Kalnad Hole
| Kalnad Hole | |
|---|---|
Location of Kalnad Hole in Kerala | |
| Location | |
| Country | India |
| State | Kerala |
| District | Kasaragod district |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • location | Kalnad Hills, Kasaragod district |
| • coordinates | 12.3833°N 75.1333°E |
| • elevation | 180 m |
| Mouth | Chandragiri River |
• location | Near Kalnad village, Hosdurg taluk |
• coordinates | 12°21′00″N 75°05′00″E / 12.35000°N 75.08333°E |
• elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Length | 10 km (6.2 mi) |
| Basin size | 42 km2 (16 sq mi) |
| Basin features | |
| Cities | Kalnad |
Kalnad Hole is a minor perennial stream and right-bank tributary of the Chandragiri River in Kasaragod district, Kerala, India.[1] It originates in the low hills near Kalnad village and flows approximately 10 km through agricultural landscapes before joining the Chandragiri near Hosdurg taluk.[2]
Course
Kalnad Hole drains a small basin of about 42 km², covering parts of Badiadka and Kumbala panchayats.[3] It supports local irrigation via a minor check dam.[4]
Ecology
The Kalnad Hole flows through low-lying agricultural plains with riparian vegetation including coconut groves, bamboo thickets, and moist deciduous forests common in northern Kerala's Western Ghats foothills.[5] Aquatic life features native fish such as mahseer and carps, supporting small-scale fisheries, though seasonal monsoons can cause low oxygen levels and habitat stress.[6] Conservation focuses on riparian protection against agricultural runoff and erosion, through eco-development programs in the Chandragiri basin.[7]
References
- ^ "River System". Irrigation Design and Research Board, Government of Kerala. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
- ^ "About District". Kasaragod District Administration. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
- ^ "Kasaragod District Panchayat Profile" (PDF). Local Self Government Department, Government of Kerala. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
- ^ "Minor Irrigation Schemes". Irrigation Department, Government of Kerala. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
- ^ "Mogral, Chandragiri and Chittari Rivers". Environmental Information System, Kerala State Council for Science, Technology and Environment. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
- ^ "Aquatic Ecosystems in Kerala". Kerala Forest Department, Government of Kerala. Retrieved 2 November 2025.
- ^ "Eco-Development Committees". Kerala Forest Department, Government of Kerala. Retrieved 2 November 2025.