europe during the warmer, subtropical conditions of the middle Eocene. It is the largest world's single largest repository of fossil insects.^[451]^[452]^[453]^[454]
Kishenehn Formation^[455]	46.2 Ma	Montana, US	A Middle Eocene site preserving exquisitely detailed insect specimens in oil shale. Hemoglobin-derived proteins have been found associated with a blood-engorged mosquito.^[456]
Mahenge Formation	46 Ma	Tanzania	A terrestrial Middle Eocene maar lagerstätte preserving fish, plant and arthropod fossils.^[457]^[458]
Eckfeld Maar^[459]	45-44 Ma^[460]	Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany	A maar lagerstätte that preserves extensive flora, as well as insects. Horses have also been recovered within the site.^[461]
Quercy Phosphorites Formation^[462]	45-25 Ma	Occitania, France	This site qualifies as a lagerstätte because beside a large variety of mammals, birds, turtles, crocodiles, flora and insects, it also preserves the soft tissues of amphibians and squamates, in addition to their articulated skeleton in what has been called natural mummies.
Na Duong	Priabonian	Vietnam	A Late Eocene site notable for its highly detailed coprolite preservation.^[463]
Bitterfeld amber	38-34 Ma	Saxony, Germany	One of three major Paleogene deposits of European amber, this deposit of the Cottbus Formation shares a similar biota to the Baltic Amber, indicating a concurrent formation, but appears to have a geologically distinct origin from Baltic amber.^[454]
Rovno amber	38-34 Ma	Rivne Oblast, Ukraine & Gomel, Belarus	One of three major Paleogene deposits of European amber, this deposit of the Obukhov Formation preserves a high diversity of invertebrates, many of which are shared with the Baltic amber but others of which are unique. A drier habitat compared to the Baltic amber is suggested based on some of the insect taxa preserved.^[451]
Florissant Formation	34 Ma	Colorado, US	A late Eocene (Priabonian) aged site that is noted for the finely preserved plant and insect paleobiota. Fossils are preserved in diatom blooms of a lahar dammed lake system and the formation is noted for the petrified stumps of Sequoia affinis
Bembridge Marls^[464]	34 Ma	Isle of Wight, UK	A limestone that fossilizes insects, including thrips, hemipterans. These animals were most-likely deposited in a lagoonal environment with possible influence from rivers.^[464]^[465]
Keasey Formation^[466]	33.5-33 Ma	Oregon, US	A near-shore shelf slope with volcanic influences. The site preserves articulated crinoid specimens in exceptional detail.
Babaheidar (Pabdeh Formation)	late Eocene/early Oligocene	Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran	A well-preserved marine fossil site in the Zagros Mountains with thousands of known fish fossils, as well as plants, crustaceans, insects, and birds.^[467]
Tremembé Formation	30-25 Ma	São Paulo, Brazil	A Late Oligocene-aged freshwater lake deposit, containing well-preserved fossil fishes.^[468]
Menilite Formation	Early Oligocene	Poland	A deep-sea flysch deposit along the Carpathian Mountains, originally deposited in the Paratethys Sea with exceptionally preserved deepwater fish fossils and microbial mats.^[469]
Canyon Ferry Reservoir	32.0 ± 0.1 Ma	Montana, US	A diverse Early Oligocene plant and insect fossil site.^[471]
Luberon (Campagne-Calavon Formation)	~30 Ma	Cereste, France	A group of early Oligocene localities deposited along a large freshwater lake, preserving the fossils of plants, insects, fish, and terrestrial vertebrates, often with articulated skeletons, skin outlines, feathers, and original pigmentation patterns.^[472]
Rauenberg Lagerstätte	30 Ma	Baden-Württemberg, Germany	A marine fossil site with an Arctic-like invertebrate fauna and a Paratethyan vertebrate fauna displaying evidence of intermittent anoxia.^[473]
Bechlejovice Lagerstätte^[450]	27 Ma^[474]	Upper Bohemia, Czech Republic	A volcanically influenced lacustrine deposit with a diverse record of plants and invertebrates.^[475]^[476]
Sieblos Lagerstätte^[477]	Rupelian	Hesse, Germany	A site that has produced fossil fish, frogs, crocodiles, snakes, birds, bats, gastropod and rare dinoflagilate fosssils.
