Destruction of Kurdish villages during the Iraqi Arabization campaign
| Kurdish genocide in Ba'athist Iraq | |
|---|---|
| Part of Ba'athist Iraq era | |
Street View of Rizgary - Former Sumud Relocation Camp for Anfal Genocide Survivors - Kurdistan - Iraq | |
| Location | Iraq |
| Date | 1978 - 2003 |
| Target | Kurds |
Attack type | Genocide, ethnic cleansing, mass murder, deportation, chemical warfare, enforced disappearance, counterinsurgency, starvation |
| Deaths | 1978–2003: 133,900 to 368,100
|
| Perpetrators | Ba'athist Iraq |
| Motive | Counterinsurgency, Anti-Kurdish sentiment, Arabization |
Kurdish villages were razed by the Ba'athist Iraqi government during its "Arabization campaign" of areas excluded from Kurdistan under the Iraqi–Kurdish Autonomy Agreement of 1970.
The International Association of Genocide Scholars called the Ba'athist attacks on Kurds genocide.[7]
History
Some 4,000 villages were destroyed from 1975 until the end of the Al-Anfal Campaign in the late 1980s.[8][9]
During the mid-1970s, hundreds of Kurdish villages were destroyed in the northern governorates of Ninawa and Duhok (Shorsh Resool estimate: 369), and around 150 in Diyala (Shorsh Resool estimate: 154).[10]
In 1977–78, in response to the 1975 Algiers Agreement, Iraq began clearing swaths of land along its northern border with Iran. During the first waves of clearances, residents were given five days to leave their homes and as many as 500 villages were then destroyed, mostly in the As Sulaymaniyah Governorate.[11]
The persecution of Feyli Kurds under Saddam Hussein[12][13] was a systematic persecution of Feylis by Saddam Hussein’s regime between 1970 and 2003. An estimated 300,000–500,000[14] Feyli Kurds had been deported to Iran as a result of the persecution campaigns and at least 25,000[2][15] Feyli Kurds have disappeared. Their remains have not been found.
In July and August 1983, by the orders of President Saddam Hussein[16] over 8,000 men and boys of the Barzani tribe, some as young as 13, were killed by the Ba'athist Iraq.[3][17]
In the spring of 1987, Ali Hassan al-Majid instructed that "no house was to be left standing" in the Kurdish villages of the Erbil plain. Only Arab villages would be spared.[18] On October 17, 1987 a population census was conducted, in which respondents could only choose "Arab" or "Kurdish" as their nationality; anyone who refused to identify as "Arab" (including minorities such as Assyrians, Turkmens and Yazidis) was labeled "Kurdish" regardless of ethnicity, and when the Al-Anfal Campaign was officially launched several months later, all non-Arabs were targeted.[19] The total of Kurdish villages that were destroyed during the 1987–1989 Al-Anfal Campaign is estimated to be 2,000.[20]
1.5 million Kurds were displaced during the 1991 uprisings in Iraq[21] with cities like Tuz Khormato having a rate of displacement as high as 90%; at least 48,400[6] Kurds starved to death due to displacements possibly 140,600.[6]
Major population damaging events
- 1970s Ba'athist Arabization campaigns in North Iraq
- 1980s Feyli Kurdish genocide
- 1983 Barzani clan massacre
- 1986-1989 Anfal genocide
- 1991 Kurdish refugee crisis
Resettlement
In late 1991, the international community launched a large-scale project to reconstruct housing in 1,500 of the 4,000 destroyed villages of northern Iraq.[9]
See also
References
- ^ a b Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates. https://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB14.1C.GIF row 1313 and 1314 1,000,000 and 10,000 to 2,000,000 and 100,000 Kurds were displaced and killed respectively between 1963 and 1987; 250,000 of them in 1977 and 1978. If deaths are proportional to the displacement then 2,500 to 12,500 Kurds would have died during this period depending on the scale of overall displacement and deaths used. to 12,500
- ^ a b Jaffar Al-Faylee, Zaki (2010). Tareekh Al-Kurd Al-Faylyoon. Beirut. pp. 485, 499–501.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b "From Blueprint to Genocide?" (PDF). drmohammedihsan.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-01-09.
- ^ Black, George (1993). Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign Against the Kurds. Human Rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-108-4. p. 345
- ^ Makiya, Kanan (1994). Cruelty and Silence: War, Tyranny, Uprising, and the Arab World. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. 163–168. ISBN 9780393311419.
- ^ a b c d 1,000 deaths per day in April, May and June along Turkish border a - "Iraqi Deaths from the Gulf War as of April 1992," Greenpeace, Washington, D.C. See also "Aftermath of War: The Persian Gulf War Refugee Crisis," Staff Report to the Senate Judiciary Committee's Subcommittee on Immigration and Refugee Affairs, May 20, 1991. The figure of nearly 1,000 deaths per day is also given in "Kurdistan in the Time of Saddam Hussein," Staff Report to the U.S. Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, November 1991, p.14. "hundreds" (100 to 900?) died per day along Iranian border b - Kurdish Refugees Straggle Into Iran, Followed By Tragedy, Associated Press, Apr 13, 1991 1,100 to 1,900 (a + b) deaths per day from at least April 13th (b) up to between May 1st and May 31st (a ); which suggests 44 to 74 days: 1,100(44)= 48,400 1,900(74)= 140,600 Routine calculations Routine calculations do not count as original research, provided there is consensus among editors that the result of the calculation is obvious, correct, and a meaningful reflection of the sources. Basic arithmetic, such as adding numbers, converting units, or calculating a person's age are some examples of routine calculations. See also Category:Conversion templates.
- ^ "IAGS Resolution on Kurdish Genocide" (PDF). International Association of Genocide Scholars. November 2023.
- ^ Black, George. Genocide in Iraq: The Anfal Campaign against the Kurds, Human Rights Watch, 1993. pg. xii, 20. ISBN 1-56432-108-8
- ^ a b Roberta Cohen, Francis Mading Deng. Masses in Flight: The Global Crisis of Internal Displacement, Brookings Institution Press, 1998, pg. 63. ISBN 0-8157-1512-9
- ^ Black, George. (1993). pg. 36.
- ^ Black, George. (1993). pg. 37.
- ^ "From Crisis to Catastrophe: The Situation of Minorities in Iraq" (PDF). UN Treaty Body Internet Database: 5. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
- ^ Barzani, Masrour (2024). KRG Prime Minister Commemorates the 44th Anniversary of the Feyli Kurdish Genocide. Kurdistan Regional Government.
- ^ "Faili kurds". 6 November 2017.
- ^ Al-Hakeem, Dr. Sahib (2003). Untold stories of more than 4000 women raped killed and tortured in Iraq, the country of mass graves. pp. 489–492.
- ^ "Saddam Hussein confirms the execution of the Barzanis". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-19.
- ^ "Various waves of Kurdish genocide". uk.gov.krd. Archived from the original on 2017-09-01.
- ^ Black, George, (1993) pg. 58.
- ^ Romano, David; Gurses, Mehmet (2014). Conflict, Democratization, and the Kurds in the Middle East: Turkey, Iran, Iraq, and Syria. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 51. ISBN 9781137409997. Retrieved December 7, 2015.
- ^ Black, George. (1993). pg. 4.
- ^ Kurds say Iraq's attacks serve as a warning, Christian Science Monitor, May 13, 2002
