Kaerikumo Castle

Kaerikumo Castle (帰雲城, Kaerikumo-jō / Kaerigumo-jō / Kiun-jō) is a castle that is said to have existed in Shirakawa village in the Hida region, Japan, from the end of the Muromachi period to the end of the Azuchi-Momoyama period.

History

According to Binkōki and other historical sources, Kaerikumo Castle is said to have actually existed in Shirakawa village.[1][2][3]: 48–49 [4] Binkōki is a hagiograph in which the leaders of Hida Ikkō Ikki sect, including Myōshin, the name of Kijumaru (see below) changed his name to, are celebrated.[5]

Kaerikumo Castle served as the castle of three generations and four castle lords of the Uchigashima clan, the family conquered the most mountainous north-west part of Hida Province for 120 years from the end of the Muromachi period to the end of the Azuchi-Momoyama period.[1][4][6] The first generation and the first lord Shōkan Tameuji of Uchigashima received orders from Ashikaga Yoshimasa, the 8th Shogun of the Muromachi Shogunate, to conquer Shirakawa and built a castle at Makito (located north of now Miboro Dam) in 1460.[1][3]: 8–10  He then went north and built another castle.[1] This was Kaerikumo Castle.[1]

Tameuji, using Kaerikumo Castle as his base, expanded his army and brought the west half of Hida and the southern part of Etchū under his control.[1][2][3]: 8–10, 48–49  Tameuji and his son, Kōzuke-no-suke Masauji, fought against Shōren-ji Temple, Hida Ikkō Ikki force.[3]: 11–15 [5] Tameuji was in conflict with Shōren-ji's leaders, brothers Shōren-ji Kyōshin and Akinori, and killed the latter.[3]: 11–15 [5] Akinori's son, Kijumaru, fled to Eiheiji Temple with his mother and grew up there.[3]: 15–17 [5]

In 1501, Kijumaru, now 15 years old, came to the castle every day to avenge the deaths of his father and uncle, and asked to meet with Tameuji, but Tameuji refused.[3]: 20–24  According to a folk song passed down in Shirakawa village, Kijumaru was a facsinating man.[7] The details are unknown, but later married Tameuji's granddaughter and, with Hongan-ji Temple's mediation, Kijumaru and Tameuji were reconciled.[3]: 20–24 [5] Kijumaru and Tameuji's granddaughter re-established Shōren-ji Temple.[3]: 20–24 [7][5] However, since there is no other evidence other than Binkōki regarding the circumstances surrounding the revival of Shōren-ji Temple, it is difficult to know what actually happened.[5]

Burried by Earthquake

At around 11:00 p.m. on November 29, 13rd year of Tenshō (January 18, 1586 in the Gregorian calendar), a massive earthquake struck a wide area of Tokai, Hokuriku, and Kinki.[1][6] This earthquake is now called 1586 Tenshō earthquake or Hakusan huge earthquake.[1][8]

The earthquake caused a massive collapse of a mountain on the right (or left) bank of the Shogawa River.[1] According to Binkōki, Diary of Uno Mondo, Kyōmonbō documents and other historical sources, Kaerikumo Castle and its castle town were buried by a landslide caused by the mountain collapse.[1][8]

According to historical sources, the castle and 300 houses were buried under the rubble, and an estimated from 1,200 to 1,500 and more people, including all but four members of the clan, as well as all their cattle and horses, were killed.[1][4][8] On the day the earthquake occurred, a celebration was being held to celebrate Hashiba Hideyoshi's confirmation of the clan's territory, and almost all of Uchigashima clan members were present in the castle.[1][4][8]

The tragedy of Kaerikumo Castle, in which the entire clan and retainers were wiped out overnight, was told to others by four people who happened to be in other countries at the time for business or other reason.[1][8] One of the four was Kyōmonbō, a Buddhist monk and the younger brother of the last castle lord, Uchigashima Ujimasa.[1][8] Kyōmonbō later left behind documents relating to this earthquake.[1][8]

The exact location of the castle is still unknown, because excavation surveys are difficult, and the place names recorded in documents differ from the current names.[1][4][8] The mountain now called Sampōkuzure was also called Kaerikumo at the time.[1][4][8] The collapse of part of this mountain formed what is now called Mt. Kaerikumo.[1] The area, which was called Kaerikumo in the Middle Ages, came to be called Hokiwaki in the Edo period, a name that has been passed down to the present day.[1] Hokiwaki means "near the cliff".[1] This indicates that the topography of the area was completely changed by the earthquake.[1]

There was a gold mine in Uchigashima clan's territory, so there is a legend that gold bars are buried on the site of Kaerikumo Castle.[4] However, this is not based on the traditions of Shirakawa village, but was clearly fabricated by a man in Osaka in the 1970s.[4]

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u "幻の帰雲城". 白川村役場. 2012-09-28. Retrieved 2025-11-21.
  2. ^ a b 『飛騨白川郷異聞』（時任為文 著、郷土資料調査会、昭和8年）(Tokitō Tamebumi (1933). Hida Shirakawa-gō Ibun. pp. 23–24.)
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i 『岷江記 : 附・照蓮寺遺聞拾録』（飛騨真宗史編纂会 編、住伊書店、昭和10年）(Historiographical Committee of Jōdo Shinshū in Hida, ed. (1935). Binkōki.)
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h 森本一雄 (1987-09-15). 定本 飛騨の城. 郷土出版社. pp. 91–94. doi:10.11501/13275238.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g 梅山, 秀幸「飛騨照蓮寺始末 : 『毛坊主考』疑義(三)」『岐阜協立大学論集』第35巻第1号 (Umeyama, Hideyuki (2001-10-30). "L'histoire du Shorenji de Hida : un nouvel éclairage sur les opinions que Yanaghida Kunio a éxprimées dans son < Kebozuko > (3)". The journal of Gifu Kyoritsu University. 35 (1).)
  6. ^ a b 安達正雄 (1977). "白山大地震により埋没した「帰雲城」と「木舟城」—第2報 両城主の家系図の検討—". 日本海学会誌 (1). doi:10.11501/2228246.
  7. ^ a b "こだいじん". 白川村役場. 2018-11-01. Retrieved 2025-11-21.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i 安達正雄 (1979). "白山大地震により埋没した「帰雲城」と「木舟城」—第6報 両城主をめぐる地震の被害、震度分布、余震等について—". 日本海学会誌 (3). doi:10.11501/2228248/1/34.
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