John Vaughan (British Army officer, died 1795)

For other people named John Vaughan, see John Vaughan (disambiguation).

The Honourable
Sir John Vaughan
KB
Posthumous illustration of Sir John Vaughan (1890) by Albert Rosenthal
Member of Parliament
for Berwick-upon-Tweed
In office
1774–1795
Member of Parliament
for St Johnstown
In office
1776–1783
Personal details
Bornc.1731
Died30 June 1795
Martinique, French First Republic
Resting placeMamhead, Devon
PartyWhig
Parents
OccupationSoldier and politician
Military service
AllegianceKingdom of Great Britain
Branch/serviceBritish Army
Years of service1748–1795
RankLieutenant-general
Unit10th Dragoons
Commands94th Regiment of Foot
16th Regiment of Foot
46th Regiment of Foot
Leeward Islands
Windward Islands
Battles/wars

Lieutenant-General Sir John Vaughan KB (c. 1731 – 30 June 1795), styled The Honourable from 1741, was a British soldier and a Member of Parliament in both the British and Irish Parliaments. During the American Revolutionary War he served in both the American and West Indies theaters.

Background and early career

Further information: Great Britain in the Seven Years' War

Vaughan was the second son of the 3rd Viscount Lisburne.[1] He began his military career as an officer in the 9th Marines, being commissioned as a second lieutenant in 1746;[2] he transferred to the 10th Dragoons as a cornet in 1748, and was promoted to lieutenant in 1751, captain-lieutenant in 1754, and major in 1759.[3]

In 1760, he became a lieutenant-colonel in the 94th Foot, and he held the same rank in the 16th Foot from 1762.[4] He served in both Germany and North America during the Seven Years' War, leading a division of grenadiers with distinction at the capture of Martinique.[5]

In 1772, he was promoted to colonel, and from 1775 until his death he served as Colonel of the 46th Foot.[6]

Member of Parliament

Vaughan entered the British Parliament in 1774 as member for Berwick-upon-Tweed, holding the seat for the remaining twenty years of his life. From 1776 to 1783, he was also a member of the Irish Parliament.[7] There he represented St Johnstown (County Longford).

He was appointed Governor of Fort William in 1779 and then, in 1780, as Governor of Berwick, also holding this post until his death, although it did not interfere with his active military career.

Vaughan was a reliable supporter of the government when in the House of Commons, until the end of the American Revolutionary War.[7] At the 1780 election the government's election managers considered trying to replace him temporarily as Berwick's MP by someone who would be able to attend and vote, but the borough's patrons would have none of it and he was returned unopposed.

American War of Independence

Following the outbreak of the American War of Independence, Vaughan returned to North America as a Major-General, serving from 1776 until 1779.[8]

He led the grenadiers at the Battle of Long Island and was wounded in the thigh.[9] He commanded a column at the Battle of Short Hills in New Jersey in July 1777,[10] and he also commanded a column during the successful assault on Fort Clinton and Fort Montgomery, where his horse was killed under him.[11]

In 1779, he returned to England but was immediately appointed Commander-in-Chief in the Leeward Islands.[12]

Fourth Anglo-Dutch War

Vaughan served in the West Indies from 1779 until 1782,[13] taking a leading part in Rodney's Capture of St Eustatius in 1781,[14] a successful campaign aimed at neutralizing the Dutch port used to store and ship supplies to the American colonists during their Revolutionary War.[15]

Later in the year he was accused of embezzling the property confiscated at St Eustatius, and was forced to defend himself against Burke's attack in Parliament, stating that he had not profited by a shilling and had always acted in the national interest.[16] He was promoted to Lieutenant General in 1782.[17][18]

Later life

In 1792, he was appointed a Knight of the Bath (KB). In 1795, he was again assigned to command in the Leeward Islands, but died later that year at Martinique.[19][20]

References

  1. ^ Thomas, Peter D. G. "Vaughan, Sir John (c. 1731–1795)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28136. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
  2. ^ R. H., "Vaughan, John (1748?–1795)", in Sidney Lee (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 58 (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1885–1900).
  3. ^ Thomas, Peter D. G. "Vaughan, Sir John (c. 1731–1795)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28136. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
  4. ^ R. H., "Vaughan, John (1748?–1795)", Dictionary of National Biography.
  5. ^ Jameson, J. Franklin (1903). "St. Eustatius in the American Revolution". The American Historical Review. 8 (4): 684.
  6. ^ Thomas, Peter D. G. "Vaughan, Sir John (c. 1731–1795)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/28136. (Subscription, Wikipedia Library access or UK public library membership required.)
  7. ^ a b "Vaughan, Hon. John (c.1731-95)., History of Parliament Online". www.historyofparliamentonline.org.
  8. ^ R. H., "Vaughan, John (1748?–1795)", in Sidney Lee (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 58 (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1885–1900).
  9. ^ Jameson, J. Franklin (1903). "St. Eustatius in the American Revolution". The American Historical Review. 8 (4): 685.
  10. ^ Jameson, J. Franklin (1903). "St. Eustatius in the American Revolution". The American Historical Review. 8 (4): 686.
  11. ^ Jameson, J. Franklin (1903). "St. Eustatius in the American Revolution". The American Historical Review. 8 (4): 687.
  12. ^ R. H., "Vaughan, John (1748?–1795)", Dictionary of National Biography.
  13. ^ R. H., "Vaughan, John (1748?–1795)", in Sidney Lee (ed.), Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 58 (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1885–1900).
  14. ^ Jameson, J. Franklin (1903). "St. Eustatius in the American Revolution". The American Historical Review. 8 (4): 683–708.
  15. ^ "Capture of Sint Eustatius". Wikipedia. Retrieved DATE.
  16. ^ Jameson, J. Franklin (1903). "St. Eustatius in the American Revolution". The American Historical Review. 8 (4): 700–706.
  17. ^ R. H., "Vaughan, John (1748?–1795)", Dictionary of National Biography.
  18. ^ Jameson, 1903, pp. 683–708
  19. ^ R. H., “Vaughan, John (1748?–1795)”, *Dictionary of National Biography*, 1885-1900, vol. 58.
  20. ^ “Vaughan, John (c. 1731-1795)”, *Encyclopedia of the American Revolution: Library of Military History*, via Encyclopedia.com.

Sources

  • Jameson, J. Franklin (July 1903). "St. Eustatius in the American Revolution". The American Historical Review. 8 (4). Oxford University Press on behalf of the American Historical Association: 683–708. doi:10.2307/1834346. JSTOR 1834346.
  • Robert Beatson, A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807) [1]
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