Sangtang Lagerstätte	~28 – 23 Ma	Guangxi, China	A section of the Late Oligocene Yongning Formation with one of the very few known Cenozoic assemblages of mummified plant fossils,^[478] including mummified fruits.^[479]^[480]^[481]
Enspel Lagerstätte	24.79-24.56 Ma	Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany	A Chattian maar deposit famous for its insect fossils.^[482]
Aix-en-Provence Formation	~24 Ma	Provence, France	A terminal Oligocene brackish palaeoenvironment. Fossils of fish, insects, plants, crustaceans, jellyfish, and amphibians have been recovered from the formation.^[483]
Rott Lagerstätte^[484]	Chattian	North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany	A species rich maar site known for its preservation of insects, fish, and plants.

Neogene

Site(s)	Age	Location	Significance
Dominican amber	30–10 Ma	Dominican Republic	Dominican amber differentiates itself from Baltic amber by being nearly always transparent, and it has a higher number of fossil inclusions. This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest.^[485]
Riversleigh	25–15 Ma	Queensland, Australia	This locality is recognised for the series of well preserved fossils deposited from the Late Oligocene to the Miocene. The fossiliferous limestone system is located near the Gregory River in the north-west of Queensland, an environment that was once a very wet rainforest that became more arid as the Gondwanan land masses separated and the Australian continent moved north.
Foulden Maar	23 Ma	Otago, New Zealand	These layers of diatomite have preserved exceptional fossils of fish from the crater lake, and plants, spiders, and insects from the sub-tropical forest that developed around the crater,^[486] along with in situ pollen.^[487]
Ebelsberg Formation	23-22 Ma	Upper Austria, Austria	This Aquitanian-aged konservat-lagerstätte records an exceptional fossil assemblage of an enormous number of plants, fish, marine mammals, and marine invertebrates from a section of the central Paratethys Sea.^[488]
Chiapas amber	23-15 Ma	Chiapas, Mexico^[489]	As with other ambers, a wide variety of taxa have been found as inclusions including insects and other arthropods, as well as plant fragments and epiphyllous fungi.
Clarkia fossil beds	20-17 Ma	Idaho, US	The Clarkia fossil beds site is best known for its fossil leaves. Their preservation is exquisite; fresh leaves are unfossilized, and sometimes retain their fall colors before rapidly oxidizing in air. It has been reported that scientists have managed to isolate small amounts of ancient DNA from fossil leaves from this site. However, other scientists are skeptical of the validity of this reported occurrence of Miocene DNA.
Rubielos de Mora Basin^[490]^[491]	20-16	Province of Teruel, Spain	A lacustrine mudstone deposit known for its preservation of insects, including those with patterning still present. Amphibians with preserved soft tissues, like gills have also been recovered.
Barstow Formation	19–13.4 Ma	California, US	The sediments are fluvial and lacustrine in origin except for nine layers of rhyolitic tuff. It is well known for its abundant vertebrate fossils including bones, teeth and footprints. The formation is also renowned for the fossiliferous concretions in its upper member, which contain three-dimensionally preserved arthropods.
Shanwang Formation	18-17 Ma	Shandong Province, China	Fossils have been found at this site in dozens of categories, representing over 600 separate species. Animal fossils include insects, fish, spiders, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals. Insect fossils have clear, intact veins. Some have retained beautiful colours.
Morozaki Group^[492]	18-17 Ma	Aichi Prefecture, Japan	Known from well-preserved deep sea fauna including fish, starfish and arthropods like crabs, shrimps and giant amphipods.
Randeck Maar^[493]	17-15 Ma	Baden-Württemberg, Germany	A maar lagerstatte from the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum. At the time it would have been a lake only slightly above sea level. Plants, insects, ostracods, arachnids, fish, amphibians, and other vertebrate remains have been recovered.
Sandelzhausen Lagerstätte	16 Ma	Bavaria, Germany	A Middle Miocene vertebrate locality.^[494]
McGraths Flat	~16-11 Ma	NSW, Australia	Deposited in unusual conditions that record microscopic details of soft tissues and delicate structures. Fossil evidence of animals with soft bodies, unlike the bones of mammals and reptiles, is rare in Australia, and discoveries at McGraths' Flat have revealed unknown species of invertebrates such as insects and spiders.^[495]
Ballast Brook Formation^[496]	Middle Miocene	Banks Island, Northwest Territories, Canada	A high-latitude lacustrine deposit that preserves conifer forest leaf litter down to the molecular level. It has been compared to the deposits at Clarkia, Iceberg Bay, and Buchanan Lake Formations.
