Idriss Déby's government

Idriss Déby's government governed Chad from 1990 to 2021. It ended with the death of the president in 2021.[1]

Beginnings

Following the 1990 Chadian coup d'état, Déby became the head of the Chadian provisional government. On February 28, 1991, the Patriotic Salvation Movement (MPS) approved a national charter that promised the return of a multi-party system[2] and appointed Déby president. Continued clashes with rebel groups[3] preceded a 1993 national charter that reaffirmed Déby's presidency while a new constitution was written.[4] This constitution went into effect on April 14, 1996.[5]

Evolution

Déby's victory in the 2001 election was met with allegations of fraud by his opponents; they were briefly arrested for their protest.[6] In 2004, Déby and the MPS pushed for a constitutional amendment that eliminates presidential term limits. This effort proved successful as a 2005 constitutional referendum approved the change despite public backlash from political and human rights organizations.[7] Scrutiny of Déby continued as he was re-elected in 2006, 2011, and 2016.[8]

In May 2018, Chad adopted a new Constitution that strengthened presidential powers, eliminated the role of Prime Minister, extended presidential terms from five years to six years, and placed a presidential term limit of two terms.[9]

The government was reshuffled for the first time on 18 June 2018[10] and a second time on 9 November 2018.[11]

Criticism

Déby's was frequently criticized by both Chadians and international reporters for engaging in "authoritarian" practices,[12] such as internet shutdowns[13][14] and the repression of protestors.[15]

Collapse

In April 2021, Déby was re-elected despite allegations from his opponents that they were forced to withdraw following attacks and intimidation from Déby's security forces.[16] The government collapsed when Déby was killed by rebels from the Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT) the day after his victory was announced.[17]

References

  1. ^ El-Gamaty, Guma. "Regional interference is threatening Libya's future as one state". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 31 August 2018.
  2. ^ "Charte nationale provisoire du 28 février 1991". 1991-02-28. Retrieved 2025-09-18.
  3. ^ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs. "Chad (11/08)". 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved 2025-09-18.
  4. ^ "Charte de transition de la République du Tchad". 1993-04-05. Retrieved 2025-09-18.
  5. ^ "Constitution du 14 avril 1996". 1996-04-14. Retrieved 2025-09-18.
  6. ^ "Freedom in the World 2005 - Chad". Refworld. Retrieved 2025-09-18.
  7. ^ "Referendum held on President Deby's third term aspirations". www.thenewhumanitarian.org. 2005-06-06. Retrieved 2025-09-18.
  8. ^ "Chad's President Idriss Deby wins fifth term". BBC News. 2016-04-22. Retrieved 2025-09-18.
  9. ^ "LA CONSTITUTION DE LA REPUBLIQUE DU TCHAD PROMULGUEE LE 04 MAI 2018" (PDF). May 4, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2025.
  10. ^ Tchadinfos (2018-06-18). "Tchad : 1er remaniement gouvernemental de la 4e République". Tchadinfos.com (in French). Retrieved 2022-08-08.
  11. ^ Tchadinfos (2018-11-09). "Tchad : la liste complète du nouveau gouvernement". Tchadinfos.com (in French). Retrieved 2022-08-08.
  12. ^ CIVICUS (2024-05-30). "Chad: dictatorship continues by other means". CIVICUS LENS. Retrieved 2025-09-18.
  13. ^ Haynes, Suyin. "Chad Marks a One Year Blackout of Social Media and Internet Freedom". TIME. Archived from the original on 2025-04-30. Retrieved 2025-09-18.
  14. ^ Adebayo, Bukola (2019-07-17). "After a 16-month blackout, Chad is back on Facebook, Twitter and other social platforms". CNN. Retrieved 2025-09-18.
  15. ^ "Chad's Idriss Deby, a longstanding French ally in the troubled Sahel". France 24. 2021-04-20. Retrieved 2025-09-18.
  16. ^ "Chad Transitional National Council September 2021 | Election results | Chad". IPU Parline: global data on national parliaments. Retrieved 2025-09-18.
  17. ^ "Chadian President Idriss Déby has died of injuries suffered on the frontline (army)". France 24. 20 April 2021. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 20 April 2021.
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