Dolnja Stara	~15 Ma	Slovenia	A barnacle fossil site preserving barnacles shortly after settlement attached to mangrove leaves.^[497]
Pisco Formation	15-2 Ma	Arequipa & Ica, Peru	Several specialists consider the Pisco Formation one of the most important lagerstätten, based on the large amount of exceptionally preserved marine fossils, including sharks (most notably megalodon), penguins, whales, dolphins, birds, marine crocodiles and aquatic giant sloths.
Hindon Maar	14.6 Ma	New Zealand	A maar preserving a Southern Hemisphere lake-forest ecosystem, including body fossils of plants, insects, fish, and birds,^[498] along with in situ pollen^[487] and coprolites of both fish and birds.^[498]
Paleolake Boreas^[499]	14 Ma	Antarctica	An ancient high latitude lake that preserves ostracods, including their soft tissue anatomy. During deposition, the region probably experienced tundra conditions.
La Venta (apart of the Honda Group)^[500]	13.8–11.8 Ma	Colombia	A konzentrat-lagerstätte known for its diverse assemblage of neotropical fauna from the middle Miocene, including glyptodonts, notoungulates, and ground sloths.
Ngorora Formation	13.3-9 Ma	Tanzania	The alkaline palaeolake deposits of the Ngorora Formation contains articulated fish fossils that died en masse from asphyxiation during episodic ash falls or from rapid acidification.^[501]
Dolnja Stara vas Lagerstätte^[502]	13.5 Ma	Slovenia	A shallow water lagoon site with nearby mangrove forest. Preserves highly detailed barnacles and plant associations.
Öhningen Maar	13 Ma	Baden-Württemberg, Germany	This unit of the Upper Freshwater-Molasse contains a former crater lake that has produced long-renowned fossils for centuries, including several foundational to the science of paleontology. About 1,500 species have been described from these deposits.^[503]
Pi Gros	13 Ma	Catalonia, Spain	An ichnofossil lagerstätte containing annelid, mollusc, and sponge trace fossils. The fossil site no longer exists due to having been quarried for the construction of an industrial park.^[504]
Ville di Montecoronaro (Verghereto marls)^[505]	Serravallian-Tortonian	Emilia-Romagna, Italy	An ichnofossil lagerstätte that contains 43 ichnotaxa.
Bullock Creek	12 Ma	Northern Territory, Australia	Among the fossils at the Bullock Creek site have been found complete marsupial crania with delicate structures intact. New significant taxa identified from the Bullock Creek mid Miocene include a new genus of crocodile, Baru (Baru darrowi), a primitive true kangaroo, Nambaroo, with high-crowned lophodont teeth; and a new species of giant horned tortoise, Meiolania. New marsupial lion, thylacine, and dasyurid material has also been recovered.
Tunjice	? (Middle Miocene)	Slovenia	This site is known worldwide for the earliest fossil records of seahorses.^[506]
Ashfall Fossil Beds	11.83 Ma	Nebraska, US	The Ashfall Fossil Beds of Antelope County in northeastern Nebraska are rare fossil sites of the type called lagerstätten that, due to extraordinary local conditions, capture an ecological "snapshot" in time of a range of well-preserved fossilized organisms. Ash from a Yellowstone hotspot eruption 10-12 million years ago created these fossilized bone beds.
Höwenegg^[507]	~10 Ma	Baden-Württemberg, Germany	A Miocene maar site^[508] that has produced fossil fish, turtles, and mammals.^[509]
Mikrotia fauna^[510]	9.0-5.5 Ma	Gargano, Italy	A site where miocene mammals and birds fell through fissures in Jurassic rocks, leading to massive collections of well-preserved animals.
Tresjuncos Lagerstätte	9.0-5.3 Ma	Castilla–La Mancha, Spain	A Late Miocene lacustrine konservat-lagerstätte containing fossils of diatoms, plants, crustaceans, insects, and amphibians.^[511]
Alcoota Fossil Beds	8 Ma	Northern Territory, Australia	It is notable for the occurrence of well-preserved, rare, Miocene vertebrate fossils, which provide evidence of the evolution of the Northern Territory's fauna and climate. The Alcoota Fossil Beds are also significant as a research and teaching site for palaeontology students.
Saint-Bauzile Lagerstätte	7.6-7.2 Ma	Ardèche, France	A Late Miocene site preserving articulated mammal skeletons with skin and fur impressions.^[512]
Capo San Marco Formation	~7 Ma	Sardinia, Italy	A microbialite containing exceptionally preserved Girvanella-type filaments.^[513]
Libros	Late Miocene	Teruel, Spain	A Late Miocene lacustrine lagerstätte located inside a sulfur mine, including well-preserved remains of frogs, as well as beavers, birds, snake, insects, arachnids, and plant remains.^[514]
Balatino 3B^[515]	Messinian	Piedmont, Italy	Numerous insects, including dragonfly nymphs preserved in 3d trapped inside transparent gypsum crystals.
Sainte-Reine lagerstätte^[516]	Messinian	Murat, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France	A maar site that has produced mainly fossil insects including bees and lacewings.^[517]
Almanzora Member^[518]	Mid-UppperPliocene	Almería, Spain	A site that showcases the biota that recolonized the Mediterranean Sea after the Messinian Salinity Crisis. Fish remains, flowers, ctenophores, and coprolites have been recovered from the site.
Gray Fossil Site	4.9-4.5 Ma	Tennessee, US	As the first site of its age known from the Appalachian region, the Gray Fossil Site is a unique window into the past. Research at the site has yielded many surprising discoveries, including new species of red panda, rhinoceros, pond turtle, hickory tree, and more. The site also hosts the world's largest known assemblage of fossil tapirs.
Camp dels Ninots lagerstätte^[519]	3.3-3.1 Ma	Caldes de Malavella, Spain	A maar site that preserves large mammalian megafauna, as well as turtles, amphibians, and plants.
Willershausen Lagerstätte	3 Ma^[520]	Lower Saxony, Germany	A lacustrine fossil site containing well preserved beetles.^[521]

Quaternary

Site(s)	Age	Location	Significance
Shiobara Group	774-129 Ka (Chibanian)	Tochigi Prefecture, Japan	A lacustrine environment that preserves fossilized leaves, flowers, insects, arachnids, mammals, amphibians, and diatoms.
The Mammoth Site	26 Ka	South Dakota, US	The facility encloses a prehistoric sinkhole that formed and was slowly filled with sediments during the Pleistocene era. As of 2016, the remains of 61 mammoths, including 58 North American Columbian and 3 woolly mammoths had been recovered. Mammoth bones were found at the site in 1974, and a museum and building enclosing the site were established.
Rancho La Brea Tar Pits	40–12 Ka	California, US	A group of tar pits where natural asphalt (also called asphaltum, bitumen, or pitch; brea in Spanish) has seeped up from the ground for tens of thousands of years. Over many centuries, the bones of trapped animals have been preserved. Among the prehistoric species associated with the La Brea Tar Pits are Pleistocene mammoths, dire wolves, short-faced bears, American lions, ground sloths, and, the state fossil of California, the saber-toothed cat (Smilodon fatalis).
Waco Mammoth National Monument	65–51 Ka	Texas, US	A paleontological site and museum in Waco, Texas, United States where fossils of 24 Columbian mammoths (Mammuthus columbi) and other mammals from the Pleistocene Epoch have been uncovered. The site is the largest known concentration of mammoths dying from a (possibly) reoccurring event, which is believed to have been a flash flood.
El Breal de Orocual	2.5–1 Ma	Monagas, Venezuela	The largest asphalt well on the planet. Like the La Brea Tar Pits, this site preserves a number of megafauna like toxodonts, glyptodonts, camelids, and the felid Homotherium venezuelensis.
El Mene de Inciarte	28–25.5 Ka	Zulia, Venezuela	Another series of tar pits. These also preserve a similar assemblage of megafauna.
Naracoorte Caves	500-1 Ka	South Australia, Australia	A series of caves that preserve numerous pleistocene megafauna, like Thylacoleo, and is recognized as a World heritage site alongside the older, but geographically similar Riversleigh site.
Mallorca Aeolianites^[522]	Late Pleistocene	Mallorca, Baleares, Spain	Sand dunes that preserve fossilized trackways of the genus Myotragus.
Mare aux Songes	4 Ka	Mauritius, France	A marsh that preserves a diversity of subfossil animals and plants, many of which were driven to extinction without proper documentation following human arrival, most notably the famous dodo. The mortality assemblages may have formed from a freshwater lake that was occasionally impacted by catastrophic droughts.^[523]
Crawford Lake	800 Ya-present	Ontario, Canada	This lake is notable for its detailed preservation of rotifer and dinoflagellate fossils even after centuries, documenting the ecological shifts that occurred in and around the lake following the establishment of a Iroquoian village from 1268 to 1486 CE, and later following European colonization of the region in the early 19th century.^[524]

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